Veterinary Parasitology

Esta dissertacao apresenta uma etnografia sobre as praticas de cura em tres comunidades da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentavel Amana: Ubim, Sitio Sao Miguel do Cacau e Boa Vista do Calafate, pertencentes ao municipio de Maraa, AM. Tais comunidades sao consideradas como populacoes tradicionais da Amazonia, ribeirinhos, habitantes da regiao do Lago Amana, situado entre o Rio Solimoes e o baixo curso do Rio Japura. As comunidades ribeirinhas abordadas neste trabalho sao caracterizadas como praticantes da agricultura de coivara, pesca, caca para subsistencia e extrativismo. Possuem sua origem atrelada as imigracoes ocorridas durante o auge do periodo da borracha no Brasil. Os responsaveis pelas praticas curativas sao os especialistas de cura, ou curadores, os quais sao classificados como: puxadores ou pegadores de dismintidura, rezadores, raizeiros, parteiras e sacacas. A questao central consiste em saber como tais curadores realizam seus tratamentos num contexto cosmologico permeado...

The occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) at a national level or in large regional areas is an issue difficult to determine in a costeffective way, integrating both human and animal data, and thus leading to effective control measures. In Portugal, the abattoirs
in north Douro region receive a large percentage of heads of cattle from the whole country which makes them ideal places for the
implementation of a surveillance system for this zoonosis. Data was obtained for cattle slaughtered in 9 abattoirs in north region of
Douro River, with visible CE-like cysts at meat inspection. An excel database was constructed with the records of condemned viscera
due to hydatid cysts in cattle for 2008, 2009, 2010, and the first half of 2011. Most of the cysts were found in the lungs and livers (23.5%),
only in livers (21.5%) or only in lungs (18.1%). Individual information concerning each animal contributed to the depiction of a
distribution map by regions of the occurrence of positive cases in Portugal. From the 149 cases registered, it was possible to identify the
place of infection in 93 cases (62.4%), in which the rate of distribution was 21 (22.6%) in the north, 14 (15.1%) in the center, 57 (61.3%)
in Alentejo and 1 case (1.1%) in Algarve. This distribution of cases coincides with the location of human and animal cases reported
before, with special focus on the Alentejo and in the northeast of the country.

During daily work practices handlers are most frequently injured by horse kicks, induced by their fear. That is why the establishment of
safe working circumstances is of high importance. The main objective of the study was to examine the effect of the Tellington Ttouch®
method (TT) on the horse behaviour during hoof care. The TT is a complex of circular hand movements made over various parts of
horse’s body to enhance trust, and improve health and performance. Within the experiment a group trial and a case study were carried
out. Six Lipizzan horses were included in the group trial, which lasted for 2 weeks. In the 1st week, customary method was used and in
the 2nd week the TT was applied. Each time horse’s legs were lifted, the hooves were cleaned, and horse shoeing was simulated. During
the hoof care horse’s behaviour was observed and following parameters were measured: time needed for hoof care, number of attempts
to withdraw each leg, number of actual leg withdrawals, and heart rate. Horse’s cooperation was assessed by signs expressing aggressive
behaviour - optical communication, on a scale of 1 – 5 points. Data were analysed using statistical programme SAS/STAT. Statistically
significant differences between methods were estimated for leg withdrawal attempts and optical communication. The case study which
lasted for 8 weeks included young problematic horse. The horse was kicking and showing threats toward its new owner when attempt
to approach and touch its legs was made. After the first 4 week application of the TT, the horse became relaxed. In the following 4 weeks
of continued application of the TT, statistically significant decrease of heart rate and an increase of optical communication assessment
were observed. The two-month application of the TT resulted in an improved welfare and increased safety of work conditions

In this blog, Shantanu Rakshit and Artabandhu Sahoo highlight the importance of the International Year of Camelids and its significance in India by emphasising its diverse contributions to society. CONTEXT The UN has designated 2024 as the International Year of Camelids. These camelids are an important source of livelihood for millions of families. Most of them are pastoralists in dryland and mountainous rangeland ecosystems around the world. The resolution for the International Year of Camelidsproposed by the Government of Bolivia and presented by Ecuador as Country Chair of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC)-was approved by the UN General Assembly on 17 October 2017 upon recommendation by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). The International Year of Camelids was officially launched on 4 December 2023. This year it will highlight the significance of camelids in food and nutrition security, economic growth as well as socio-cultural heritage across more than 90 countries. Camelids play a key role in the livelihoods of communities in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia and the Andean highlands of South America. These animals provide a ray of hope for the nomadic and indigenous people in extreme climatic conditions as they continue to produce nutritious food and fibre even under extreme conditions. The contribution and potential of camelids are underrecognised. The International Year of Camelids 2024 aims to build awareness of camelids' untapped potential and calls for increased investment in the camelid sector, advocating for greater research, and capacity development together with the use of innovative practices and technologies (Box 1).

This study concerns the assessment of the morphological parameters, growth and abundance indices of two populations of Pseudophoxinus callensis in Bouhchicha wadi and the Bleu lake within the National Park of El-Kala (North-East Algeria). According to its environment, P.callensis shows an adaptation through different strategies. In Bouhchicha wadi, several cohorts coexist all around the year then gradually join during the summer season to form pseudo cohorts. In the Blue Lake, P.callensis shows an annual cycle with a single cohort that begins its cycle in April-May then diminishing gradually in late autumn. The FISAT II analysis reveals that for a 95% confidence interval, the growth parameters of P.callensis are 67.39-80.08 mm in Bouhchicha wadi, but lower with 43.31-61.20 mm in the Blue Lake. In Bouhchicha wadi, the asymptotic length L" reaches the highest value (79.80 mm) with a growth coefficient K of 0.480 years -1 . In the Blue lake, L" reaches 59.85 mm with a growth coefficient K of 0.180 years -1 . In the Total Length-Weight relationship, the regression equation shows a clear difference between Bouhchicha wadi (R = 0.91) and the Blue lake (R = 0.64). Both populations exhibit sexual maturity at different times of the year.

Contracaecum spp. is a parasitic nematode belonging to the Anisakidae family and which has a significant potential zoonotic effects on different hosts. Anisakiasis in humans is caused due to consumption of raw infected or undercooked seafood that contains nematode larvae. In this study, the prevalence of Contracaecum spp. nematodes in the fish, Planiliza abu, was determined over eight months from June 2022 to January 2023. The source of fish was Razzaza Lake, while the specimens of Planiliza abu were purchased from the local market, Karbala city, Iraq. The Contracaecum spp. nematodes were examined by morphological and molecular techniques.The total prevalence was 32%, as 133 of 416 fish were infected in the viscera by Contracaecum spp. third stage (L3) larvae. Molecular diagnosis of the COX-2 gene in Contracaecum spp. from P. abu was used to confirm the infection and to study their population biology. In the parasitology laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine College at Kerbala University, we confirmed the nematodes morphologically and molecularly as Contracaecum spp. The infection rates in September and November were greater than in October 2022. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the length of the fish and the number of nematodes per fish. This study detected the presence of Contracaecum spp. using analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase II (COX-2 gene). In conclusion, molecular genotyping might be an effective method for detecting the Contracaecum L3 larval

Penyakit saluran perkencingan bagian bawah pada Kucing atau Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sering terjadi pada saluran urinasi kucing. Salah satu penyebab terjadinya penyakit tersebut adalah adanya urolith atau batu kemih. Seekor kucing jantan peranakan persia dengan rambut berwarna oranye belum disteril umur 2,5 tahun dan bobot badan 3,5 kg datang dan diperiksa di Rumah Sakit Hewan Pendidikan, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana dengan keluhan anoreksia, pasif, distensi abdomen, stranguria, hematuria, dan anuria. Pemeriksaan laboratorium hematologi rutin kucing mengalami leukositosis dan hasil ultrasonografi/USG menunjukkan terdapat endapan partikulat yang tampak hyperechoic pada vesika urinaria. Berdasarkan uji sedimentasi urin diidentifikasi adanya kristal struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) dan hasil uji dipstick didapatakan bobot jenis/spesific gravity (1,020), pH (8), leukosit (2+), nitrit (positif), protein (2+), glukosa (3+), bilirubin (1+), dan darah/hemoglobin (4+). Penanganan yang dilakukan yaitu dengan pemasangan kateter urin, pemberian antibiotik cefotaxime 10 mg/mL, antibiotik cefadroxil monohydrate syrup 125 mg/5mL 22 mg/kg BB selama tujuh hari, pemberian antiinflamasi dexamethasone 0,5 mg dosis terapi 0,15 mg/kg BB selama tiga hari, dan pemberian obat herbal kejibeling satu tablet secara per oral, satu kali sehari selama tujuh hari. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah kucing kasus setelah diterapi terlihat tidak mengalami kesulitan urinasi dan tidak menunjukkan tanda klinis hematuria. Kata-kata kunci: FLUTD; kucing jantan; penyakit saluran kemih bagian bawah; urolithiasis ABSTRACT Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) is a disease that often occurs in the urinary tract of cats. One of the causes of the disease is the presence of uroliths or urinary stones. A 2.5 years old, 3.5 kg body weight 3.5 kg Persian male cat with unsterilized orange hair came and was examined at the Teaching Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University with complaints of anorexia, passivity, abdominal distension, stranguria, haematuria, and anuria. Routine hematology laboratory examination, the cat had leukocytosis and the ultrasonography/USG results showed that there were particulate deposits that looked hyperechoic in the urinary bladder. Based on the urine sedimentation test, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystals were identified and the results of the dipstick test found specific gravity (1.020), pH (8), leukocytes (2+), nitrites (positive), protein (2+), glucose (3+), bilirubin (1+), and blood/hemoglobin (4+). Treatment was carried out by inserting

The study was carried out to identify the rearing scenario and existing feeding management practices of buffaloes in selected areas of Rajshahi, Pabna, Jamalpur and Bhola districts, respectively. A direct survey on 200 household buffalo farmers were conducted. The survey results revealed that 78% of buffalo farmers were literate. Higher extensive rearing systems were practiced in Madarganj (96%), whereas maximum semi-intensive farming at Godagari (90%), compared to other areas. Additionally, only 8% of household farmers were practiced in intensive way and higher in Ishwardi. Maximum average herd size was found in Madarganj (24.54±7.94) followed by Ishwardi (16.36±8.91), Char Fasson (14.12±7.64) and Godagari (13.84±5.52) upazilas. Rice straw, bathan mixed local grass, concentrate feed and other unconventional feed resources were the main feed for rearing buffaloes in the study areas. About 53% of the farmers were supplied concentrate feed for their lactating buffalo and the supplied amount was below 0.5 kg. Results showed that calf birth weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher (33.24 kg) in Madarganj followed by Ishwardi (26.62 kg), Godagari (24.88 kg) and Char Fasson (21.20 kg). Significantly (P<0.05) higher lactation length was found in Ishwardi (225.50 days) whereas higher milk production was also found in Godagari (3.37 kg/d). Average age at first heat of buffaloes were significantly (P<0.05) lower in Madarganj whereas the calving interval was lower in Godagari (14.76±0.89). This study attempts to unearth the present scenario and find out the constraints of buffalo production. Further research with large samples and increased areas should be conducted to find out the overall scenario of buffalo rearing and feeding management practices in Bangladesh.

Zusammenfassung: Die Babesiose oder Piroplasmose ist eine durch Zecken übertragene Infektionskrankheit, welche im Zuge der globalen Erwärmung und der damit verbundenen Verbreitung der Vektoren immer stärker in den Blickpunkt von Ärzten und Tierärzten rückt und auch in der Pferdemedizin zunehmendes Interesse weckt. Die Erreger Theileria equi (T. equi) und Babesia caballi (B. caballi) sind einzellige Blutparasiten, welche durch die Zeckengattungen Dermacentor, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis und Boophilus übertragen werden. Der Nachweis von negativen serologischen Ergebnissen wird für den Im-und Export in manche Länder gefordert. Daher sind Kenntnisse über das Vorkommen von B. caballi und T. equi im jeweiligen Exportland wichtig. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, das Vorkommen von Antikörpern gegen beide Erreger bei Pferden im mitteldeutschen Raum sowie potentielle Risikofaktoren zu ermitteln. Des Weiteren sollten die derzeit am häufigsten genutzten Nachweismethoden, indirekter Immunfluoreszenz Antikörper Test (IFAT) und cELISA miteinander verglichen werden. Seren von 314 Pferden wurden mittels IFAT und cELISA auf das Vorhandensein von Antikörpern getestet. Weiterhin wurde routinemäßig von jedem der Pferde ein Blutausstrich aus EDTA-Blut angefertigt und mittels Diff-Quik gefärbt. Dabei ergaben sich keine Hinweise auf eine akute Piroplasmeninfektion. Im IFAT waren 19 (6,1%) Pferde T. equi-Antikörper-positiv. Zehn (3,2 %) davon konnten auch im cELISA bestätigt werden. Bei nur einem Tier wurden Antikörper gegen B. caballi mittels cELISA gefunden. Die Übereinstimmung der beiden Testsysteme beträgt 97 % und ist daher mit einem Kappa Koeffizienten von 0,68 als gut zu bewerten. Auf Grund der niedrigen Zahl an Antikörper-positiven Pferden konnten Risikofaktoren nicht statistisch gesichert ermittelt werden. Da die Untersuchungen belegen, dass T. equi und im Einzelfall auch B. caballi im mitteldeutschen Raum vorkommen können, sollte die Piroplasmose bei entsprechenden klinischen Symptomen als Differentialdiagnose nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. Schlüsselwörter: Babesia caballi / Theileria equi / Pferd / Serologie / IFAT / cELISA / Mitteldeutschland / Infektiologie / Immunologie Equine piroplasmosis is the most prevalent tick-borne disease found in Equidae, including horses, donkeys, mules and zebras, caused by the hemoprotozoan parasites Theileria equi (T. equi) or Babesia caballi (B. caballi). Both parasites are transmitted by ixodid ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus, Dermacenter, Hyalomma, Haemaphysalis and Boophilus. Since Equine piroplasmosis can occur in any region or environment where horses are exposed to vector ticks, horses in countries with a moderate climate may also be affected. Relocation of carrier horses and infected ticks by international transport is a potential way of spreading an infection. The clinical course of Equine piroplasmosis can be subclinical, acute, subacute or chronic. Both parasites are able to cause severe hemolytic anemia with fever, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, hemoglobinuria, increased lactate dehydrogenase activity and acute renal failure. In case of intrauterine infection, abortion and neonatal death can occur. Infections with B. caballi are usually less severe than those with T. equi (which is also more frequently reported). After recovering from an acute episode, a horse remains a carrier of B. caballi for up to four years. In the case of a T. equi infection, the horse is a carrier for life. The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. equi and B. caballi infections among horses in Central Germany, analyse potential risk factors for said infections, and compare the two methods of testing: indirect immunofluorescence antibody test: (IFAT) and competitive ELISA (cELISA). A total of 314 serum samples were collected from horses in Central Germany between May 2012 and November 2013. Blood smears from EDTA blood were prepared from each horse, stained with Diff-Quik and observed microscopically to determine the presence of intracellular parasites in erythrocytes. Two methods to detect antibodies against T. equi and B. caballi were used for analysis. The IFAT was conducted using the Testkits MegaScreen ® Fluobabesia caballi ad us. vet. and MegaScreen ® Fluotheileria equi ad us. vet. (Diagnostik Megacor, Hörbranz, Austria) according to manufacturer s instructions. The cELISA was conducted using the Babesia caballi antibody test kit, cELISA and the Babesia equi antibody test kit, cELISA (Veterinary Medical Research and Development (VMRD), Pullmann, Washington, USA) were used following the manufacturer s instructions. Information on gender, age, type of housing, usage, breed and clinical signs were recorded. Chi-Square test was used to compare the overall prevalence for each agent and positivity values regarding gender, age, type of housing, ability, clinical status, breed and time of blood collection. The Kappa-coefficient was used to compare the compliance of the two methods IFAT and cELISA. No intracellular parasites could be detected microscopically in the blood smears. Out of the 314 serum samples, 19 (6.1%) were found to be T. equi antibody positive, as tested by the IFAT, ranging from 1: 80 up to 1:160. Ten (3.2 %) out of these 19 sera were confirmed using the cELISA. According to the Kappacoefficient, a substantial agreement (0.68) between the two test systems was found with a concordance of 97 %. Only one horse had antibodies against B. caballi, tested with the cELISA. The result could not be confirmed by the IFAT. No horse had antibodies against both, T. equi and B. caballi. Due to the small number of positive horses no significant risk factors could be identified. The horses tested positive for T. equi antibodies were equally distributed in the tested region of Central Germany. It can be concluded that antibodies against T. equi and in some rare cases against B. caballi can be found in serum of horses in Central Germany. Latent infected horses can be a source of infection for seronegative animals. Therefore, a continuous monitoring especially of horses being im-or exported is recommended.

Background: The measurement of tricuspid regurgitant velocity is the commonly used non-invasive method for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in dogs. It is anticipated that M-mode echocardiographic measurement of right pulmonary artery distensibility (RPAD) index is simple and provides accurate means for the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension when tricuspid regurgitant velocity is absent. Hence this study was undertaken to evaluate the importance of RPAD index in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods: In the present study, a total of 165 dogs were subjected to echocardiography for diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy. The maximum and minimum internal diameter of the right pulmonary artery during systole and diastole were quantified respectively to determine the right pulmonary artery distensibility (RPAD) index in right parasternal short axis M-mode echocardiogram. The M-mode morphology of right pulmonary artery (anterior dicrotic notch) also recorded. Result: Out of 165 dogs ten dogs had pulmonary arterial hypertension with dilated cardiomyopathy. Dogs with pulmonary hypertension showed a significant decrease in the mean right pulmonary artery distensibility index values and Acceleration time/Ejection time (AT/ET) ratio, while the mean tricuspid regurgitant systolic pressure gradient (TRPG) were significantly elevated when compared to the respective control group. The significant difference was observed in the mean values of tricuspid regurgitant systolic pressure gradient and RPAD index before and after the treatment.

Background: Canine hepatozoonosis is caused by Hepatozoon canis and is transmitted through ingestion of an ixodid tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato containing mature oocysts. Periodical screening of vectors and their host for the presence of pathogen acts as reliable method for understanding the pattern of the disease which thereby reduces the chance of disease and the cost of treatment. Methods: A total of 482 blood samples and 47 pooled tick samples collected from 482 dogs during the study period were screened through conventional and molecular techniques for the presence of H. canis. The haematology and biochemical profile of infected animals were evaluated. Positive PCR products were sequenced, compared with the existing sequences and were analysed phylogenetically. Result: Out of 482 blood samples collected from dogs, only 5 were found to be positive microscopically for H. canis while 32 blood samples and 8 tick samples were found positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amongst epidemiological attributes, age and gender were found to have no significant relationship for the occurrence of the disease while, breed of the dog had a significant association. Haematology and biochemistry revealed profound anaemia, monocytosis and elevated blood urea nitrogen in dogs with H. canis.

Diagnosis of Taenia saginata (T. saginata) cysticercosis in naturally infected cattle by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the main purpose of the current study. Also determination of Cysticercus bovis (C. bovis) effect on haematology and serum biochemistry was performed as additional approach for diagnosis. Blood samples were collected from 75 slaughtered cattle at El-Basateen abattoir. Post-mortem examination of slaughtered cattle showed 4% infected cases with T. saginata cysticerci. The results of ELISA revealed 29. 3% seropositive samples with C. bovis using crude antigen. Optical density (OD) values of positive investigated samples were classified into three categories; high (6. 7%), moderate (4%) and low (18. 7%). The crude extract was fractionated on Diethyl-Aminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose column. Two partially purified antigens were obtained [P1=unadsorbed (-ve) and P2=adsorbed (+ve)]. Electrophortic separation of crude antigen of C. bovis showed 13 bands with molecular weight starting from 235 to 14 kDa. While, P1 and P2 had 5 and 8 bands, respectively. Western immunoblotting of separated antigens against hyperimmune serum developed only one band at 57 kDa. The results revealed that there was no effect on haematological parameters while, there was a significant decrease in total serum proteins (P<0.05) of infested cattle. High levels of albumin and 1-globulin in infested cattle were recorded compared to non-infested group. However, in all seropositive categories, marked (P<0.05) increase in -globulin levels than non-infested cattle was observed. The activity of Aspartate amino transferase (AST) in serum was markedly (P<0.05) decreased in low infested cattle compared to non-infected. In all groups of infestation, total serum cholesterol and urea levels were decreased (P<0.05) particularly in highly infested cattle. On the other hand, creatinine level was increased significantly (P<0.05) in serum of highly infested cattle compared to non-infested ones. In conclusion, performance characteristics of ELISA suggest its field applicability in bovine cysticercosis outbreaks. As well as alteration in liver and kidney functions could be considered a marker for T. saginata cysticercosis in cattle.

A total of 624 nominal species-level and genus-level identified species of parasites were reported from 287 different nominal fish species from both wild and cultured marine and freshwater as well as aquarium habitats by 2020. This checklist provides the current state of the knowledge of fish parasites allocated in 10 phyla: Ciliophora, Platyhelminthes (Monogenea, Trematoda, and Cestoda), Cnidaria (Myxozoa), Nematoda, Arthropoda (Copepoda, Isopoda), Annelida, Euglenozoa, Myzozoa, Metamonada, Mollusca and one parasite group Acanthocephala in different water sources, and lists the reported 85 species-level, and 17 genus-level identified parasites in wild marine, 58 species-level and 19 genus-level identified parasites in wild freshwater, 7 species-level identified parasites in cultured marine, 4 species-level and 8 genus-level identified parasites in cultured freshwater, and 7 species-level and 14 genus-level identified parasites in aquarium environments since 2020. In addition, 46 parasite species have been added to the already-known fish parasite fauna, and previously not reported 59 fish species have also been reported to be the new hosts, mostly endemic freshwater species, investigated for parasites. The most specious taxons were Trematoda in marine, Monogenea in freshwater, and Ciliophora in aquarium hosts. This up-to-date checklist compiled from different sources for the last 5 years suggests more efforts to define the accurate diversity of fishes in Türkiye.

Background: Bile consumption by Indonesians is believed to have therapeutic effects, especially goat bile. Goat bile is thought to contain harmful ingredients that can cause toxic effects on the liver. However, the 28-days oral toxicity study of goat bile has not been performed. Objective: To analyze the hepatotoxic effect of subchronic administration of goat bile on the liver of mice (Mus musculus). Material and Method: This was an experimental research with a post-test-only control group design. The samples used were 32 Balb/C mice (Mus musculus), which were grouped into 4 groups. The samples were administered with goat bile orally (3.2, 6.4, or 12.8 mL/kg/day) for 28 days. The liver was taken for histopathological examination and the hepatocytes injury score was performed. The scoring results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests (p<0.05). Result: Goat bile administration was associated with hepatocyte injury (p= 0.004). Groups with goat bile administration of 6.4 and 12.8 mL/kg/day had significant differences with the control group (p= .015 and .029 respectively) and the 3.2 mL/kg/day administered group (p= 0.006 and 0.009 respectively). Moreover, the increased administration of goat bile had a positive correlation with the level of hepatocyte injury (p= 0.004 and 𝓇 𝑠 = 0.504) Conclusion: Goat bile administration for 28 days had a significant toxic effect on the liver of mice at a dose of 6.4 mL/kg/day.

Background and Aim: Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) significantly impair small ruminant production globally, particularly in tropical regions. Anthelmintic resistance due to the indiscriminate use of synthetic drugs has necessitated the search for sustainable, plant-based alternatives. Eucalyptus wood vinegar (WV), a by-product of biomass pyrolysis, possesses bioactive compounds with potential anthelmintic activity. This study aimed to assess the in vitro ovicidal efficacy of eucalyptus WV and WV derived from co-pyrolysis of eucalyptus wood with Origanum majorana (marjoram) against eggs of GINs from naturally infected sheep.

Materials and Methods: WV samples were produced through controlled pyrolysis and refined through sequential vacuum distillation. Egg hatchability tests were performed using five WV concentrations (0.3125%–5% g/100 mL), with thiabendazole as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Egg counts, species identification, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted to evaluate structural changes. The chemical compositions of the WVs were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Results: Both WVs exhibited significant ovicidal activity, with eucalyptus WV achieving 97% inhibition at 1.25%, and the marjoram-enriched WV reaching 100% inhibition at 5%. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, furfural, thymol, and eucalyptol, the latter two being exclusive to the marjoram formulation. SEM micrographs confirmed morphological deformations in treated eggs, including loss of symmetry and membrane integrity. The synergistic interaction among bioactive components, particularly thymol, eucalyptol, and furfural, is proposed as the mechanism enhancing ovicidal activity.

Conclusion: Eucalyptus WV, particularly when enriched with O. majorana through co-pyrolysis, exhibits potent ovicidal effects against GINs in sheep. These findings support the potential use of WVs as eco-friendly anthelmintic alternatives in integrated parasite management strategies for small ruminants.


Keywords: anthelmintic resistance, egg hatch test, eucalyptus vinegar, Origanum majorana, phenolic compounds, sustainable parasite control.

Background and Aim: Ticks are critical vectors of pathogens affecting humans and livestock globally. The microbiome of ticks, comprising diverse bacterial communities, plays a crucial role in tick biology and vector competence. Hyalomma ticks are prominent in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and are known carriers of significant pathogens. This study aimed to systematically evaluate existing literature regarding the microbiome composition of Hyalomma ticks in the MENA region, identify predominant bacterial genera, and highlight knowledge gaps.

Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using four databases: ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The search covered studies published between 2014 and 2024 employing 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to analyze microbiomes of Hyalomma ticks within the MENA region. Studies not fulfilling these criteria were excluded through independent assessment by two authors.

Results: Out of 1,220 screened articles, seven studies met inclusion criteria, involving five Hyalomma species: Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma marginatum, and Hyalomma scupense. Most studies (57.14%) focused on H. dromedarii, primarily collected from camels. The geographical distribution of studies included the United Arab Emirates (42.86%), Saudi Arabia (28.57%), Iran (14.29%), and Tunisia (14.29%). Common bacterial genera identified across multiple studies included Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Francisella, Rickettsia, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Corynebacterium. However, substantial gaps were noted, particularly concerning variations related to tick lifecycle stages, host interactions, temporal dynamics, and extensive geographic coverage within the MENA region.

Conclusion: This systematic review underscores the presence of key bacterial genera within Hyalomma ticks across the MENA region, revealing their potential roles in tick biology and pathogen transmission. Major research gaps identified include limited geographical scope, insufficient exploration of microbiome variation across tick life stages, host-specific interactions, and the environmental factors influencing microbial communities. Addressing these gaps through comprehensive, longitudinal, and multi-regional studies is imperative for improving public health strategies and developing targeted tick-control methods. 


Keywords: 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, Hyalomma, microbiome, Middle East and North Africa region, ticks.

Background and Aim: Biting lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) are ectoparasites that play important roles in the transmission of disease agents that infect turkeys and impact turkey productivity. This study aimed to determine the diversity of lice that infest turkeys in the Central Java Province and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Lice sampling was conducted at 16 different locations from April 2019 to June 2019 in turkeys aged 4 months to 2 years. The samples were stored in 70% alcohol and were identified using avian louse keys. The morphology of the specimens was macroscopically and microscopically evaluated, and the resulting data were descriptively and qualitatively analyzed. Results: A total of 2505 lice were collected, and two families and five genera of lice were identified. Three lice genus members of the Philopteridae family (Lipeurus, Oxylipeurus, and Chelopistes) and two genera of the Menoponidae family (Colpocephalum and Men...

A cross sectional study was conducted in and around Bahir Dar from October, 2011 to March, 2012 with the aim of determining the prevalence of ovine lungworm infection, to assess associated risk factors and to identify lungworm species involved in the area. In this study a total of 456 feacal samples from sheep of all age groups, management, body condition score and both sexes were examined using modified Baerman technique to extract L1 larvae. The finding indicated that 92(20.2%) were found infected with different species of lungworms namely; D. filaria (11.2%), M. capillaries (6.1%) and P. rufescens (0.7%). Mixed infection was observed in 2.2% of the cases. There was a significant difference (P=0.04) in the prevalence of lungworm infection with regard to sex (female 24.5% and male 13.4%), management system (extensive 20.9% and semiintensive 9.7%). The prevalence of lung worm in different age groups (<1year 23.7%, 1-3years 26.4% and > 3years 9.5%) and body conditions (poor 24%, medium 19.8% and good 19.6%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05).In this study younger sheep were found more affected withDictyocaulus filaria(D. filaria), while older once were more infested with Muellerius capillaries (M.capillaries). Additionally 200 sheep from Bahir Dar Municipal abattoir and private hotel Azewa,were examined postmortem and 121(60.5%) were found to harbor different species of lungworms. The overall prevalence of ovine lungworm infection was found to be higher in postmortem (60.5%) than coproscopic examination (20.2%). It can be summarized that the high prevalence of Verminous pneumonia was as the result of the three lung worm species. Finally possible control measures of the disease are forwarded.

Background: This study was carried out to determine the blood pressure changes in experimentally Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected Wistar albino rats and diminazene aceturate-treated rats. Methods: Twenty-four rats were purchased and divided into four groups consisting of six rats each. Control group (CON) received 0.5 mL of distilled water, i.m., infected but not treated group (INF) received 2×106 trypanosome/mL i.m., infected but diminazene aceturate-treated group (INFDIM) received 2×106 trypanosome/mL, 3.5 mg/kg, i.m.) and non-infected but diminazene aceturate-treated group (DIM) received 3.5 mg/kg, i.m. and served as negative control. The blood pressures were measured using a CODA 2® non-invasive blood pressure monitor (Kent Scientific, USA). The results were compiled and statistical analysis was done with significance set at p≥0.05. Results: The values of the blood pressure readings of the Trypanosoma-infected INF (137.0±2.0 mmHg) and diminazene-treated rats INFDIM (125.0±7.5 ...

This study genetically Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from pigs intended for human consumption in northeastern Brazil; multilocus PCR-RFLP and sequencing techniques were utilized. Bioassays were conducted using the brain and tongue of 20 pig heads purchased at butcher shops in the city of Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil. Overall, 11 T. gondii isolates designated TgPgBr06-16 were identified. Application of multilocus PCR-RFLP with seven molecular markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, C22-8, PK1 and Apico) identified six different genotypes. Isolates TgPgBr 06, 08, 11, 12, 14 and 15 were indistinguishable by this technique, forming a single genotype; the remaining isolates were characterized as distinct genotypes. However, when five genetic markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB and c22-8) were employed in multilocus PCR-sequencing, all eleven strains of T. gondii were shown to be different. All isolates differed from Type I, II and III clonal genotypes using both genotyping techniques. These results demonstrate that the multilocus PCR-RFLP assay underestimated the true diversity of the T. gondii population in this study. Thus, DNA sequencing is the preferred technique to infer the genetic diversity and population structure of T. gondii strains from Brazil. Moreover, it is necessary to develop new molecular markers to group and characterize atypical T. gondii isolates from South America.

Using a fecal flotation technique, we detected three genera of endoparasites in the critically endangered Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata) of Gala ´pagos. These genera were Contracaecum, Tetrabothrius, and Cardiocephaloides. Juvenile albatrosses were more likely to be infected than adults, but we found no effect of sex or mass on infection probability.

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A 3½-year-old West African Dwarf male sheep (Ram), weighing 20 kg, presented with a history of prolonged recumbency, anorexia, and diarrhoea. The sheep was observed to be weak, unable to stand with occulonasal mucous discharges. The animal exhibited straining and grinding of teeth. Rectal temperature was 38.6°C, and Heart and respiratory rates were 50 and 22 per minute, respectively. Other clinical observations were a rough hair coat, pale mucous membranes, a sunken eye, and generalised dehydration. Proliferative erythematous papules, vesicles, pustules on the lips, and oral mucosa with some ruptured vesicles/blisters, and extensive ulceration on the oral and nasal mucosa were also observed. Contagious ecthyma was clinically diagnosed, and treatment was immediately instituted. The animal was infused with 500 ml of dextrose saline intravenously and subcutaneously. 2 ml each of iron dextran and penicillin-streptomycin, 5 ml of calcium borogluconate, and 2.5 ml of vitamin C were administered intramuscularly. The patient was to be treated for five consecutive days, but died on the third day, and its post-mortem examination was performed. Post-mortem findings were proliferative erythematous vesicular, pustular, and scab lesions on the oral mucosa and around the nostrils. The tracheal, oesophageal, abomasal, and small intestinal mucosae are hyperaemic and ulcerated. The histology of some organs harvested from the carcass revealed pathognomonic histopathological lesions suggestive of Orf virus infection. This report highlighted the probable causes, clinical manifestations, post-mortem findings, histological findings, and management procedures of contagious ecthyma in adult West African Dwarf Nigerian sheep.

Introduction
Almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch.) is a plant native to Iran, and Iran is one of the most important almonds producing countries in the world. Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall and are restricted to the phloem of their host plants and are mainly transmitted by leaf hoppers. One of the most important diseases of the almond tree is witches' broom disease, which is caused by phytoplasmas. This disease has caused great damage to almond trees in Iran and Lebanon, leading to the death of more than a hundred thousand almond trees. C.Phytoplasma phoenicium, which belongs to the pigeon pea witches' broom phytoplasma group, has been reported as the causative agent of almond witches’ broom disease. Almond witches' broom has been reported from almonds, peaches, nectarines, bitter almonds and apricots in the Iranian provinces of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Isfahan, Kerman, Fars and Kurdistan. Symptoms of the disease are yellows, small leaves, witches’ broom and dieback. Almond witches’ broom disease has been reported from Khorasan Razavi province, but different symptoms were observed on almond trees in different locations of this province. In this study, almond tree orchards in Khorasan Razavi province were examined for the symptoms of almond witches’ broom and  etiology of the disease was determined.

Materials and Methods
In 2022, the samples were collected from almond orchards of Khorasan Razavi province and grafted onto healthy almond seedlings and periwinkle plants. The DNA extraction from the main vein or bark of the stems was performed using CTAB method. Nested polymerase chain reaction was performed with universal phytoplasma primers (P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2), and the PCR products were electrophoresed and sequenced. After blasting in the NCBI database, phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum likelihood method in MegaX software with 1000 replicates in the bootstrap test.

Results and Discussion
In the northern, central and southern regions of Khorasan Razavi province, random sampling was carried out in almond plantations. In the northern region, symptoms of almond witches’ broom were observed only in Chenaran. In the central region, symptoms of witches’ broom were found in Mashhad and Nishapur. However, in the southern region, the symptoms of almond witches’ broom were more frequent and observed in Kashmar, Koohsorkh, Torbat-Heydarieh and Sabzevar. The symptoms of infected almond trees in the northern region were small leaves, mild witches’ broom and dieback. The symptoms in the central region were severe small leaves, yellows, severe stunting, witches’ broom and decline. Infested almond trees in the southern region showed severe small leaves, severe witches’ broom and proliferation, and dense growth of thin branches from the trunk. The disease symptoms in the northern areas of Khorasan Razavi were moderate and in the central and southern areas were severe. In addition, there were significant differences in the type of symptoms in the central and southern regions. In the nested polymerase chain reaction, a fragment of 1250 base pairs replicated from the infected samples. Sequencing and BLAST analysis revealed that the amplified fragments were similar to the phytoplasma 16S rRNA. Two months after inoculation, disease symptoms appeared on the inoculated almond seedlings. Almond seedlings inoculated with the northern strain showed symptoms such as terminal bud dieback, dieback of lateral branches and necrotic spots on the leaves. Almond seedlings inoculated with the isolate from the central areas showed symptoms such as yellows, severe witches’ broom, stunting and small leaves. The symptoms in seedlings inoculated with the strain from the southern area of Khorasan Razavi province were severe proliferation, severe stunting, small leaves and necrotic spots on the leaves. In periwinkle plants, isolates from the northern and southern regions induced mild yellows and phyllody; however, isolates from the central region induced severe yellows and phyllodes. The sequence blast results showed that the Chenaran isolate from the northern region of Khorasan Razavi had 98.34% similarity with 16S rRNA strain Ei1090 of C. Phytoplasma phoenicium. The 16S rRNA sequence of the Kashmar isolate from the southern region was most closely related to the Khafr isolate (Khafr, Iran) of almond witches' broom phytoplasma. These two phytoplasma strains belong to the 16S rRNA (16SrIX) group of pigeon pea witches' broom phytoplasmas that can cause almond witches' broom. However, Ei1090 is a mild strain and the Khafer isolate is a severe strain of C. Phytoplasma phoenicium. The similarity of the isolates from Chenaran and Kashmar with other members of the 16SrIX group ranged from 98.79-99.33 and 98.48-98.95%, respectively. The 16S rRNA sequence of the Mashhad isolate from the central region of Razavi Khorasan was 94.99% similar to the CPh strain of Clover phyllody phytoplasma, a member of the Aster yellows phytoplasma group (16SrI). The similarity of the isolate from Mashhad with other members of the 16SrI group was between 90.99-95.98%. In the phylogenetic tree, the isolates from Chenaran and Kashmar were located in the same branch together with the reference strain of the pigeon pea phytoplasma group (16SrXI group). In addition, the isolates from Chenaran and Kashmar were placed in the same branch with subgroups B and A of the 16SrXI group. In addition, the Mashhad isolate was classified in the aster yellows phytoplasma group (16SrI group) within subtype C, which is a new strain of subgroup C that causes almond witches' broom disease.
Conclusion
Almond witches’ broom is a devastating disease in almond orchards in the Khorasan Razavi Province. Symptoms include yellows, small leaves, witches’ broom, growth of many thin branches on the main trunk, decline and death of the almond tree. Symptoms of the disease were moderate in the northern regions and more severe in the central and southern regions of Khorasan Razavi province. The results indicate that different strains of C. Phytoplasma phoenicium and Clover phyllody phytoplasma are associated with almond witches’ broom disease in this province.

 The browse plant species exhibit in vitro anthelmintic properties against Haemonchus contortus.  Proanthocyanidin concentration is not necessarily related to anthelmintic property.  Polyphenols other than tannins exert anthelmintic activity in the browse.  In some tannin containing browse, anthelmintic properties are mainly due to non-phenolic compounds.

The anthelmintic potentials of the aqueous and methanol extracts of Euphorbia helioscopia were investigated. In folklore medicine, E. helioscopia (Euphorbiaceae) is used in the treatment of various gastrointestinal ailments and diseases. A worm motility inhibition (WMI) assay and egg hatch assay (EHA) were used for in vitro assessment, and a faecal egg count reduction (FECR) assay was used for an in vivo study. The in vitro study revealed anthelmintic effects of crude methanolic extracts of E. helioscopia on live Haemonchus contortus worms as evident from their paralysis and/or death at 8 h after exposure, different concentrations (12.5 mg ml -1 , 25 mg ml -1 and 50 mg ml -1 ) of aqueous and methanolic extracts were used against H. contortus which exhibited dose-dependent anthelmintic effects on H. contortus. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of aerial parts (stem, leaves and flowers) of E. helioscopia were found to have very low percent inhibitory egg hatching as compared to levamisole. It is concluded that the entire plant of E. helioscopia possesses significant anthelmintic activity and could be a potential alternative for treating cases of helminth infections in ruminants.

Parasitic gastroenteritis caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) continues to be a major constraint against profitable small ruminant production. The increasing prevalence and severity of anthelmintic-resistant nematodes in many parts of the world has led to a
search for non-chemical control options. Approaches alternative or adjunct to chemotherapy for the control of GIN in ruminants are
being increasingly important in India because of rapidly developing anthelmintic resistance in nematodes and the increasing concern
of chemical residues in animal products and environment. Significant advances have been made in biological control by exploiting
nematophagous fungi in different parts of the world including India. Initial studies in India demonstrate that GIN control by larvaetrapping fungi looks promising but suitable system for delivering the fungi to ruminants and practical dosing regimes integrated with
nutritional and managemental control measures hold promise for sustainable control measure. Synergism of fungal control measures
with feeding and nutritional manipulation accentuate correction of nutrient deficiency in grazing animals as well as recuperation of
supra-nutritional demand in the event of GIN infection. This papers reviews the work done on both these aspects including delineation
of possibilities for a synergistic approach for control of GIN infection in small ruminants. Adoption of this synergistic model for GIN
control measures will definitely reduce parasite pathogenesis and the use of chemical anthelmintics, as well.

The current study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Microfilaria in cows in the western regions of Iraq, by examining 382 cows of both sexes and for ages from 1-11 years during the year 2020. The parasite was diagnosed by examining the skin scraping collected from the infected animals in the laboratory, and the results showed that the cows were infected with the microfilariae parasite by 34%, and the highest infection rate was recorded in Al-Qa'im area 51.6% and Haditha 49.%. Significant differences were observed between males (21.9%) and females (44.6%). The highest incidence rate was recorded in cows aged 3-5 years, at 45.3%, with significant differences from the rest of the ages. Furthermore, the highest incidence rate was observed in Summer seasons, reaching 64.8%. The current study concludes that cattle in the western regions of Iraq are infected with the microfilariae parasite at a high rate, and this necessitates the establishment of an integrated control approach to control parasitic diseases and prevent their spread in farm animals because they cause serious disease effects and heavy economic losses.

The current study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Microfilaria in cows in the western regions of Iraq, by examining 382 cows of both sexes and for ages from 1-11 years during the year 2020. The parasite was diagnosed by examining the skin scraping collected from the infected animals in the laboratory, and the results showed that the cows were infected with the microfilariae parasite by 34%, and the highest infection rate was recorded in Al-Qa'im area 51.6% and Haditha 49.%. Significant differences were observed between males (21.9%) and females (44.6%). The highest incidence rate was recorded in cows aged 3-5 years, at 45.3%, with significant differences from the rest of the ages. Furthermore, the highest incidence rate was observed in Summer seasons, reaching 64.8%. The current study concludes that cattle in the western regions of Iraq are infected with the microfilariae parasite at a high rate, and this necessitates the establishment of an integrated control approach to control parasitic diseases and prevent their spread in farm animals because they cause serious disease effects and heavy economic losses.

This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in goats in Anbar province-Iraq, via routine examination of the livers taken from goats slaughtered in central slaughterhouses in the province to ensure that they were infected with hepatic helminths. The results indicated that a total infection rate of 43.5%. Ramadi area had the highest infection rate, moreover, the highest infection rate was 69.9% for ages 6-8 years. Significant differences were found in the average numbers of helminths in the bile sac and liver of both males and females of infected goats. On the other hand, It has been proven that the concentrations of (0.5-10) mg / ml of the alcoholic extract of the plant Aizoon hispanicum had a significant effect on the vitality of the helminths in vitro, as the concentration 10 mg/ml leads to the complete inhibitory for the vitality of helminths where after 36 hours it led to a 100% killing rate. The current study concluded that the goats in the study areas are infected with the F. hepatica parasite at a high rate, and this calls for finding safe treatment methods using medicinal herbs and plants because they contain many active compounds that affect the helminths and lead to their death, and they are safe strategic alternatives to harmful chemical drugs. This necessitates the establishment of an integrated control approach through treatment with effective plant extracts to eliminate these parasites and their health and economic damage.

a la selva en galería mas austral del mundo. El hábitat, favorece la presencia y permanencia de parasitosis de ciclo biológico acuático. El trabajo realizado en muestras humanas, ambientales y animales, logró el diagnóstico de situación. Se detectó la circulación de numerosos patógenos, varios zoonóticos. Se analizaron 881 caninos, se diagnosticó dioctophymosis en 35,2%. Se hallaron huevos de Dioctophyme renale en 63,3% de muestras de suelo y fueron negativas 257 muestras de orinas humanas. Es necesario desarrollar y validar un método indirecto, que permita realizar diagnósticos precoces y detectar formas no patentes de la enfermedad. Su implementación y aplicación en caninos, brinda la posibilidad de adaptar la técnica al diagnóstico de la infección en humanos. Se obtuvieron dos antígenos, para su uso en un kit de ELISA. Uno somático, a partir de esófagos y otro metabólico (excretor-secretor). Ambos contienen varias proteínas inmunogénicas frente a sueros caninos infectados con el parásito. Secreciones de helmintos patógenos contienen una variedad de proteínas, homólogas a moléculas hospedadoras asociadas al daño. Por eso, trabajamos en demostrar la secreción de vesículas similares a exosomas en adultos de D. renale in vitro. Observando elevada correlación entre tumores y parasitosis, pretendemos conocer si, productos de excreción /secreción de D. renale presentan efecto genotóxico sobre líneas celulares de linfocitos de caninos y humanos. Se evaluar la incidencia de aberraciones cromosómicas ocasionadas por productos metabólicos recuperados in vitro. El equipo colabora con el INIBIOLP, el IMPAM y las Universidades de Edimburgo y Glasgow, en la obtención del genoma y transcriptoma de D. renale.

Background and Aim: Anisakis is a global challenge for a fish product which may lead to a decrease in economic value and consumers&#39; preference. Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) in Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia, have important economic value for local fisheries. Anisakis typica is one of the Anisakis species which potent to induce an allergic reaction. However, the study about A. typica involved in the dendritic cells (DCs), T helper 1 (Th1), T helper 2 (Th2), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is still limited. This study aimed to analyze the dynamic changed of the immune system including DCs, CD4+ T cells, and Tregs after 1 week of A. typica sensitization. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Balb/C mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=6), mice treated with crude A. typica extract (CAE) 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg BW, respectively. CAE was given orally per day for a week. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and the spleen was collected. DCs were l...

Background: The risk of indiscriminate antibiotic use in Nigeria is high and has serious public health and food implications. The unrestricted usage of oxytetracycline can lead to the accumulation of antibiotic residues in animal products, such as eggs. Objectives: This study investigated oxytetracycline residues in eggs from 20 commercial poultry farms in Ilorin City, Nigeria. Methods: Samples were randomly collected from poultry farms in Ilorin City, Nigeria, and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Oytetracycline residues were detected in pooled egg samples from 15 farms (75% prevalence). The mean concentration of 398.30±186.73 µg/kg was obtained with six samples (30%) exceeding the recommended maximum residue limit (MRL) of 400 µg/kg. Standard curve analysis showed linearity (r 2 =0.98). Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of oxytetracycline residues in eggs produced by commercial poultry farms in Ilorin City, Nigeria. It underscores the need for better regulation and oversight of antibiotic use in poultry farming to mitigate health risks associated with antibiotic residues and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Background: Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by the consumption of undercooked meat infected with Trichinella larvae. Wild boars are significant reservoirs of this pathogen, posing health risks to humans, particularly in regions where hunting is prevalent. Wild boar meat infected with larvae Trichinella spp. has an increased risk of human infection with trichinellosis.

The description of Capillaria garfiai n. sp. parasitizing the epithelium of the tongue from the wild boar in Spain is given. The présence of a spinuous spicular sheath, the absence of a spicule, the short distance between the end of the esophagus and the vulva and the location in the host distinguish the new species from the other species of Capillaria cited in wild boars. La captura de un jabali en el Vallé de Arân (Pirineo espanol) y su consiguiente inspeccion triquinoscôpica por parte del veterinario Sr. A. LAZARO diô lugar al hallazgo de los parasites linguales objeto del présente trabajo. La langua, troceada y fijada en formol al 10 % en frio, fué estudiada en parte mediante secciones de 15-20 u. de grosor efectuadas con microtomia de congelaciôn. Los cortes * Dedicamos esta especie al Dr. Antonio GARFIA, Investigador de los Laboratorios Andreu y Prof, no numerario de la Câtedra de Histologia, Embriologia General y Anatomja Patolôgica de la Facultad de Medicina de Barcelona (Prof. Dr. Diego RUSAS). Queremos expresar a ambos nuestro agradecimiento por habernos confiado el material 3-el examen histopatolôgico.

The presence of ticks in the herd is a problem faced mainly by ranchers of the Rhipicephalus
(Boophilus) microplus species, taking into account why it is about production, especially
when it comes to production treatment. In addition to causing damage to the health of affected
animals, due to the consequences of hematophagism, it is also important and fundamental in
the transmission of pathogenic agents Babesia spp. and Anaplasma marginale, which cause
the Bovine Parasite Sadness Complex (BPS), a disease present in the daily life of livestock.
Thus, the need for knowledge of its epidemiology is evident, and the present study aimed to
carry out a molecular identification of bovine parasitic pathogens in Rhipicephalus
(Boophilus) microplus in the forest zone of Rondônia: Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis
and Babesia bigemina. Cattle ticks were collected from 24 properties, each representing a
pool sample of 10 ticks, from June 2021 to May 2022. The specimens were stored in alcohol
at 70°GL until extraction with a commercial kit. A questionnaire was also applied for the
epidemiological characterization of the properties. For the identification of DNA fragments,
primers based on the msp 4 gene for A. marginale and on the rap-1 gene were used to identify
B. bovis and B. bigemina. Of the 24 pools, none were positive for the two species of Babesia,
however, 14 pools were positive for A. marginale originating from the seven municipalities of
the forest zone: Alta Floresta D'Oeste, Alto Alegre dos Parecis, Castanheiras, Nova
Brasilândia D'Oeste, Novo Horizonte D'Oeste, Rolim de Moura and Santa Luzia D'Oeste.
According to the data on the property of the animals, they are not carried out with a greater
number of researches acquired, the majority are not of European blood hemoparasites, being a
form more susceptible to the absence of animals, being a form more susceptible to the
absence of animals by ticks and the possibility of most likely to search hemoparasite
infection. by R. (B) microplus. Expanding epidemiological research on the circulation of
parasites in cattle helps to control and also increase productivity in family-based properties

The present study was conducted with the objective to study the prevalence of tick infestation in dogs in Guwahati, Assam. A total of 10315 numbers of dogs were screened and tick infestation was recorded in 45 numbers of dogs. The overall prevalence of tick infestation in dog was recorded 0.43%. Age-wise prevalence was highest in 1 to 3 years (0.69%) age group. Male dogs were highly infested (0.63%). Among breeds the highest prevalence was recorded in the Non-Descript dogs (0.80%). Monsoon (0.65%) was found to be the most favourable season for higher prevalence of tick infestation in dogs. The most common clinical sign associated with tick infestation is pruritus which is present in 100% of the cases. As per the distribution of ticks on different body regions of dogs, ear (73.30%) was found to be the most common site for attachment of ticks.

Orientadores: Cristiana Simão Seixas, Roberto Luiz do CarmoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências HumanasResumo: Com o objetivo de compreender os efeitos dos Projetos de Conservação e Desenvolvimento nas capacidades de adaptação e transformação socioecológica dos sistemas locais onde incidem, elaboro uma abordagem derivada das teorias da complexidade e redes sociais, analisando duas áreas na América do Sul: o Médio Solimões, Brasil, e o Norte Rupununi, Guiana. Especificamente, interessam: (i) a distribuição de projetos e a estrutura da rede-iniciativa que os promove; (ii) o espectro de mudanças deflagradas; (iii) o efeito destas mudanças nas capacidades de adaptação, transformação e resiliência socioecológica dos sistemas locais. As iniciativas e volume de projetos nas áreas de estudo se expandiram rapidamente partir do final da década de 1990 e permanecem dinamicamente estáveis até os dias atuais. Estruturalmente, as redes-iniciativa...

Background and Aim: Malaria control programs in Indonesia heavily rely on insecticide-based interventions such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, the effectiveness of these strategies is increasingly compromised by the emergence of insecticide resistance, particularly in high-transmission regions like Papua Province. The mechanisms underlying pyrethroid resistance in local vector populations remain inadequately characterized. This study aimed to assess the permethrin resistance status and characterize the frequency of L1014F/S knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles in Anopheles punctulatus group mosquitoes in Keerom, Papua, to inform region-specific malaria vector control strategies.

Materials and Methods: An entomological and molecular investigation was conducted in five villages across three districts of Keerom Regency. Larval and adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected through standard World Health Organization techniques. Insecticide susceptibility was evaluated using 0.75% permethrin bioassays. Molecular identification and detection of kdr mutations (L1014F/S) were performed using species-specific polymerase chain reaction and sequencing protocols. Allele frequencies were analyzed using Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium models, and statistical comparisons were made using one-way analysis of variance.

Results: Among 163 mosquitoes tested, permethrin resistance was confirmed across all districts, with mortality rates ranging from 50% to 68.66%. Molecular analyses identified Anopheles koliensis, A. punctulatus, and A. peditaeniatus. High frequencies of the L1014S mutation were detected in A. koliensis (0.87) and A. punctulatus (0.66), whereas A. peditaeniatus exhibited only wild-type alleles. No L1014F mutations were observed. The high prevalence of homozygous resistant genotypes indicates intense selection pressure, potentially linked to LLIN and agricultural insecticide use.

Conclusion: This study provides the first molecular evidence of widespread permethrin resistance mediated by L1014S mutations in the A. punctulatus group in Papua. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced resistance monitoring and the integration of alternative insecticides and non-chemical vector control methods to sustain malaria control efforts in the region.

Keywords: Anopheles punctulatus, knockdown resistance, L1014S, malaria vector control, Papua, pyrethroid resistance.

Serum samples collected randomly from 500 cattle from the 10 northern states of Nigeria were tested for antibodies against Anaplasma marginale by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), card agglutination (CT) and capillary tube-agglutination (CA) tests. The serum samples were also examined for antibodies to Babesia bigemina and B. boris by the IFA test only. Of the serum samples tested, 79,4% had antibodies against A. marginale by the IFA test, 40 and 25% in the CT and CA tests, respectively. The IFA test results forB. bigemina and B. boris were 29.4 and 14.1%, respectively.

Despite the successes achieved in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases in companion animals, the issue of developing and implementing innovative, highly effective antiparasitic agents in veterinary practice is still relevant today. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of modern antiparasitic collars for dogs and cats in the prevention and treatment of ectoparasitic infections. The antiparasitic agents used in the experiments were Flea and tick collar Comfort for cats Antiparasitic collar TM Healthy Pet, Oberig Flea and tick collar Comfort for dogs and Antiparasitic collar TM Compliment, Oberig The active ingredient in the collars tested is diazinon. The experimental studies were conducted under current methodological recommendations and practical guidelines. The study of shelter pets and stray animals revealed their infestation with lice, fleas, and parasitic ticks of varying intensity. Experimentally, a high insecticidal effect of the products Flea and tick collar Comfort for cats and Antiparasitic collar TM Healthy Pet, Oberig was established, Flea and tick collar Comfort for dogs Antiparasitic collar TM Compliment, Oberig against fleas (Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis), chewing lice (Felicola subrostratus), sucking lice (Linognathus setosus), ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor spp., Rhipicephalus spp.) The effectiveness of the drugs is 100%. It has been experimentally proven that the studied collars with the active ingredient diazinon can be used for preventive and therapeutic purposes for companion animals in case of infestation with fleas, chewing lice, sucking lice, and ticks