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Shuwa Arab

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Shuwa Arab

Jimlar yawan jama'a
1,000,000
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Cadi da Sudan
Addini
Musulunci da animism (en) Fassara
Baggara and Abbala Arabs
Baggara belt
Jimlar yawan jama'a
Over six million
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Sudan At least 3 million in Darfur[1]
Cadi At least 3,000,000[2]
 Nigeria 303,000[3]
Kameru 204,000 (1982) Includes Turku Arabs[4]
Nijar 150,000 Diffa Arabs in Diffa Region[5]
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya 107,000
Sudan ta Kudu unknown
Harsuna
Chadian Arabic, Sudanese Arabic
Addini
Predominantly Sunni Islam
Kabilu masu alaƙa
Arabs (Sudanese, Bedouin groups, Juhaynah), Nubians and Chadians

 

Mutanen Bangaran ( Larabci: البَقَّارَة‎ "Makiyayan shanu" [6] ) ko Larabawan Chadi rukuni ne na kabilun Afirika a yankin Larabawa [7] da ke zaune a yankin Sahel na Afirika musamman tsakanin tafkin Chadi da kudancin Kordofan, wanda suke da mutane sama da miliyan shida. [8] Ana kiran su Bangare a Sudan, Abbala, da . Har ila yau, an san shi a gabashin Chadi da iyal DJINED [9] da kuma Shuwa Arab a Kamaru, Najeriya da yammacin Chadi. Kalmar Shuwa ance ta samo asalin ne daga yaren Kanuri. [6]

Bangaran suna magana da harsuna dabam dabam, wanda aka sani da Larabcin Chadi. Duk da haka Bangāran na Kudancin Kordofan, saboda tuntuɓar masu zaman kansu da kuma Larabawan ƙasar Sudan makiyayan raƙuma ne na Kordofan, ya haifar da tasirin Larabci na Sudan a cikin yare na wannan yanki. [10] Har ila yau, suna da salon rayuwa na yau da kullum na al'ada, kiwon shanu, ko da yake a zamanin yanzu da yawansu suna rayuwa irin na kowanne mutum. Amma duk da haka, a tare ba dole ba ne dukkansu su ɗauki kansu al'umma ɗaya, wato, ƙabila ɗaya. An gabatar da kalmar "al'adar bangaran a shekarar alif 1994 ta Braukämper. [6]

Amfani da kalmar bangāran a siyasance a Sudan yana nuni da gungun kabilu masu magana da harshen Larabci masu alaƙa ta kud da kud da ke zaune a yankunan kudancin Darfur da Kordofan wadanda suka yi cudanya da 'yan asalin mutanen dake zaune da su a yankin, a cikin musamman mutanen Fur, mutanen Nuba da fula . Da yawa dai kawai zuriyar ƙabilun ƴan asalin da aka riga aka yi su ne kawai. [11] Mafi yawa daga cikin "Larabawa Bangaran" suna zaune a Chadi da Sudan, tare da 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya, Kamaru, Nijar, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Sudan ta Kudu . Wadanda har yanzu makiyaya ke yin hijira a kan lokaci tsakanin wuraren kiwo a lokacin damina da wuraren koguna a lokacin rani.

Harshensu na asali dangane da masana ilimi na da sunaye daban-daban, kamar Larabci na Chadi, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga yankunan da ake magana da harshen. A mafi yawancin karni na 20, wannan yare da masana ilimi suka san shi da "Shuwa Arab", amma "Shuwa" kalma ce ta yanki da kuma zamantakewar al'umma da ta fada cikin rashin amfani a tsakanin masana ilimin harshe da suka kware a cikin harshen, wanda maimakon haka suna kiransa "Larabcin Chadi" ya danganta da asalin masu magana da harshen da ake tuntubar su don wani aikin ilimi.

Asali da rarrabuwa

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Kamar sauran kabilun da ke magana da harshen Larabci a Sudan da Sahel, ƙabilar Baggara suna da'awar cewa sun samo asali ne daga ƙabilar Larabawan Juhaynah. Koyaya, shaidar farko da aka rubuta na matsugunan Larabawa a wannan yanki shine a cikin shekarar alif 1391 lokacin da sunan Mai, Sarkin Bornu na Kanuri, Abu 'Amr Uthman b. Idris ya aika da wasika zuwa ga Sarkin Musulmi Mamluk, Barquq, yana korafin yadda Judham da sauran Larabawa suka mamaye yankinsa suna bautar da talakawansa [12] Sunan ɗaya daga cikin manyan kabilun Baggara yana da alaka da wata muhimmiyar ƙabilar Larabawa ta Larabawa. Beni Halba . [13] Braukamper ya kafa tarihin samar da al'adun Baggara zuwa ƙarni na 17 a Wadai, tsakanin Bornu da Darfur, inda Larabawa, masu kiwon rakumi, suka hadu da Fulani masu kiwon shanu da suka yi hijira zuwa gabas, kuma daga cikin wannan hulɗar ta taso ne abin da Braukämper ya taso. ya kirkiro al'adun baggaara na Larabci (makiyaya) wanda a yau ya tashi daga yammacin Sudan (Kordofan da Darfur) zuwa Najeriya (Borno). Larabawan Najeriya sune wakilai na yammaci. [14]

Ƙabilun Baggara a Sudan sun haɗa da: Rizeigat, Ta'isha, Beni Halba, Habbaniya, Salamat, Messiria, Tarjam, da kuma Beni Hussein a Darfur, da Messiria Zurug, Messiria Humr, Hawazma, Habbaniya da kuma Awlad Himayd a Kordofan, da Beni Selam a White Nile.

Mutanen Messiria, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi muhimmanci kabilu na Larabawan Baggara ana samun su a Chadi, Darfur da Kordofan. Mafi yawan mutanen Messiria suna zaune ne a Kordofan da Chadi tare da mafi yawan jama'a a Darfur. A Darfur ana samun su ne musamman a Niteiga, wani yanki da ke arewacin Nyala. Bayan al'ummar Messiria a Niteiga, akwai wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Larabawa da yawa a Darfur waɗanda ke da'awar alaƙa da Messiria, kamar su Ta'alba, Sa'ada, Hotiyya, da Nei'mat. Tare da waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ya kamata a haɗa da Jebel "Messiria" a Jebel Mun, a yammacin Darfur, wanda ke magana da harshen Nilo-Saharan, Mileri, mai alaka da Tama. Mutanen Mileri na Jebel Mun ba a daukarsu a matsayin Larabawa a al'adance amma shugabanninsu sun dade suna jaddada wata zuriyar Larabawa ta Messiria. [15]

Kabilar Baggara suna da dangi masu rakuma, wanda aka fi sani da Abbala. Kabilar Abbala na Sudan galibi suna zaune ne a Arewa da yammacin Darfur. Kabila mafi girma kuma mai kama da kalmar Abbala ita ce Rizeigat ta Arewa, wadda ta ƙunshi sassa 5; the Mahamid, Mahariyya, Nuwaiba, Irayqat and Atayfat. [16] Ƙabilar Awlad Rashid waɗanda ke da alaƙa da su a Darfur su ne, waɗanda galibi ke zaune a Chadi.

Karamar al'ummar " Baggara/Shuwa Arabs", hakika su Abbala ne, wadanda ke zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Nijar ana kiransu Larabawan Diffa na yankin Diffa. Mafi yawancinsu sun yi hijira ne daga kasar Chadi, tun daga farkon saboda fari na shekarar 1974, tare da samun karin a shekarun 1980 saboda yakin kasar Chadi. Yawancin Larabawan Diffa na ikirarin zuriyar Mahamid na Sudan da Chadi. [17]

Tarihi

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Balarabe doki wanda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka dauki hoton, a Dékakiré, Chadi. c.1910s. Daga L'Afrique Équatoriale Française: le biya, les mazauna, la colonisation, les pouvoirs jama'a . Pref. da M. Merlin. (an buga 1918).

Mutanen Bangaran /Shuwa na Darfur da Kordofan su ne kashin bayan tawayen Mutanen Mahdi dan bijerwa mulkin Turko na Masar a Sudan a shekarun 1880. Shugaban Mahdi na biyu, Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, shi kansa Bangarene na kabilar Ta'aisha. A zamanin Mahi (1883 – 98) dumbin dubunnan mutanen Bangaran sun yi hijira zuwa Omdurman da tsakiyar Sudan inda suka ba da dakaru da yawa ga sojojin Mahdi.

Bayan sun sha kashi a yakin Karari na alif 1898, ragowar sun koma gida zuwa Darfur da Kordofan. Karkashin tsarin mulkin Biritaniya na kaikaice, kowace babbar kabilar Baggara ta kasance karkashin babban jigonta ( nazir ). Yawancinsu 'yan jam'iyyar Umma ne, wanda Sadiq el Mahdi ya jagoranta tun a shekarun 1960.

Manyan kabilun Bangaran na nufin sun sami lambar yabo ta "" (taimakon ƙasa) daga Sarakunan Musulunci na Fur a shekarun 1750s. Sakamakon haka, ƙabilu huɗu mafi girma na Bangare na Darfur— Rizeigat, Habbaniya, Beni Halba da Ta'isha— sun shiga cikin rikicin na Darfur ne kawai. Duk da haka, Bangare na da hannu sosai a wasu rikice-rikice a Sudan da Chadi. Tun daga shekarar 1985, gwamnatin Sudan ta ɗauki makamai da dama daga cikin kabilun yankin da suka haɗa da Rizeigat na kudancin Darfur da Messiria da Hawazma na makwabciyarta Kordofan a matsayin mayakan sa kai domin yakar rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan a yankunansu. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyin gaba da Murahleen, waɗanda suka ɗora mahara da suka kai hari a ƙauyukan kudanci don kwashe dukiya da bayi. [18]

Mutanen Bangare (da ƙungiyoyinsu) sun amshi makamai daga gwamnatin Sudan don shiga yaƙi da sojojin 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan. An fara kai hare-hare kan kauyukan Bangare a tsaunukan Nuba. Gwamnatin Sudan ta ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta hanyar yi wa al'ummar Bangaran alkawarin cewa ba za su tsoma baki ba don haka za su iya kwace dabbobi da filaye. Sun kafa magabatan Janjaweed - wani sojan da bai shahara ba. [19]

A lokacin yakin basasar Sudan na biyu an sace dubban mata da yara kanana na Dinka daga bisani 'yan kabilar Missriya da Rezeigat suka mayar dasu bayi. Hakazalika an yi garkuwa da wasu yara da ba a san adadinsu ba daga kabilar Nuba. [20] A yankin Darfur, gwamnatin kasar ta shirya wata rundunar mayakan Beni Halba domin fatattakar dakarun SPLA karkashin jagorancin Daud Bolad a shekarar 1990-91. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ƙungiyoyin Bangare daban-daban sun yi shawarwarin sulhu na cikin gida da dakarun SPLA. Shugabannin manyan kabilun Bangare sun bayyana cewa ba su da sha'awar shiga fadan.

Duba kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Flint, Julie (2010), The Other War: Inter-Arab Conflict in Darfur (PDF), Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, retrieved 23 Nov 2020, Although the most recent census, conducted in 2008, puts Darfur’s population at 7.5 million, the NCP of President Omar al Bashir insisted that tribe and religion be omitted from the database, reportedly for fear that Sudan would no longer be defined as an Arab, Islamic state. Estimates of the Arab population of Darfur range from 30 per cent, based on the census of 1956, to the 70 per cent claimed by Arab tribal leaders in a letter to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in September 2007. Given that many Arabs from Chad have settled in Darfur in the last several decades, and that the rate of migration to Sudan’s more developed centre is higher among non-Arabs, who are less dependent on pastoralism, a figure of 40 per cent is probably closer to the mark."
  2. ↑ https://joshuaproject.net/countries/CD, cumulative total of Arab communities
  3. ↑ "Baggara, Shuwa Arab". Archived from the original on 2017-11-20. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  4. ↑ "Baggara, Shuwa Arab in Cameroon".
  5. ↑ "Africa | Niger's Arabs to fight expulsion". BBC News. 2006-10-25. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Owens 1993.
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑ Baggara of Sudan: Culture and Environment - Culture, Traditions and Livelihood by Biraima M Adam
  9. ↑ Adam 2012.
  10. ↑ Manfredi 2012.
  11. ↑ Macmichael 1922.
  12. ↑ Oliver 2008.
  13. ↑ Hassan 1967.
  14. ↑ Owens 1998.
  15. ↑ Tubiana, Tanner & Abdul-Jalil 2012.
  16. ↑ Young 2008.
  17. ↑ Decalo 1979.
  18. ↑ International Crisis Group 2007.
  19. ↑ Flint, J. and Alex de Waal, 2008 (2nd Edn), Darfur: A new History of a Long War, Zed Books.
  20. ↑ United States Department of State, 2008

Bayanan kula

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  • de Waal, Alex and Julie Flint. 2006. Darfur: A Short History of a Long War. London: Zed Books.  ISBN 1-84277-697-5.
  • Empty citation (help)
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  • Empty citation (help)
  • Scheinfeldt, Laura B, et al. 2010. Working toward a synthesis of archaeological, linguistic, and genetic data for inferring African population history. In John C. Avise and Francisco J. Ayala, eds., In the light of evolution. Volume IV: the human condition. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Series: Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia
  • United States Department of State. 2008-06-04. Trafficking in Persons Report 2008—Sudan.
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Kara karantawa

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  • Braukämper, Ulrich. 1994. Bayanan kula game da asalin al'adun Larabawa na Baggara tare da magana ta musamman ga Shuwa. A cikin Jonathan Owens, ed., Larabawa da Larabci a yankin tafkin Chadi . Rüdiger Köppe. Jerin SUGIA (Sprache und Geschichte a Afirka); 14.

Samfuri:Ethnic groups in ChadSamfuri:Ethnic groups in CameroonSamfuri:Ethnic groups in the Central African RepublicSamfuri:Ethnic groups in South Sudan

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