Eukaryota
Taxonavigation
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regna (Whittaker & Margulis, 1978): Animalia – Plantae – Fungi – Protista
Regna (Cavalier-Smith, 1981): Animalia – Plantae – Fungi – Chromista – Protozoa
Supergroups (Cavalier-Smith, 2009): Bikonta – Unikonta
Groups (Adl et al., 2012): Amoebozoa – Opisthokonta – Excavata – Sar (Stramenopiles – Alveolata – Rhizaria) – Archaeplastida – Incertae sedis
Regna (Ruggiero et al., 2015): Protozoa – Chromista – Fungi – Plantae – Animalia
Name
Eucaryotes Chatton, 1925, 1937/1938, Chadefaud, 1960
Synonyms
- Karyonta Novák, 1930
- Eukaryonta Fott, 1959 (according to Round, 1973), Möhn, 1984
- Eucaryota Christensen, 1962, Allsopp, 1969
- Eucaryotae Murray, 1968
- Caryonta Novák, 1969
- Eukaryota Fott, 1971, Stent, 1971, Margulis, 1974, Whittaker & Margulis, 1978
- Eucytota Jeffrey, 1971
- Eukaryotae Parker et al., 1982 [?]
- Eucarya Woese et. al., 1990
- Eukarya Margulis, 1996 (not Dougherty, 1957, see Sapp, 2005)
Alternative classifications
Chatton (1925)
Chatton, É. 1925. Pansporella perplexa, amoebien à spores protégées parasite de daphnies. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Série 10 VIII: 5–84, Online. See Kussakin Drozdov (1994), [1], Katscher (2004), [2].
[p. 76ː]
[p. 77ː]
- Procaryotes
- Eucaryotes
- (Protomastigiés)
- Phéoflagellées
- Diatomées
- Phéophycées
- Rhodophycées
- Chrysomonadines
- Cryptomonadines
- Dinoflagellés
- Cystoflagellés
- Protéomyxés
- Foraminifères
- Héliozoaires
- Radioláires
- (Procnidiés)
- Paramyxidies
- Microsporidies
- Myxosporidies
- Actinomyxidies
- Cnidaires
- Métazoaires
- Zooflagellés
- Hypermastigines
- Heteromastigines
- Sporozoaires
- Holomastigines
- Choanoflagellés
- Spongiaires
- Mastigamoebiens
- Mycétozoaires
- Haplosporidies
- Monamoebiens
- Schizosporidies
- Pélomyxiens
- Théchamoebiens
- Synamoebiens
- Sporamoebiens
- Entamoebiens
- Ciliés
- Acinétiens
- Mycoflagellés
- Chytridinées
- Phycomycètes
- Champignons
- Chloroflagellés
- Eugléniens
- Chlamydomonadines
- Volvocines
- Chlorophycées
- Archegoniates
Copeland (1956)
Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, [6].
- Kingdom Protoctista
- Phylum Rhodophyta
- Phylum Phaeophyta
- Phylum Pyrrhophyta
- Phylum Opisthokonta
- Phylum Inophyta
- Phylum Protoplasta
- Phylum Fungilli
- Phylum Ciliophora
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
Chadefaud & Emberger (1960)
Chadefaud, M. & Emberger, L. (éds.). Traité de botanique systématique. Masson et Cie., Paris. Tome I. Les végétaux non vasculaires (Cryptogamie), par M. Chadefaud, 1960, 1 vol. de 1016 pages, [3]. Tome II. Les végétaux vasculaires, par L. Emberger, 1960, deux fascicules, 1540 pages, [4], [5].
Monde vivant
- Protocaryotes (= Schizophytes)
- Eucaryotes
- Algues Eucaryotes (= Phycophytes)
- Champignons (= Mycophytes)
- Plantes a cormus, Plantes supérieures, Cormophytes, ou Archégoniates
- Animaux, ou Zoaires (Protozoaires, Métazoaires)
Jeffrey (1971)
Jeffrey, C. 1971. Thallophytes and kingdoms - a critique. Kew. Bull., 25, 291-299. See Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands, [6].
- Superkingdom Acytota
- Superkingdom Procytota
- Superkingdom Eucytota
- Kingdom Rhodobiota
- Kingdom Chromobiota
- Kingdom Zoobiota
- Kingdom Mycobiota
- Kingdom Chlorobiota
Margulis (1971)
Margulis, L. 1971. Whittaker's five kingdoms of organisms: minor revisions suggested by considerations of the origin of mitosis. Evolution 25: 242-245.
- "prokaryotes"
- Kingdom Monera
- "eukaryotes"
- Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Fungi (Amastigomycota): Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
- Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)
- Kingdom Plantae (Metaphyta): Bryophyta and Tracheophyta
Leedale (1974)
Leedale, G. F. (1974). How many are the kingdoms of organisms? Taxon, 23 (1974), pp. 261–270, [7]. See Whittaker in Kreir (1977), Google Books.
[“Pteropod” scheme, p. 267:]
[“Fan” scheme, p. 269:]
- Prokaryote (Monera)
- Eukaryote
- Rhodophyta
- Plantae (Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bryophyta, Tracheophyta)
- Heterokonts (Oomycota, Bacillariophyta, Xanthophyta, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta)
- Eustigmatophyta
- Haptophyta
- Cryptophyta
- Dinophyta
- Chytridiomycota
- Fungi (Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, Ascomycota)
- Euglenophyta
- Zoomastigina
- Myxomycota
- Sarcodina
- Ciliophora
- Sporozoa
- Porifera
- Animalia (Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata, etc.)
- Mesozoa
Margulis (1974a)
Margulis, L. (1974a). Five-kingdom classification and the origin and evolution of cells. Evol. Biol. 7, 45-78, [8].
- Superkingdom (chromosomal organization = Prokaryota)
- Superkingdom (chromosomal organization = Eukaryota)
- Kingdom Protista ( or Protoctista)
- Grade Nonmitotica
- Grade Mitotica
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Protista ( or Protoctista)
Margulis (1974b)
Margulis, L. (1974b). The classification and evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In: Handbook of Genetics, Vol. 1, R. C. King, (ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 1-41, [9].
- Superkingdom (chromosomal organization) Prokaryota
- Superkingdom (chromosomal organization) Eukaryota
Edwards (1976)
Edwards, P. (1976). A classification of plants into higher taxa based on cytological and biochemical criteria. Taxon 25: 529–542.
- Procaryota
- Eucaryota
- Erythrobionta (Rhodophyta)
- Chlorobionta (Tracheophyta, Bryophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta)
- Fungi 1 (Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota)
- Ochrobionta (Phaeophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Cryptophyta)
- Fungi 2 (Hyphochytridiomycota, Oomycota, Labyrinthulomycota)
- Myxobionta (Myxogastriomycota, Acrasiomycota, Dictyosteliomycota, Protosteliomycota)
- animals
Whittaker & Margulis (1978)
Whittaker, R. H. & Margulis, L. (1978). Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms. Biosystems 10, 3–18.
- Superkingdom Prokaryota
- I. Kingdom Monera
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- II. Kingdom Protista or Protoctista
- III. Kingdom Fungi
- IV. Kingdom Animalia
- V. Kingdom Plantae
Cavalier-Smith (1978)
Cavalier-Smith, T. 1978. The evolutionary origin and phylogeny of microtubules, mitotic spindles and eukaryote flagella. BioSystems, 10(1), 93-114.
- Super-kingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Aconta (Rhodophyta, zygomycete fungi, ascomycete fungi, basidiomycete fungi, Acrasida)
- Kingdom 2. Haptophyta
- Kingdom 3. Cryptophyta
- Kingdom 4. Heterokonta (Eustigmatophyta, chloromonads, Xanthophyta, biflagellate [=oomycete] fungi, Myxomycetes, hyphochytrid fungi, Phaeophyta, Chrysophyta, chytrid fungi, Actinopoda, Foraminifera, amoeboflagellates, diatoms)
- Kingdom 5. Corticoflagellata
- Kingdom 6. Euglenoida (Euglenophyta, Kinetoplastida)
- Kingdom 7. Chlorophyta (chlorophyte algae, Prasinophyta, Bryophyta, Tracheophyta)
Stewart & Mattox (1980)
Stewart, K.D. & Mattox, K. (1980). Phylogeny of phytoflagellates. In: Phytoflagellates (ed. E.Cox), New York: Elsevier/North Holland, pp. 433–462, [10], [11].
Eukaryotes [p. 456]
- Kingdom Dinobiota [with tubular cristae]
- Kingdom Bodonobiota [with flattened (lamellar) cristae]
Cavalier-Smith (1981)
- Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems 14(3–4): 461–481. DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818. Reference page.
Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]
- Superkingdom Prokaryota
- Kingdom Bacteria
- Subkingdom Eubacteria
- Subkingdom Archaebacteria
- Kingdom Bacteria
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Eufungi
- Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
- Kingdom 3. Animalia
- Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
- Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
- Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
- Kingdom 7. Protozoa
- Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
- Kingdom 9. Chromophyta
Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
- Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
- Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
- Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
- Kingdom 5. Animalia
Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
- Phylum Chlorophyta
- Phylum Bryophyta
- Phylum Tracheophyta
- Kingdom Biliphyta
- Phylum Biliphyta
- Class Rhodophyceae
- Class Glaocophyceae
- Phylum Biliphyta
- Kingdom Chromista
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Protozoa
Parker et al. (1982)
Parker, S. P. (ed.). 1982. Synopsis and classification of living organisms. 2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York, [12], [13]. See Brands (1989-2005), [14]
- Superkingdom Prokaryotae
- Superkingdom Eukaryotae
[Note: this classification is redundant for some ambiregnal protists. See Taylor et al. (1986), PDF.]
Cavalier-Smith (1983)
Cavalier-Smith, T. 1983. A 6-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny. Pp. 1027–1034 in Endocytobiology II (H.E.A. Schenk & W. Schwemmler, eds.). De Gruyter, Berlin, [15], [16].
- 1. Prokaryota
- Kingdom 1. Bacteria
- 2. Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Protozoa (Archezoa, Sarcomastigota, Euglenozoa and Choanociliata)
- Kingdom 2. Animalia (Parazoa and Metazoa)
- Kingdom 3. Fungi (Ciliofungi and Eufungi)
- Kingdom 4. Plantae (Biliphyta and Viridiplantae)
- Kingdom 5. Chromista (Cryptophyta and Chromophyta)
Möhn (1984)
From System und Phylogenie der Lebewesen, [17], [18].
Superkingdom Eukaryonta
- Suprakingdom Aconta
- Kingdom Rhodocyanobionta
- Phylum Cyanidiophyta
- Kingdom Erythrobionta
- Phylum Rhodophyta
- Kingdom Rhodocyanobionta
- Suprakingdom Contophora
- Kingdom Chlorobionta
- Phylum Prasinophyta
- Phylum Charophyta
- Phylum Ulvaphyta
- Phylum Chlorophyta
- Kingdom Flagelloopalinida
- Phylum Protomonada
- Phylum Opalinidea
- Kingdom Euglenophytobionta
- Phylum Euglenophyta
- Kingdom Eumycota
- Phylum Opisthomastigomycota
- Phylum Amastigomycota
- Kingdom Dinophytobionta
- Subkingdom Dinophytea
- Phylum Dinophyta
- Phylum Granuloreticulosa
- Phylum Acanthiolaria
- Phylum Polannulifera
- Subkingdom Ciliata
- Phylum Ciliophora
- Subkingdom Dinophytea
- Kingdom Crytophytobionta
- Phylum Crytophyta
- Kingdom Colponemata
- Phylum Colponemaria
- Kingdom Chloromonadophytobionta
- Phylum Chloromonadophyta
- Kingdom Chromophytobionta
- Subkingdom Chromobionta
- Phylum Xanthophyta
- Phylum Pantonemomycota
- Phylum Proteomyxidea
- Phylum Labyrinthomorpha
- Phylum Chrysophyta
- Phylum Hydraulea
- Phylum Trichomycetea
- Phylum Mycetozoidea
- Phylum Pedinellaphyta
- Phylum Bacillariophyta
- Phylum Phaeophyta
- Subkingdom Eustigmatobionta
- Phylum Eustigmatophyta
- Subkingdom Choanobionta
- Phylum Craspedophyta
- Subkingdom Haptophytobionta
- Phylum Haptophyta
- Subkingdom Chromobionta
- Kingdom Chlorobionta
- Suprakingdom Cormobionta
- Suprakingdom Animalia
- Middle-kingdom Parazoa
- Kingdom Porifera
- Kingdom Archeata
- Kingdom Placozoomorpha
- Middle-kingdom Eumetazoa
- Kingdom Radiata
- Phylum Cnidaria
- Phylum Ctenophora
- Kingdom Bilateria
- Kingdom Radiata
- Middle-kingdom Parazoa
Lipscomb (1985)
Lipscomb, Diana. 1985. The eukaryotic kingdoms. Cladistics 1: 127–40.
- Group 1
- Group 2
- Group 3
- Group 4
- Group 5
- Group 6
- Group 7
- Group 8
- Group 9
[Note: some eukaryote groups are not included in Lipscomb analysis.]
Corliss (1986)
From The kingdoms of organisms: from a microscopist’s point of view.
Superkingdom Eukaryota
Starobogatoff (1986)
Старобогатов Я.И. К вопросу о числе царств эукариотных организмов. // Труды Зоологического института АН СССР. 1986. T. 144. С. 4–25.
Starobogatoff, Y.I. 1986. On the number of kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 144: 4–25. (In Russian) From Pelentier, B. (2007-2015), [19].
- Superkingdom Akonta
- Kingdom Rhodymeniontes
- Kingdom Mycota
- Superkingdom Lamellicristata
- Kingdom Cryptomonadontes
- Kingdom Euglenontes
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Superkingdom Tubulicristata
- Kingdom Ellipsoidiontes
- Kingdom Peridiniontes
- Kingdom Chromulinontes
Lipscomb (1989)
Lipscomb, D. (1989). Relationships among the eukaryotes. In: The Hiearchy of Life, B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, & H. Jornvall (eds.), Elsevier, New York. pp. 161-178, [20]. From Pelentier, B. (2007-2015), [21].
- Rhodophyca
- Supergroup 1
- Plantae
- Supergroup 2
- Cryptomonada
- Supergroup 3
- Amebae+Oomycota+Chromobiota+Heliozoa
- Supergroup 4
- Polymastigota
- Animalia+(Choanozoa+Fungi)
- Opalinida+Dinociliata+Euglenaria
Woese (1990)
3-Domain System of Carl Woese
- Terrabiota
Lipscomb (1991)
Lipscomb, D. (1991). Broad classification: the kingdoms and the protozoa. In: Parasitic Protozoa, Vol. 1, 2nd ed. J.P. Kreier & J.R. Baker (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego. pp. 81-136, [22].
- 1. Rhodophyta
- 2. Chlorobionts
- 3. Cryptophytes
- 4. Chromobionts
- 5. Polymastigotes
- 6. Animals
- 7. Amoeboflagellates
- 8. Opalinids
- 9. Dinoflagellates and Ciliates
- 10. Euglenozoa
Corliss (1994)
From An Interim Utilitarian ("User-friendly") Hierarchical Classification and Characterization of the Protists.
Empire Eukaryota
Kussakin & Drozdov (1994)
Кусакин О.Г, Дроздов А.Л. 1994. Филема органического мира. Часть 1. Пролегомены к построению филемы. С.-Петербург: Наука, [23].
Kussakin O.G., Drozdov A.L. (1994). Phylema of the living beings. Part 1. Prolegomena to the construction of phylema. Nauka, St.-Petersburg. (In Russian)
- Imperia Non-cellulata (= Acytota)
- Imperia Cellulata Vorontsov, 1965
- Dominion Archae (= Archaebacteria auct.)
- Dominion Bacteria (= Eubacteria auct.)
- Dominion Eukaryota
- Subdominion Archekaryota
- Kingdom Microsporobionta
- Kingdom Archemonadobionta (= Polymastigobionta)
- Subdominion Metakaryota
- Kingdom Rhodobionta
- Kingdom Cryptobionta
- Kingdom Euglenobionta
- Kingdom Dinobionta
- Kingdom Chromobionta s. lato (= Tubularistata)
- Kingdom Chlorobionta (= Viridiplantae)
- Kingdom Mycobionta (= Fungi)
- Kingdom Inferiobionta (= Parazoa)
- Kingdom Metazoa
- Subdominion Archekaryota
- Incertae sedis: Myxospora, Chlorarachnida, Gyromitus, Discocelis, Jacoba
Cavalier-Smith (1995)
Cavalier-Smith, T. 1995. Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification. In: The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates (ed. S.A. Karpov), Cytology [Tsitologiia] 37(11): 1010–1029, Online.
- Kingdom Archezoa
- Kingdom Protozoa
- Kingdom Cryptista
- Kingdom Chromista
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Fungi
Starobogatov (1995)
Starobogatov, Y. I. (1995). The position of flagellated protists in the system of lower eukaryotes. In: The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates (ed. S.A. Karpov), Cytology, 37 (11): 1030–7, [24]. Also in: Abstracts of the Second International Symposium on the Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates: 14th – 20th August 1994 – St. Petersburg, Russia. Europ. J. Protistol. 31, 109-118, [25].
- Superkingdom Akonta
- Kingdom Rhodymeniontes
- Kingdom Mycota
- Superkingdom Lamellicristata
- Kingdom Cryptomonadontes
- Kingdom Euglenontes
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Superkingdom Tubulicristata
- Kingdom Peridiniontes
- Kingdom Chromulinontes
Margulis (1996)
From Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: Phylogenetic classification of life [26].
Eukarya (= Eukaryotae)
Hausmann & Hülsmann (1996)
From Hausmann, K., N. Hülsmann. Protozoology. 2nd ed. Thieme Verlag; New York, 1996. [27], [28].
Empire Eukaryota
- Kingdom Microspora
- Phylum Microspora
- Class Rudimicrosporea
- Class Microsporea
- Phylum Microspora
- Kingdom Mastigota
- Subkingdom Archamoebaea
- Phylum Karyoblasta
- Subkingdom Dimastigota
- Superphylum Tetramastigota
- Phylum Retortamonada
- Class Retortamonadea
- Class Diplomonadea
- Phylum Axostylata
- Class Oxymonadae
- Class Parabasalea
- Order Trichomonadida
- Order Polymonadida
- Order Hypermastigida
- Phylum Retortamonada
- Superphylum Metakaryota
- Phylum Euglenozoa
- Subphylum Euglenida
- Class Euglenoidea
- Class Hemimastigophorea
- Subphylum Kinetoplasta
- Class Bodonea
- Class Trypanosomatidea
- Subphylum Pseudociliata
- Subphylum Euglenida
- Phylum Heterolobosa
- Class Schizopyrenidea
- Class Acrasea
- Phylum Dictyostela
- Phylum Protostela
- Phylum Myxogastra
- Phylum Chromista
- Subphylum Prymnesiomonada
- Subphylum Cryptomonada
- Subphylum Heterokonta
- Class Proteromonadea
- Class Opalinea
- Class Chrysomonadea
- Class Heteromonadea
- Class Labyrinthulea
- Class Raphidomonadea
- Class Plasmodiophorea
- Class Bicosoecidea
- Phylum Alveolata
- Subphylum Dinoflagellata
- Subphylum Apicomplexa
- Class Gregarinea
- Class Coccidea
- Class Haematozoea
- Subphylum Ciliophora
- Superclass Postciliodesmatophora
- Class Karyorelictea
- Class Spirotrichea
- Subclass Heterotrichea
- Subclass Oligotrichia
- Subclass Stichotrichia
- Subclass Hypotrichia
- Superclass Rabdophora
- Class Prostomatea
- Class Litostomatea
- Subclass Haptoria
- Subclass Trichostomatia
- Superclass Cyrtophora
- Class Phyllopharyngia
- Subclass Phyllopharyngia
- Subclass Chonotrichia
- Subclass Suctoria
- Class Nassophorea
- Class Oligohymenophorea
- Subclass Hymenostomatia
- Subclass Peritrichia
- Subclass Astomatia
- Subclass Apostomatia
- Class Colpodea
- Class Phyllopharyngia
- Superclass Postciliodesmatophora
- Phylum Choanoflagellata
- Phylum Chlorophyta
- Class Prasinomonadea
- Metakaryota incertae sedis
- Phylum Euglenozoa
- Superphylum Tetramastigota
- Subkingdom Archamoebaea
Cavalier-Smith (1998)
From A revised six-kingdom system of life, [29].
- Empire or Superkingdom 1. Prokaryota
- Empire or Superkingdom 2. Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Protozoa Kussakin, O.G., Drozdov, A.L. 1998. Phylema of the living beings. Part 2. Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes. Nauka, St.-Petersburg. (in Russian)
- Imperia Cellulata Vorontsov, 1965
- Prokaryota
- Dominion Archaebacteria
- Dominion Eubacteria
- Dominion Eukaryota
- Kingdom Microsporobiontes
- Kingdom Archemonadobiontes
- Kingdom Euglenobiontes
- Kingdom Myxobiontes
- Kingdom Rhodobiontes
- Kingdom Alveolates
- Kingdom Heterokontes
- Prokaryota
Patterson (1999)
- Patterson, D.J. 1999. The Diversity of Eukaryotes. The American Naturalist 154 (S4): 96–124. DOI: 10.1086/303287 PDF Reference page.
- "Eukaryotic taxa without known sister groups"
- Acantharea
- Actinophryids
- Alveolates
- Ancyromonas
- Apusomonads
- Biomyxa
- Caecitellus
- Carpediemonas
- Centroheliozoa
- Cercomonads
- Chlorarachniophytes
- Coelosporidium
- Collodictyon
- Copromyxids
- Cryothecomonas
- Cryptomonads
- Desmothoracids
- Dimorphids
- Diphylleia
- Diplomonads
- Discocelis
- Ebriids
- Ellobiopsids
- Entamoebidae
- Euglenozoa
- Fonticula
- Glaucophytes
- Granuloreticulosa
- Gymnophrea
- Gymnosphaerida
- Haplosporids
- Haptophytes
- Heterolobosea
- Hyperamoeba
- Jakobids
- Kathablepharids
- Komokiacea
- Luffisphaera
- Microsporidia
- Ministeria
- Multicilia
- Nephridiophagids
- Nucleariidae
- Opisthokonts
- Oxymonads
- Parabasalids
- Paramyxea
- Pelobionts
- Phaeodarea
- Phagodinium
- Phalansterium
- Plasmodiophorids
- Polycystinea
- Pseudodendromonads
- Pseudospora
- Ramicristates
- Red algae
- Reticulomyxa
- Retortamonads
- Rosette agent
- Spironemidae
- Spongomonads
- Stephanopogon
- Sticholonche
- Stramenopiles
- Telonema
- Thaumatomonads
- Trimastix
- Vampyrellids
- Viridaeplantae
- Xenophyophores
- "Protista without contemporary identity"
Hausmann et al. (2003)
From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. 3rd ed. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.
Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)
- Phylum Tetramastigota Hulsmann & Hausmann, 1994
- Phylum Discicristata Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Phylum Hemimastigophora Foissner et al., 1988
- Phylum Pseudociliata Corliss & Lipscomb, 1985
- Phylum Chromista Cavalier-Smith, 1987
- Phylum Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1992
- Phylum Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Phylum Foraminifera d'Orbigny, 1828 (= Granuloreticulosa)
- Phylum Biliphyta Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981 (= Chlorobionta)
- Phylum Amoebozoa Luhe, 1913
- Phylum Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith & Chao, 1995
- Eukaryota incertae sedis
- Actinopoda Calkins, 1902
- Paramyxea Levine, 1979
Cavalier-Smith (2003)
From Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa, [30].
Eukaryota
- Kingdom Protozoa [11 phyla, out of brackets] [paraphyletic]
- [clade unikonts]
- Phylum 1. Amoebozoa
- [clade opisthokonts]
- [clade bikonts]
- [clade cabozoa]
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Phylum 3. Cercozoa
- Phylum 4. Retaria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Phylum 5. Loukozoa
- Phylum 6. Metamonada
- Phylum 7. Euglenozoa
- Phylum 8. Percolozoa
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- [Kingdom Plantae (Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta, Glaucophyta)]
- [clade chromalveolates]
- [Kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta)]
- Infrakingdom Alveolata
- Phylum 9. Ciliophora
- Phylum 10. Miozoa (Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)
- Phylum 11. Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida)
- [clade cabozoa]
- [clade unikonts]
Cavalier-Smith (2004)
From Only six kingdoms of life, [31].
Empire Eukaryota (Cavalier-Smith 1998)
- Kingdom Protozoa (Cavalier-Smith 2002a, 2003a)
- Kingdom Animalia (Myxozoa and 21 othera phyla) (Cavalier-Smith 1998; Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2003c)
- Kingdom Fungi (phyla Archemycota, Microsporidia, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) (Cavalier-Smith 2000b)
- Kingdom Plantae
- Subkingdom Biliphyta (phyla Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta)
- Subkingdom Viridaeplantae (Chlorophyta, Bryophyta, Tracheophyta)
- Kingdom Chromista
- Subkingdom Cryptista (phylum Cryptista: cryptophytes, goniomonads, katablepharids)
- Subkingdom Chromobiota
- Infrakingdom Heterokonta (phyla Ochrophyta, Pseudofungi, Opalozoa (comprising subphyla Opalinata, Sagenista)
- Infrakingdom Haptista (phylum Haptophyta)
Adl et al. (2005)
From The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists, [32].
Eukaryota
Lecointre & Le Guyader (2006)
Lecointre, G. & Le Guyader, H. Classification phylogénétique du vivant, 3e éd., Belin, Paris, 2006, [33].
Le vivant
Cavalier-Smith (2009)
From Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations.
Eukaryota
[Note: Protists not included in the groups Plantae, Chromista, Animalia or Fungi belong in the Protozoa.]
Cavalier-Smith (2010)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2010). Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree. Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5, [34].
Eukaryota
- Kingdom Protozoa [paraphyletic]
- Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae (Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Viridiplantae)
- Kingdom Chromista
Luketa (2012)
Luketa, S. (2012). New views on the megaclassification of life. Protistology, 7(4), 218-237.
Dominium Eukaryobiota
- Subdominium Unikonta
- Regnum Amoebozoida
- Subregnum Amoebozoides
- Subregnum Breviatides
- Regnum Apusozoida
- Regnum Fungida
- Subregnum Nucleariides
- Subregnum Microsporides
- Subregnum Fungides
- Regnum Animalioida
- Subregnum Mesomycetozoides
- Subregnum Choanozoides
- Subregnum Animalioides
- Regnum Amoebozoida
- Subdominium Bikonta
- Regnum Excavatida
- Regnum Corticatida
- Subregnum Archaeplastides
- Subregnum Cryptophytides
- Subregnum Haptophytides
- Subregnum Rhizarides
- Subregnum Stramenopilides
- Subregnum Alveolatides
Adl et al. (2012)
- Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page.
- Amorphea Adl, S.M. et al., 2012
- Amoebozoa Lühe, 1913, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1998 (= Eumycetozoa Zopf 1884, emend Olive 1975)
- Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- Diaphoretickes Adl et al., 2012
- Sar Burki et al. 2007
- Stramenopiles Patterson 1989, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991
- Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith 2002
- Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005
- Sar Burki et al. 2007
- Excavata Cavalier-Smith 2002, emend. Simpson 2003
- Incertae sedis Eukaryota
Cavalier-Smith (2013)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2013). Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa Eur. J. Protistol. 49, pp. 115–178, Onlie.
- Eukaryota [Figure 1.A proposal]
- Archezoa
- mitozoa
- neozoa
- podiates (opisthokonts [= Fungi, Animalia, Choanozoa] plus Amoebozoa and Sulcozoa)
- corticates (Plantae plus Chromista)
- Neolouka
- Eolouka (Jakobea plus Tsukubea)
- Discicristata (Percolozoa plus Euglenozoa)
- neozoa
- Eukaryota [Figure 1.B proposal]
- podiates (opisthokonts [= Fungi, Animalia, Choanozoa] plus Amoebozoa and Sulcozoa)
- Malawimonas
- "bikonts"
- corticates (Plantae plus Chromista)
- Loukozoa
- Metamonada
- Eolouka (Jakobea plus Tsukubea)
- Discicristata (Percolozoa plus Euglenozoa)
- Eukaryota [Figure 1.C proposal]
- Eukaryota [Figure 2 proposal]
Brown et al. (2013)
Brown, M.W., Sharpe, S.C., Silberman, J.D., Heiss, A.A., Lang, B.F., Simpson, A.G.B., Roger, A.J. (2013). Phylogenomics demonstrates that breviate flagellates are related to opisthokonts and apusomonads. Proc Biol Sci 280(1769):20131755, Online.
Pawlowski (2013)
Pawlowski, J. 2013. The new micro-kingdoms of eukaryotes. BMC Biol 11:40, Online.
- Opisthokonta
- Amoebozoa (incl. Breviatea)
- Apusomonadidae
- Ancyromonadidae
- Collodictyonidae
- Rigidifilida
- Excavata
- Katablepharidae
- Cryptophyta
- Picobiliphyta
- Archaeplastida (incl. Glaucophyta)
- Centrohelida
- Rappemonads
- Haptophyta
- Telonemia
- SAR (Rhizaria, Stramenopiles, Alveolata)
Paps (2013)
Paps, J., Medina-Chacón, L. A., Marshall, W., Suga, H., & Ruiz-Trillo, I. 2013. Molecular phylogeny of unikonts: new insights into the position of apusomonads and ancyromonads and the internal relationships of opisthokonts. Protist 164(1), 2-12.
Boudouresque (2015)
Boudouresque, C. F. 2015. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes. In: Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications (pp. 191–257). Springer: Netherlands, Google Books.
- Unikonts
- Bikonts
- Cryptobionta
- Archaeplastida (= Plantae)
- Incertae sedis: Centrohelida
- Rhizaria
- Alveolata
- Stramenopiles (= Heterokonta)
- Haptobionta
- Discicristates
- Excavates
Eukaryotes [alternative classification]
Ruggiero et al. (2015)
- Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 .] Reference page.
- Superkingdom Prokaryota
- Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
- Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Protozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
- Phylum Amoebozoa
- Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Sulcozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Kingdom Chromista
- Subkingdom Hacrobia
- Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Superphylum Alveolata
- Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
- Subkingdom Biliphyta
- Subkingdom Viridiplantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Protozoa
Derelle et al. (2015)
Derelle, R., Torruella, G., Klimeš, V., Brinkmann, H., Kim, E., Vlček, Č., Lang, B.F. & Eliáš, M. 2015. Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root. PNAS 201420657. Online.
Speijer et al. (2015)
Speijer, D., Lukeš, J., & Eliáš, M. (2015). Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life. PNAS 112(29), 8827-8834. Online.
- Opimoda
- Metamonada (Fornicata, Parabasalia, Preaxostyla)
- Diphoda
Cavalier-Smith et al. (2015)
- Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E. & Lewis, R. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004 Reference page.
- Corticata (similar to photokaryotes or Diaphoretickes)
- scotokaryotes
- Metamonada
- ?Neolouka (Malawimonas)
- Podiates (similar to Opimoda)
- Eozoa (similar to Discoba)
Silar (2016)
Silar, Philippe. 2016. Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes. HAL: 462 Online.
Tedersoo (2017)
Tedersoo, L. 2017. Proposal for practical multi-kingdom classification of eukaryotes based on monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria. BioRxiv 2017: 240929
Domain Eukaryota
- Subdomain Archaeplastida
- Kingdom Glaucocystoplantae
- Kingdom Rhodoplantae
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
- Subdomain Excavata
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Fornicata
- Kingdom Heterolobosa
- Kingdom Jakobida
- Kingdom Malawimonada
- Kingdom Oxymonada
- Kingdom Parabasalia
- Kingdom Tsukubamonada
- Subdomain Harosa
- Kingdom Alveolata
- Kingdom Rhizaria
- Kingdom Stramenopila
- Subdomain Opisthokonta
- Kingdom Apusozoa
- Kingdom Breviatae
- Kingdom Choanoflagellozoa
- Kingdom Corallochytria
- Kingdom Filasteriae
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Ichthyosporia
- Kingdom Mantazoa
- Kingdom Metazoa
- Kingdom Nucleariae
- Kingdom Planozoa
- Kingdom Rigifilae
- Subdomain Unikontamoebae
- Kingdom Amoebozoa
- Subdomain unspecified
- Kingdom Centroheliozoa
- Subdomain unspecified
- Kingdom Cryptista
- Subdomain unspecified
- Kingdom Haptista
- Subdomain unspecified
- Kingdom Picozoa
- Subdomain unspecified
- Kingdom Telonemae
- Subdomain unspecified
- Kingdom unspecified
- Phylum Collodictyonida
- Kingdom unspecified
- Subdomain unspecified
- Kingdom unspecified
- Phylum Microheliellida
- Kingdom unspecified
Adl et. al (2018)
Adl, S.M., Bass, D., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A., ... & Cárdenas, P. 2018. Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. Online.
- Diaphoretickes
- Cryptista
- Haptista (phylum)
- Archaeplastida
- Glaucophyta
- Rhodophyta (phylum)
- Chloroplastida
- Sar
- Stramenopiles (phylum)
- Alveolata
- Colpodellida
- Perkinsozoa
- Colponemidia
- Dinoflagellata (phylum)
- Apicomplexa (phylum)
- Ciliophora (phylum)
- Rhizaria
- Cercozoa (phylum)
- Endomyxa (phylum)
- Retaria
- Foraminifera (phylum)
- Radiolaria (phylum)
Burki et. al (2020)
Burki, F., Roger, A. J., Brown, M. W., & Simpson, A. G. 2020. The new tree of eukaryotes. Trends in ecology & evolution 351: 43–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
- TSAR
- Haptista
- Cryptista
- Archaeplastida
- Ancoracysta
- Picozoa
- Amorphea
- CRuMs
- Excavata
- Ancyromonadida
- Hemimastigophora
Zmitrovich, Perelygin & Zharikov (2022)
Zmitrovich, I. V., Perelygin, V., Zharikov, M. V. 2022. Nomenclature and rank correlation of higher taxa of eukaryotes. Folia Cryptogamica Petropolitana. Moscow: INFRA-M, 2022. ISBN: 978-5-16-018531-6
Dominium Eukaryota
- Subdominium Obimoda
- Regnum Loukozoa
- Regnum Amoebozoa
- Regnum Obazoa
- Intraregnum Opisthokonta
- Subregnum Holomycota
- Subregnum Holozoa
- Breviatea
- Apusomonadida
- Intraregnum Opisthokonta
- Regnum Crumalia
- Subdominium Diphoda
- Regnum Discoba
- Regnum Plantae
- Subregnum Cryptista
- Subregnum Archaeplastida
- Regnum Haptista
- Regnum Chromalveolata
- informal unit Eochromista
- Subregnum Rhizaria
- Subregnum Alveolata
- Subregnum Heterokonta
References
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Links
- Wegener Parfrey Laura, 2009. Taxon page for Eukaryota. In: The ATOL eutree hypothesis First Created: 2009–07-04T15:11:59Z. Last Updated: 2009–07-04T15:14:20Z.
- Patrick Keeling, Brian S. Leander and Alastair Simpson, 2009. Eukaryotes. Eukaryota, Organisms with nucleated cells. Version 12 March 2009 in The Tree of Life Web Project
- Tree of Eukaryotes
- Eukarya
Vernacular names
Alemannisch: Eukaryote
العربية: حقيقيات النوى
Boarisch: Eikaryóten
беларуская: Эўкарыёты
български: Еукариоти
বাংলা: সকেন্দ্রক অধিজগত
bosanski: Eukarioti
català: Eucariota
čeština: Jaderní
dansk: Eukaryoter
Deutsch: Eukaryoten
Ελληνικά: Ευκαρυώτες
English: Eukaryotes
Esperanto: Eŭkariotoj
español: Eucariontes
eesti: Eukarüoodid
فارسی: هسته داران
suomi: Aitotumaiset
Nordfriisk: Eukarioten
français: Eucaryotes
Gaeilge: Eocaróit
ગુજરાતી: સકેન્દ્રક અધિજગત
עברית: איקריוטיים
हिन्दी: सकेन्द्रक अधिजगत
hrvatski: Eukarioti
magyar: Eukarióták
հայերեն: Կորիզավորներ
interlingua: Eucaryotes
íslenska: Heilkjörnungar
italiano: Eucarioti
日本語: 真核生物ドメイン
ភាសាខ្មែរ: សុធញ្ញៈ
한국어: 진핵생물
Lëtzebuergesch: Eukaryota
lietuvių: Eukariotai
latviešu: Eikariots
македонски: Еукариоти
मराठी: सकेन्द्रक अधिजगत
नेपाली: सकेन्द्रक अधिजगत
Nederlands: Eukaryoten
norsk: Eukaryoter
occitan: Eucariòtas
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ: ਸਕੇਂਦਰਕ ਅਧਿਜਗਤ
polski: Eukarionty
português do Brasil: Eucarionte
português: Eucariota
română: Eucariote
русский: Эукариоты
සිංහල: සූන්යෂ්ටිකයන් (යුකැරියා)
slovenčina: Eukaryoty
shqip: Eukariotët
svenska: Eukaryoter
தமிழ்: மெய்க்கருவுயிரி
тоҷикӣ: Эукариотҳо
Türkçe: Ökaryotlar
українська: Еукаріоти
oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча: Eukariotlar
vèneto: Eucariota
Tiếng Việt: Sinh vật nhân chuẩn
中文: 真核域
For more multimedia, look at Eukaryota on Wikimedia Commons. |