Hemiptera

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Cladus: Pancrustacea
Cladus: Allotriocarida
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Paraneoptera
Superordo: Condylognatha
Ordo: Hemiptera
Subordines: Auchenorrhyncha – Coleorrhyncha – Sternorrhyncha – Heteroptera
Alternate: Heteroptera – Homoptera
Homoptera=Auchenorrhyncha + Coleorrhyncha + Sternorrhyncha [paraphyletic]

Name

Hemiptera Linnaeus, 1758

References

Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Bourgoin, T. & Campbell, B.C. 2002. Inferring a phylogeny for Hemiptera: Falling into the "Autapomorphic Trap". Denisia, 4: 67–82.
Bourgoin T., Swzedo J. & Lefèbvre, F. 2004. About Hemiptera phylogeny and Classification. Pp. 11-36. In: Fossil Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) of the world. An annotated catalogue with notes on Hemiptera classification. Swzedo, J., Th. Bourgoin & F. Lefèbvre. J. Swzedo edt., Warsaw 2004, 199 pp + 8 pl.
Campbell, B.C., Steffen-Campbell, J.D., Sorensen, J.T. & Gill, R.J. 1995. Paraphyly of Homoptera and Auchenorrhyncha inferred from 18S rDNA nucleotide sequences. Systematic Entomology 20(3): 175–194. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00090.x .
Coscarón, M.D.C., Basset, C. & Lopez, N. 2015. Types of true bugs (Insecta, Hemiptera, Heteroptera) deposited in the Museo de La Plata, Argentina. Zootaxa 3977(1): 1–101. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3977.1.1 . Preview (PDF). ResearchGate . ISBN 978-1-77557-733-1 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77557-734-8 (Online edition) Reference page.
Cryan, J.R. & Urban, J.M. 2012. Higher-level phylogeny of the insect order Hemiptera: is Auchenorrhyncha really paraphyletic? Systematic Entomology 37(1): 7–21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00611.x .
Dohlen, C.D. von & Moran, N.A. 1995. Molecular phylogeny of the Homoptera: a paraphyletic taxon. Journal of Molecular Evolution 41: 211–223.
Foottit, R.G., Maw, H.E.L., Kits, J.H. & Scudder, G.G.E. 2019. Hemiptera of Canada. Pp 277–290 In Langor, D.W. & Sheffield, C.S. (eds.). The Biota of Canada – A Biodiversity Assessment. Part 1: The Terrestrial Arthropods. ZooKeys 819: 520 pp. Reference page. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.819.26574 Reference page.
Forero, D. 2008. The systematics of the Hemiptera. Revista Columbiana de Entomologia 34(1): 1–21. [1]
Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M.S. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0. limited preview on Google Books. Reference page.
Nielson, M.W., Viraktamath, C.A. & van der Laan, R. 2018. Case 3582 – Scaris Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 and Scarides (Scaridae) Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 (Insecta, Hemiptera): proposed suppression to remove homonymy of the latter with Scaridi (currently Scaridae) Rafinesque, 1810 (Osteichthyes). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 75: 6–11. Reference page.
Ruschel, T.P., Guidoti, M. & Barcellos, A. 2013. The Hemiptera type-material housed in the “Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul” of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Zootaxa 3716(4): 539–564. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3716.4.3 Reference page.
Sorensen, J.T., Campbell, B.C., Gill, R.J. & Steffen-Campbell, J.D. 1995. Non-monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha ("Homoptera"), based upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco-evolutionary and cladistic implications with pre-Heteropteroidea Hemiptera (s.l.) and a proposal for new monophyletic suborders. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 71(1): 31–60. BHL.
Sunde, R.G. 1973. New records of Aphidoidea (Homoptera) in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 5(2): 127–130. DOI: 10.1080/00779962.1973.9722980 Reference page.
Yoshizawa, K. & Saigusa, T. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure, with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26(1): 1–13. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00133.x .

Links

Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist
EoL
Hemiptera – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

Vernacular names

Afrikaans: besies
Alemannisch: Schnabelchärfler
aragonés: Hemipteros
беларуская: Клапы
বাংলা: হেমিপটেরা
čeština: polokřídlí
Deutsch: Schnabelkerfe
English: True Bugs
suomi: Nivelkärsäiset
Nordfriisk: Hualewjügeten
français: Hémiptères
日本語: カメムシ目 (半翅目)
한국어: 노린재목 (반시목)
polski: pluskwiaki
português: Hemípteros
slovenščina: Polkrilci
Türkçe: Yarımkanatlılar
中文: 半翅目

For more multimedia, look at Hemiptera on Wikimedia Commons.