ããã¼ãã³ãvs.Fedãã¼ã°ã
âMatthew O'Brien, âBernanke vs. the Borg: A Short History of the Fed's Amazing Transformationâï¼The Atlantic, October 1, 2012ï¼
Macro and Other Market Musingsçµç±ã
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ã»ã»ã»Kocherlakota has worried that unconventional monetary policies will only increase inflation without increasing employment. He's been concerned our labor market problems are structural. In other words, that companies can't find the right people for their job openings, and the unemployed can't find companies that have the right job openings for them. This kind of mismatch, if it existed, would be another unhappy consequence of the housing bust. The idea is the unemployed don't have the right skills or live in the right places to find a job -- the former because they worked in a bubble industry like construction; the latter because they lived in a bubble area that's left them underwater and unable to move. Printing money would do nothing for these problems, but it might do something for inflation. It's an intuitively appealing story. Except for the evidence bit.
ï¼ããã¾ã§ã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ï¼ããã¢ããªã¹é£éç·è£ï¼ã¯ãéä¼çµ±çãªéèæ¿çã¯éç¨ã®åµåºã«ã¯ã¤ãªãããåã«ã¤ã³ãã¬ãä¸æãããã ãã«çµããã ãããã¨ã®æ¸å¿µã表æãã¦ãããå½¼ã®èãã§ã¯å´åå¸å ´ã«ãããåé¡ã¯æ§é çãªåé¡ã¨ãããã¨ã«ãªããè¨ãæããã¨ãæ±äººä¸ã®ä¼æ¥ã¯é©å½ãªï¼å¸æã«æ²¿ãã¹ãã«ãåããï¼äººæï¼æ±è·è ï¼ãè¦ã¤ãããã¨ãã§ããªãä¸æ¹ã§ã失æ¥è ã¯é©å½ãªï¼èªãã®ã¹ãã«ã«è¦åããããªï¼è·ï¼æ±äººï¼ãè¦ã¤ãããã¨ãã§ããªãã§ãããã¨ããã®ã§ããããã®ç¨®ã®éç¨ã®ãã¹ãããâãã®ãããªãã¹ããããå®éã«çãã¦ããã¨ããã°ã ãâã¯ä½å® ããã«å´©å£ããããããä¸å¹¸ãªçµæã§ããã ãããä½å® ããã«ã®å´©å£ã«ãã£ã¦è·ã失ããã¨ã«ãªã£ã建è¨æ¥å¾äºè ãã¯ï¼å¥ã®ç£æ¥ã«ãããï¼æ°ããªè·ãè¦ã¤ããä¸ã§é©å½ãªã¹ãã«ãåãã¦ããããã¾ããä½å® ããã«ã«æ²¸ããå°åã«ä½ãã§ãã人ã ã¯ï¼ä½å® ããã«ã®å´©å£ã«ä¼´ã£ã¦ï¼è¨³è æ¿å ¥ï¼ä¸åç£ã®å«ã¿æãæ±ãããã¨ããã£ã¦æ±äººã®ããå°åã«ç§»ãä½ããã¨ãã§ããªãã§ãããã¨èããããããã§ããã貨幣ãå·ããã¨ã§ã¯ãããã£ãéç¨ã®ãã¹ãããã®åé¡ã¯ä½ã解決ãããªãä¸æ¹ã§ã貨幣ãå·ãã°ã¤ã³ãã¬ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸æã«ã¤ãªãããã¨ã ããã確ãã«ããã¯ç´æã«è¨´ããé åçãªã¹ãã¼ãªã¼ã§ã¯ããããã ããã®ã¹ãã¼ãªã¼ãæ¯ãã証æ ã¯ã©ããªã£ã¦ããã®ããã¨ãã£ãç¹ã«ç®ãã¤ã¶ãã°ã®è©±ã ããï¼ã»ã»ã»ï¼çç¥ï¼ã»ã»ã»
What if I told you Kocherlakota had come up with one of the more aggressive plans for the Fed to fight unemployment. You'd probably say that sounds like the plot of one of those awful body-switching movies. (It's Freaky Friday meets the Federal Reserve!). Well, it's not. Kocherlakota not only said he would have voted for QE3 -- he does not have an FOMC vote this year -- but also outlined his own version of colleague Charlie Evans' plan to jumpstart the recovery. Kocherlakota wants the Fed to promise to keep rates near zero until either unemployment is below 5.5 percent or inflation is above 2.25 percent. The idea is that promising to keep rates low even after the recovery has picked up -- and explicitly defining what that means -- will get people to spend more now without getting much more inflation, as M.I.T. economist Ivan Werning has argued.
ï¼ãã¦ãããã§ã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ãFedã«å¯¾ãã¦å¤±æ¥ã®å æã«åããç©æ¥µçãªæ¿çãã©ã³ãææ¡ãã¦ããã¨ã®è©±ãè³ã«ãããèªè ã¯ã©ãæãããã ãããï¼ãããããã¯å¥ã ã®äººéã®ä¸èº«ãå ¥ãæ¿ããã·ããªãªã®æ ç»ã¿ãããªè©±ã ãªãã¨æããããã¨ã ããï¼Freaky Fridayã¨Fedã¨ã®éé ãã¨ãã£ãã¨ãããï¼ãããããããã¯äºå®ï¼ç¾å®ã®è©±ï¼ã§ãããã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ã¯(自分があの場にいたら)QE3に賛成票を投じただろうâä»å¹´åº¦ã¯å½¼ã¯FOMCã§ã®æ票権ããªãâã¨èªã£ã¦ããã°ããããæ¯æ°å復ãå¾æ¼ãããæ¿çãã©ã³âãã£ã¼ã«ãºã»ã¨ã´ã¡ã³ãºï¼ã·ã«ã´é£éç·è£ï¼ã®ææ¡ã¨ä¼¼ãææ¡âãæ示ãã¦ãããã®ã§ãããコチャラコタの提案ã¯ã失æ¥çã5.5ï¼ ãä¸åã£ã¦ãããã¤ã³ãã¬çã2.25ï¼ ãä¸åã£ã¦ããéãã¯Fedã¯éå©ãã¼ãï¼ è¿è¾ºã«æ®ãç½®ãã¨ç´æãããã©ãããã¨ãã£ããã®ã§ãããæ¯æ°ãå復ã«åãã£ãå¾ããªãâãæ¯æ°ãå復ã«åãããã¨ã¯å ·ä½çã«ã©ãããæå³ãªã®ããæ示çã«å®ç¾©ã¥ããä¸ã§âéå©ãä½æ°´æºã«æ®ãç½®ãç¶ããã¨ç´æãããã¨ã§ã¤ã³ãã¬ã®éç±ããããããã¨ãªãã«ç¾æç¹ã§äººã ãæ¯åºãå¢ããããä¿ããã¨ããçºæ³ã ããããã¯MITの経済学者であるIvan Werningの主張に沿ったものã§ããããï¼Why did Kocherlakota change his mind? Well, he didn't -- at least not entirely. If unemployment really is structural, then inflation will go up long before unemployment goes down to 5.5 percent. Kocherlakota is admitting he might have been wrong, and proposing a way to test if he was. It's not quite the radical break it seems at first, but it's a significant break nonetheless. That still leaves the question of what made him think he might be wrong. The answer: lots of emails from Ben Bernanke. Here's what Fed whisperer Jon Hilsenrath of the Wall Street Journal tells us about Kocherlakota's evolution.
ï¼ã©ããã¦ã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ã¯å¤å¿ããã®ã ãããï¼ãæ£ç¢ºã«ã¯å½¼ã¯å¤å¿ããã¨ã¯è¨ããªããå°ãªãã¨ããããã¨å¤å¿ããã¨ã¾ã§ã¯è¨ããªãããããï¼ã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ãèãã¦ããããã«ï¼ç¾å¨ã®é«å¤±æ¥ãæ§é çãªè¦å ã«ãããã®ã ã¨ããã°ã失æ¥çã5.5ï¼ ã«éããããããã£ã¨æ©ã段éã§ã¤ã³ãã¬ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã¯ä¸æãããã¨ã ãããã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ã¯ããã¾ã§ã«èªåãééã£ã¦ããå¯è½æ§ãèªãã¤ã¤ãèªåãééã£ã¦ãããã©ããããã¹ãããæ¹æ³ãææ¡ãã¦ããããã§ãããããã¯ï¼æåã®å°è±¡ã§ã¯æ ¹æ¬çãªå¤åã§ãããã®ããã«æãããããããããªããå®ã®ã¨ããã¯ï¼æ ¹æ¬çãªå¤åã¨ã¯è¨ããªãããé大ãªå¤åã§ãããã¨ã¯ç¢ºãã§ãããã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ããèªåã¯ééã£ã¦ãããããããªããã¨èããã«è³ãã»ã©ã«é大ãªå¤åãéããã®ã¯ã©ããã¦ãªã®ã ãããï¼ããã®çãã¯ãã¼ãã³ãè°é·ãã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ã«éã£ã大éã®ã¡ã¼ã«ã«ãããã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ã®å¤åã«ã¤ãã¦Fedçéã®å話ã«è©³ããã¦ã©ã¼ã«ã»ã¹ããªã¼ãã»ã¸ã£ã¼ãã«ã®Jon Hilsenrathã次ã®ããã«ä¼ãã¦ãããï¼"I've learned a lot by talking to [Bernanke]," Mr. Kocherlakota said in an interview after the September meeting. Mr. Bernanke's "thinking is framed by data and models," he said. "It beats coming in there with just your gut."
ããã¼ãã³ãè°é·ã¨ã®ä¼è©±ããã¯å¤ããå¦ã³ã¾ãããã9æã«éå¬ãããFOMCå¾ã®ã¤ã³ã¿ãã¥ã¼ã§ã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ç·è£ã¯ããèªã£ãããã¼ãã³ãã®ãæèã¯ãã¼ã¿ã¨ã¢ãã«ã«åºã¥ãã¦å½¢ä½ããã¦ãã¾ããå½¼ã®è°è«ã¯ç´æã«è¨´ããã¨ããããã£ã¦å®ã«èª¬å¾çãªãã®ã§ã*1ãI know what you're thinking -- there are people at the Fed who just go by their guts? Yes. Dallas Fed President and perpetual inflation hawk Richard Fisher said he opposed QE2 because "his gut" told him that it would "result in some unpleasant general price inflation." It didn't. Remember, Fisher even opposed cutting interest rates to zero in December 2008 -- when the financial apocalypse was upon us -- before Bernanke apparently brow-beat him into reversing himself.
ï¼ãã®è©±ãè³ã«ãã¦ï¼èªè ã§ããï¼ããªããä½ãæããã¯ããããããããããããæããã¦ãããã¨ã ãããFedã«ã¯ç´æï¼åï¼ã«é ¼ã£ã¦å¤æãä¸ã人ç©ãããã¨ã§ãããã®ãï¼ãã¨ãããããã®ã§ããããã©ã¹é£éç·è£ã§ããæ°¸é ã®ã¤ã³ãã¬ã¿ã«æ´¾ã§ãããªãã£ã¼ãã»ãã£ãã·ã£ã¼ã¯ãã¤ã¦QE2ã«å対ããéã«次のように語っているããç§ã®åã«ããã¨ãï¼ç¾å¨QE2ã«ä¹ãåºãã°ï¼ä¸æå¿«ãªã¤ã³ãã¬ã¼ã·ã§ã³ããããããããã¨ã«ãªãã ããããå®éã¯ããã¯ãªããªãã£ããæãåºãã¦ã»ãããããã£ãã·ã£ã¼ã¯ãã®2008å¹´12æã®æ®µéâéèå±æ©ã®åçºã«ãã£ã¦ãã®ä¸ã®çµãããç¼åã«è¿«ã£ã¦ããã¿ã¤ãã³ã°âã«ããã¦ãéå©ãã¼ãï¼ ã«å¼ãä¸ãããã¨ã«å対ããã®ã§ããâバーナンキがフィッシャーに考え直すようあからさまな威圧を加えたことでçµå±ã®ã¨ããã¯è³æã«åã£ããâãï¼Central banking isn't really about interest rates. It's about making and keeping promises. That's why central bankers worry so much about their "credibility", and why Bernanke was so slow to start QE3. When short-term interest rates are stuck at zero, central banks have to promise to keep policy easy in the future to get the economy moving again -- what Paul Krugman called a "credible promise to be irresponsible" in his 1998 paper on Japan. But there's the small challenge of making promises about the future when you might not be around in the future. Like Bernanke. His term is up in 2014, but QE3 makes promises beyond that. Markets might not believe the Fed's promises today if they think those promises will change if the Fed's leadership changes. In other words, Bernanke didn't want to do QE3 until he had persuaded all of the persuadable members of the Fed to support it. Like Kocherlakota.
ï¼ä¸å¤®éè¡ã®ä»äºã¨ããã®ã¯å®ã®ã¨ããã¯åã«éå©ãæä½ãããã¨ã«ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããç´æãè¡ãããã®ç´æãå®ããã¨ã«ãããã»ã³ãã©ã«ãã³ã«ã¼ãèªãã®ãä¿¡é ¼æ§ãã大ãã«æ°ã«ãããã®ããã¾ããã¼ãã³ããQE3ã«ä¹ãåºãã¾ã§ã«æéãããã£ãã®ããã®ããã§ãããçæéå©ãã¼ãï¼ ã«å¼µãä»ãã¦ããç¶æ³ã«ãã£ã¦çµæ¸ãæµ®æãããããã«ã¯ãã»ã³ãã©ã«ãã³ã«ã¼ã¯é ãå°æ¥ã«ããã¦ãéèç·©åãç¶ããæ¨ãç´æããå¿ è¦ãããâã¯ã«ã¼ã°ãã³ã日本経済について書いた1998年の論文ï¼pdfï¼ã§ç¨ãã表ç¾ãåããã¨ãä¸å¤®éè¡ã¯ãç¡è²¬ä»»ã«ãªããã¨ã¸ã®ä¿¡é ¼ã®ãããç´æããè¡ãå¿ è¦ãããâãã¨ããããå°æ¥èªãããã¯ãéèæ¿çã決å®ããç«å ´ã«ã¯ãªããããããªãã¨ãªãã¨ãï¼èªåã®ããªãï¼å°æ¥ã®ãã¨ã«ã¤ãã¦ç´æããããã¨ã¯ã¡ãã£ã¨ããé£é¡ã¨ãªãããã¼ãã³ãè°é·ã®ä»»æã¯2014å¹´ã«åãããã¨ã«ãªãããQE3ã¯2014年以éã«ã¤ãã¦ãç´æãè¡ã£ã¦ãããFedã®ãªã¼ãã¼ã·ããã«å¤æ´ãçããã°Fedã®ç´æãå¤ããã ããã¨ãã¼ã±ãããèããã¨ããã°ãFedãç¾å¨è¡ãï¼å°æ¥ã«é¢ããï¼ç´æã¯ãã¼ã±ããããä¿¡ç¨ãããªãå¯è½æ§ãããããããã£ãå¯è½æ§ããã£ããããããã¼ãã³ãã¯FOMCã®ã¡ã³ãã¼ã®ãã¡èª¬å¾å¯è½ãªã¡ã³ãã¼âã³ãã£ã©ã³ã¿ãå«ãâããã¹ã¦èª¬å¾ããï¼QE3ã¸ã®æ¯æãåãã¤ããï¼ã¾ã§ã¯QE3ã«ä¹ãåºããããªãã£ãã®ã§ãã*2ãThis answers the big psychodrama surrounding the Fed -- what does Ben Bernanke think of Ben Bernanke? In other words, why wasn't Bernanke following the advice he gave the Bank of Japan to be much more aggressive amidst a depressed economy? Had he been assimilated into the "Fed borg", as Paul Krugman worried? No. It turns out Chairman Bernanke remembers Professor Bernanke plenty well. He was just making sure his colleagues did too.
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ãã¼ãã³ãè°é·ã®èª¬å¾æ´»åã«ã¤ãã¦è©³ããã¯âã§ãå¼ç¨ããã¦ããJon Hilsenrathæ°ã®è¨äºãåç
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âJon Hilsenrath, âHow Bernanke Pulled the Fed His Wayâï¼Wall Street Journal, September 28, 2012ï¼
ã¦ã©ã¼ã«ã»ã¹ããªã¼ãã»ã¸ã£ã¼ãã«ã®è³¼èªç³ãè¾¼ã¿ããã¦ããªãã®ã§Jon Hilsenrathæ°ã®è¨äºãèªããªãã¨ããå ´åã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®ãµã ãã¼ã®ããã°ã¨ã³ããªã¼ãåç §ã
âScott Sumner, âAll hail Ben Bernankeâï¼TheMoneyIllusion, September 30, 2012ï¼
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âSarah Binder, âConsensus at the Fedâï¼The Monkey Cage, September 13, 2012ï¼
As students of political institutions, weâd like of course to know more about how and why consensus in favor of a more aggressive Fed policy took root today. But the FOMC doesnât leave sufficient footprints for us to say much more about the emergence of a supermajority for change. Judging from Bernankeâs comments today though, he waited far longer than a more autocratic chair might have deemed necessary. Indeed, he noted that the consensus across the FOMC was so broad, that âeven as personnel changes going forward, this will be seen as the appropriate approach and we will have created a reserve of credibility we can use in subsequent episodes.â That line was probably the most important statement of the day, as it provided a glimpse of Bernankeâs strategy for addressing the intense and continuing criticism of the Fed: Build as deep and broad a consensus for aggressive Fed action, so that the Fedâs audiences will come to concur that the course of action is âappropriateâ—even after Bernankeâs term as chair ends. Such confidence might be premature, but it suggests the hard challenge Bernanke has faced in leading the Fed in a polarized political environment marked by pockets of deep distrust of the Fed.
ï¼æ¿æ²»å¶åº¦ãç 究ããå¦å¾ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãã©ã®ããã«ãã¦ãããã¦ã©ããã£ãçç±ã§ãFOMCå é¨ã«ããã¦ãããªãç©æ¥µçãªè¡åã«åããã³ã³ã»ã³ãµã¹ãå¾ãããã«è³ã£ãã®ããç¥ãããã¨æãã®ã¯å½ç¶ã§ãããããããªãããæ¿çã®å¤åã«åãã¦ï¼FOMCå é¨ã«ããã¦ï¼ã¹ã¼ãã¼ãã¸ã§ãªãã£ã¼ã®æ¯æãå¾ãããã«è³ã£ãããã»ã¹ããã®çç±ã«ã¤ãã¦ããããèªãããã«ã¯ã¾ã 証æ ãä¸ååã§ããã¨è¨ããããå¾ãªãããã ããã¼ãã³ãã®ã³ã¡ã³ãããå¤æããã«ããã¼ãã³ãã¯é·ãã«ããã£ã¦èãã«èãããã®ææ ¢ã®ç¨åº¦ã¯ç¬è£çãªè°é·ã§ãã£ããã¨ãã«éçãè¶ ãã¦ããã§ããããã¨ã窺ãããå½¼ã¯ããææãã¦ãããFOMCå é¨ã«ãããã³ã³ã»ã³ãµã¹ã¯ããªãåºç¯ãªãã®ã§ãã£ã¦ãããã®å FOMCã¡ã³ãã¼ã®äººäºé¢ã§ã®å¤æ´ããã£ãã¨ãã¦ããæ¬æ¥æ±ºå®ãããæ¿çã¯ãã®å ãé©å½ãªã¢ããã¼ãã§ããã¨è¦ãªãããã§ããããæã FOMCã¯ããã®å å°æ¥ã«ããã£ã¦æ´»ç¨ã§ããä¿¡é ¼æ§ã®èãï¼reserve of credibilityï¼ãç¯ãä¸ãããã¨ã«æåããã®ã§ãããããã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã¯æ¬æ¥ã®å£°æã®ä¸ã§ãããããæãéè¦ãªé¨åã§ãããã¨ããã®ãããã®ã³ã¡ã³ãããFedã«å¯¾ããé³´ãæ¢ããã¨ã®ãªãæ¿ããæ¹å¤ã«ãã¼ãã³ããã©ã対å¦ãããã¨èããããã®æ¦ç¥ãã¡ããã¨å£éè¦ããããã§ãããFOMCå é¨ã«ããã¦ç©æ¥µçãªè¡åã«åããæ ¹å¼·ãã¦åºç¯ãªã³ã³ã»ã³ãµã¹ãæã¡ç«ã¦ããããã¨ã§ãFedãå¤é¨ãã観å¯ããå¨å²ã®äººã ã¯ãç¾å¨Fedãæ¡ã£ã¦ããè¡åã®æ¹åæ§ã¯ãã¼ãã³ããè°é·è·ããéããå¾ããªãå¤ãããã¨ãªãé©å½ãªãã®ã ã¨å¤æãããã¨ã ããããã®ããã«èªãã®ã¯ææå°æ©ãããããªãããããã«ãã¦ããFedã«å¯¾ããæ ¹æ·±ãä¸ä¿¡ã¨æ¿æ²»ã®å極åã«å½©ãããç°å¢ã®ä¸ã§Fedã®ããããåãããã¨ãã©ãã ãå°é£ãªææ¦ã§ãããã窺ãç¥ããã¨ãããã®ã ãï¼
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âMichael S. Derby, âFed’s Kocherlakota: Fed May Not Be Providing Enough Stimulusâï¼Real Time Economics, October 30, 2012ï¼
âMatthew Yglesias, âNarayana Kocherlakota Is a Hero of Rigor and Honesty that Policymakers Need to Learn Fromâï¼MoneyBox, October 31, 2012ï¼
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