Assur

Assur

tiŋa, archaeological site, ancient city

Di pilli ni	2500 BCE
Tiŋa	Iraq
Capital of	Old Assyrian Empire, Middle Assyrian Empire, Neo-Assyrian Empire
Din be shɛli polona	Diyala Governorate
Wakati luɣili	UTC+03:00
Be ni bee n pa kodoosheei zuɣu	Tigris
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli	35°27′24″N 43°15′45″E
Heritage designation	World Heritage Site
World Heritage soli	(iii), (iv)
Director of archaeological fieldwork	Leopold Messerschmidt

Tɛmplet:E-class AssurAssur n lahi nyɛ Ashur ni Qal'at Sherqat. Di ni n-daa nyɛ tiŋ'zuɣu zaŋ ti Assyrian tingbani (2025-1750 BC), Assyrian empire din be sunsuuni (1365-1050 BC) zaŋ chaŋ Neo-assyrian empire (911-608 BC). Tiŋa maa din kpalim do Tigris River nudirigu yaɣili polo nangbankpaŋa. Wulinpuhili ka bɛ laɣinda tɔhira, di yuli Little zab. Din pa nyɛ Iraq pumpɔŋɔ, di ni n lahi nyɛ Al-shirqat District din be saladin Governorate.

Tiŋa maa ni tuma kuli tuɣi mi na hali ni yuun'tuhi kɔbishinahi tum Early dynasty period saha hali na ti paai mid-14th century AD saha. Di ni daa niŋ ka Timur tɔbu tuhuriba tuhi ban daa pum be tiŋa maa ni ka mali salo bana n-nyɛ Anabi Yissah nyaandoliba. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛla World Heritage site. Di daa be tuunzuɣiri maa ni daa kali Heritage site shɛŋa din ni be gamo ni zaŋ jɛndi tɔbu din daa lu na yuuni 2003 America mini Iraq sunsuuni ka di daa zaya ni di gbi mɔɣili ka lala mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn di lala yaɣ'shɛli. Assur nyɛla din do kilomita pihiyɔbu ni anu “65 km” (40m) nimrud wulinluhili yaɣili ka lahi nyɛ kilomita tuhuli “100” (60ml) Nineveh wulinluhili yaɣili. #WHD Yakubu Fadilatu (Yɛltɔɣa) 18:08, 6 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT)

History of research/Vihigu taarihi

Yuuni 1898 ka lala yaɣili ŋɔ yulivpil polo ni yibu, German binkura vihigu baŋda n daa bɔ n nyɛli. Ka be pili li gbibu yuuni 1900, Friedrich Delitzsch n daa pili li, ka daa tuɣi yuuni 1903–1913, Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft nima n daa tuɣi li ka Robert Koldewey nyɛ be toondana ka Walter Andrae daa ti deei gi o. Be daa nyɛ yaɣari walsi (clay tablets) n gari 16,000 ni cuneiform sabbu. German binkura baŋdi ŋɔ daa ʒila neen shɛŋa o ni daa nyɛ Berlin ka di tooi sɔŋ o ka o laɣim Pergamon Museum.

Di daa be yuui, B. Hrouda n daa gbi Ashur n-ti Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich ni Bavarian Ministry of Culture yuuni 1990. Lala saha ŋɔ dɛdɛ yaha, yuuni 1988 mini yuuni 1989, R. Dittmann n daa tumdi di di tuma zaani Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

Name/Yuli

Aššur nyɛla tiŋ maa yuli, tingbani shɛli tiŋ maa ni su, ni di tutelary deity ka tiŋ ŋɔ nima yihi di yuli din ni, nti tabili Assyria tiŋgbani zaa ka din naan yi ti nyɛ northern Iraq zuŋɔ ŋɔ, north east Syria mini south east Turkey. Zuŋɔ Assyrians na bela Middle East luɣili kam, di bahi bahindi Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey, western world yaɣa. Assur puuni ka yuya din nyɛ Syria ni terms for Syriac Christians yina, din bɔŋɔ pili la Indo-European n yina Assyria, (see Etymology of Syria) poi ka naan yi zani ti Levant ni ban daa be din ni Seleucid Empire 3rd century BC saha.

Taarihi

Early Bronze Age

Oxford Companion to the Bible wuhiya, ni Assur daa mɛ mi n kpa sandstone, Tigris wulinluhili polo kamani 35 kilometers tuduu polo,di lower Zab River". wuhiya ni 3rd millennium BC sunsuni nima n daa be din ni. Di daa na nyɛla Sumerian period saha, poi ka Assyria naan yi kana. Be daa nyɛla tiŋ ŋɔ binkura Ishtar jama duu tanpuɣili sɔŋ bu ni, ni di nayili kurili. Di ni daa kuli chana Akkadian Empire nima n daa ti su tiŋgbani ŋɔ. Third Dynasty of Ur saha, Assyrian nima ban tabi Sumerians n daa ti gbubi tiŋgbani ŋɔ.

Old and Middle Assyrian Empire

Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC

the Neo-Sumerian Ur-III dynasty gbubbu ni daa nyaŋ Elamites saha shɛli kamani 21st century BC naabu ni, Middle Chronology ni wuhi shɛm,nti pahi mid-20th century Gutians mini Amorites liribubni nimmohi saha. Bɛ ni daa dɔɣi Akkadian na shɛba ka be yari Assyrian daa nya be maŋa ka Sumer daa luyoke of the Amorites gbunni. Taarihi din ka dihitabili wuhiya ni Ushpia nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋ o maŋ mɛ jama sheei tuulibo yiŋa, amaa lala yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ yina sabbu ni Shalmaneser I 13th century. Zaŋ chaŋ 2000 BC, Puzur-Ashur I daa nyɛla na palo, ni ban doli o nyaaŋa kamani Ilushuma, Erishum I ni Sargon I ka chɛ sabbu din wuhiri Ashur, Adad ni Ishtar mɛbu tiŋa ŋɔ ni. Ttontibo nim maŋsulinsi n-nyɛ din kpaŋsi lala saha ŋɔ. Di ni daa niŋ ka lala yaɣili ŋɔ nima pa niŋdi be daabiligu ni Mesopotamia ti pahi Anatolia kpaŋsi, ka Ashur tiŋgbani di anfaani pam ni di ni mɛ n za luɣishɛli maa. Kohi goriba daa ʒirila bɛ nema yiri caravan chɛni Anatolia n-ti kohiri tiri Assyrian nima ban be Anatolia, din piligu be Karum Kanesh (Kültepe).

With Shamshi-Adad I's (1813–1781 BC) capital at Assur, he magnified the city's power and influence beyond the Tigris river valley, establishing what some regard as the first Assyrian Empire. In this era, the Great Royal Palace was built, and the temple of Assur was expanded and enlarged with a ziggurat. However, this empire met its end when Hammurabi, the Amorite king of Babylon conquered and incorporated the city into his short lived empire following the death of Ishme-Dagan I around 1756 BC, while the next three Assyrian kings were viewed as vassals. Not long after, the native king Adasi expelled the Babylonians and Amorites from Assur and Assyria as a whole around 1720 BC, although little is known of his successors. Evidence of further building activity is known from a few centuries later, during the reign of a native king Puzur-Ashur III, when the city was refortified and the southern districts incorporated into the main city defenses. Temples to the moon god Sin (Nanna) and the sun god Shamash were built and dedicated through the 15th century BC. The city was subsequently subjugated by the king of Mitanni, Shaushtatar in the late 15th century, taking the gold and silver doors of the temple to his capital, Washukanni, as spoils.

Ashur-uballit I emulated his ancestor Adasi and overthrew the Mitanni empire in 1365 BC. The Assyrians reaped the benefits of this triumph by taking control of the eastern portion of the Mitanni Empire, and later also annexing Hittite, Babylonian, Amorite and Hurrian territory. The following centuries witnessed the restoration of the old temples and palaces of Assur, and the city once more became the throne of a magnanimous empire from 1365 BC to 1076 BC. Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244–1208 BC) also constructed a new temple to the goddess Ishtar. The Anu-Adad temple was established later during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1075 BC). The walled area of the city in the Middle Assyrian period made up some 1.2 square kilometres (300 acres).

Neo-Assyrian Empire

Unfinished basalt statue of Shalmaneser III. From Assur, Iraq. 858–824 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul

Statue of the god Kidudu, guardian spirit of the wall of the city of Ashur. Circa 835 BC. From Ashur, Iraq. The British Museum, London

Map of Assyria

Ashurnasipal with official

Neo-Assyrian Empire (912–605 BC) ni, bɛ daa yihiri.la nanima biɛhigu sheei Assyrian tiŋa shɛŋa. Ashur-nasir-pal II (884–859 BC) daa yihi la tiŋ'zuɣu ŋɔ Assur labisi Kalhu (Calah/Nimrud) kampeen gbaliŋ nyaaŋa ka mali nuuni binyɛra pam ka di mali colossal lamassu kpɛbu shifa nima ka wuhiri nanima biɛhisi sheei mini tɔbiri. Sargon II (722–705 BC) nam ni saha, ka tiŋ'zuɣu palli daa pili polo yibu. Dur-Sharrukin (Fortress of Sargon) din daa buɣisi ka di ni gari Ashurnasirpal's. Amaa, o daa kpila tɔbu ni ka o dapala , Sennacherib (705–682 BC) daa yi tiŋa ŋɔ yɛla ni, ka daa pii Nineveh o na tiŋ'zuɣu. Amaa, Ashur tiŋa ŋɔ n daa na kuli nyɛ jɛma sheei ti lala tiŋsi ŋɔ zaa pirim la di ni daa mali tiŋgbani jɛma sheei di yuli booni Ashur la. Sennacherib (705–682 BC) nam ni saha, di yuun palli yili, Akitu, daa mɛ ya, ka chuɣiri puhi tiŋa maa ni. Bɛ daa sɔɣila nanima pam bɛ nayili kurili maa ni ka daa lee sɔɣi bɛ napaɣaba mi tiŋ'kar shɛŋa,kamani Sargon paɣa, Ataliya.Bɛ daa kari la tiŋa ŋɔ nima ka saɣim li pam battle of Assur tɔbu la saha,zabi maŋli din daa lu Assyrian mini Median soojɛ nima.

Unfinished basalt statue of Shalmaneser III. From Assur, Iraq. 858–824 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul

Statue of the god Kidudu, guardian spirit of the wall of the city of Ashur. Circa 835 BC. From Ashur, Iraq. The British Museum, London

Map of Assyria

Ashurnasipal with official

Achaemenid Empire

Persians nima ni daa luhi Medes nima nyaaŋa, bana n-daa nyɛ ban mali yaa ancient Iraq tingbani, Assyria daa nyɛla din be Persian Achaemenid Empire (as Athura)sulinsi puuni, m-pili 549 BC hali ni 330 BC (see Achaemenid Assyria)saha. Assyrians lahabali wuligibu nima (Media) mini Athura (Assyria) n-nyɛ ban su salima mini gilezing glazing tumanima din be nayili maa ka lahi nyɛ ban tiri Lebanese cedar dari (timber), zaa nangbanyini. Ashur tiŋa mini di yaɣili daa ti nyɛla din mali yaa pam zaŋ kpa di Linjimanima mini di tiŋa biɛhigu polo saha shɛli. Zaŋ doli Assyrians ban be lahabali wuligibu polo, revolt daa nyɛla din niŋ 520 BC puuni, amaa ka daa bi niŋ nasara. Assyria daa kuli ŋmanila di labi la di naba ayi zuɣu la, ka kuli ti tooni lala saha maa. Di daa leei la pukparilim mini administrative centre zaŋ ti Achaemenid Empire nima, ka di Linjimanima n-daa kuli nyɛ ban zooi Persian Linjimanima ni.

Parthian Empire

Tiŋa maa daa nyɛla din yiɣisi zani di naba ayi zuɣu Parthian Empire maa saha, balantee 150 BC mini 270 AD sunsuuni, bɛ ni daa labi zani bɛ naba ayi zuɣu ka yɛn leei administrative centre zaŋ ti Parthian-ruled Assuristan nima. Assyriologists Simo Parpola mini Patricia Crone suggest Assur daa nyɛla ban daa naan tooi deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi lala saha maa. Administrative palli yanima daa nyɛla daa nyɛla din yiɣisi shɛli zaŋ chaŋ tiŋa maa tiŋ'kurili wulinpuhili polo, nti pahi luɣ'shɛli polo zaŋ chaŋ wulinluhili polo. Temple kurili maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli n-ti national god of the Assyrians Assur (Ashur) daa nyɛla din labi mɛ, ka di daa nyɛ templenima zaŋ ti Assyrian buɣa din gba pahi.

Assyrian Eastern Aramaic inscription din yi Ashur din daa kpalim daa nyɛla ban nya kahigibu pam n-kpe Parthian-era tiŋa maa ni A

Assyra din mali di maŋmaŋa Aramaic Syriac scriptions din daa nyɛ yim zaŋ kpa di silimiinsili mini di bachinima ŋmɛbu polo kamani di ni be at Edesmini luɣ'shɛŋa din be edesa state of Osroene puuni maa.

German semiticist Klaus Beyer (1929-2014) da nyɛla ŋun zaŋ bini din gari 600 inscriptions din yi Mesopotamian tin' puuni mini di tin'kɔɣila nti pahi Ashur, Dura-Europos, Hatra, Gaddala, Tikrit ni Tur Abdin. Hali di mini dolodolo adiini nyɛla din daa pun pili wuligibu zaŋ chaŋ Assyrians niriba maa polo hali ni Parthian nima maa saha, Assyrian maŋmaŋa kali mini di adiini daa na beni mi hali ni saha shɛli kamani inscriptions maa ni wuhi shɛm din nyɛ invocations to the gods Ashur, Nergal, Nanna, Ishtar ni Shamash, ni dini kali yu' shɛŋa ŋɔ nyɛla tin' bihi yuya din wuhiri Assyrian buɣa yuya din nima n-nyɛ ʾAssur-ḥēl (Ashur [is] my strength), ʾAssur-emar (Ashur decreed/commanded), ʾAssur-ntan (Ashur gave [a son]), ni ʾAssur-šma' (Ashur has heard; cf. Esarhaddon).

Roman historian Festus so yɛla bɛ ni sabi 370 ni AD 116 puuni Trajan ban kpa n-yi ka che o ni daa gbahi shɛba ban be east of the Euphrates, din nyɛ Roman provinces palli din nyɛ Mesopotamia mini Assyria dini. Roman province benibu daa nyɛla C.S. Lightfoot ni F. Miller ni bɔhi bɔhisi shɛli zuɣu, province's supposed creation nima ni niŋ , di yuma ayi nyaaŋa, Trajan's fa'dira Hadrian daa restooyi la (restore)Trajan's eastern conquests n-ti Parthians maa, ka bɔri ni o mini o beni ni suhudoo ni zo'simtali.

Roman incursions daa ti kpe la Mesopotamia saha shɛŋa, Lucius Verus mini Septimius Severus saha, ban daa nam Roman provinces zaŋ ti Mesopotamia mini Osroene maa.

Persian Shapur I (241–272) daa nyɛla din kapchi (captured) ka kari tiŋa maa ni 257 AD puuni, bɛ ni daa niŋ Osroene, Adiabene mini Hatra lala naai, ka inkɔretiba (incorporating) niŋ Sassanid Empire ni.

Di mini Shapur I n-daa nyɛ ŋun wurim li, tiŋa maa daa kpalim la tiŋ' vuɣu hali ni the 12th mini13th century puuni, di ni daa pa ti leei Zengid dynasty mini IIkhanate nima dini naai. Di daa pa nyɛla din che m-bahi ka di daa pa zaŋ di yaɣ'shɛli n-leei gbala ni.^{[citation needed]}

Assur damli

Yaɣili maa daa nyɛla din pahi UNESCO's nima List of World Heritage din be dambu ni yuuni 2003 puuni, saha shɛli yaɣili maa ni daa nyari varisigu zaŋ kpa mɔɣi karili gbibu polo din yɛn vali archaeological polo yaɣa maa . Mɔɣili maa gbibu daa na che mi Iraq nima ni daa niŋ bɛ invasion naai yuuni 2003 .

Yaɣili maa zaa nti pahi polo kura maa zaa daa nyɛla Islamic State of Iraq mini Levant (ISIL) ni be shɛli yuuni 2015 puuni. Tum ISIL ni saɣim nadaa maa ha taarihi yaɣ'shɛŋa, nti pahi tinsi din be Hatra, Khorsabad, ni Nimrud, ka dabiɛm kpe nirba pahi ni Assur nyɛla din yɛn dahim. Vihigu shɛŋa wuhiya, ni citadel of Assur daa nyɛla din wurim viɛnyɛla bee din daa saɣim pam yuuni 2015 May gɔli puuni ka di nyɛla IS niriba ban zaŋ explossive machines tuhi tɔbu maa. AP vihigu yɛltɔɣa wuhiya ni December gɔli yuuni piligu 2016 yuuni ni Iraq linjimanima ni daa deei yaɣili maa naai, di yɛliya ni linjimanima ŋɔ ni daa saɣim tiŋa maa naa bɛ daa mɔli di bɛ saɣim tiŋa maa dundo' daa ka sabi li ka di leei tamplim amaa ka dundɔli maa da bi dam ka kuli zaya ŋun nyɛ lahabali tira buɣisi la saɣimbu maa ni saɣindi shɛli din bi galisi "minor".

Yuuni 2017 February ni puuni, lala laɣingu ŋɔ maa lahi pa ban su yaɣili maa; dinzuɣu, di lahi ka dihitabili ni archaeological experts to zahim li.

lihimi kpe gba

• Ashur (god) and Ashurism
• Chronology of the ancient Near East
• Cities of the ancient Near East
• Kings of Assyria
• Short chronology timeline
• World Heritage Sites in Danger
• Assyrian homeland

Kundivihira

• Walter Andrae: Babylon. Die versunkene Weltstadt und ihr Ausgräber Robert Koldewey. de Gruyter, Berlin 1952.
• Stefan Heidemann: Al-'Aqr, das islamische Assur. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens. In: Karin Bartl and Stefan hauser et al. (eds.): Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient. Seminar fur Altorientalische Philologie und Seminar für Vorderasiatische Altertumskunde der Freien Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Altertumswissenschaften. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 1996, pp. 259–285
• Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum: Die Assyrer. Geschichte, Gesellschaft, Kultur. C.H.Beck Wissen, München 2003. ISBN 3-406-50828-6
• Olaf Matthes: Zur Vorgeschichte der Ausgrabungen in Assur 1898-1903/05. MDOG Berlin 129, 1997, 9-27. ISSN 0342-118X
• Peter A. Miglus: Das Wohngebiet von Assur, Stratigraphie und Architektur. Berlin 1996. ISBN 3-7861-1731-4
• Susan L. Marchand: Down from Olympus. Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany 1750-1970. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1996. ISBN 0-691-04393-0
• Conrad Preusser: Die Paläste in Assur. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1955, 1996. ISBN 3-7861-2004-8
• Friedhelm Pedde, The Assur-Project. An old excavation newly analyzed, in: J.M. Córdoba et al. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3–8, 2006. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ediciones, Madrid 2008, Vol. II, 743-752.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41147573
• Steven Lundström, From six to seven Royal Tombs. The documentation of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft excavation at Assur (1903-1914) – Possibilities and limits of its reexamination, in: J.M. Córdoba et al. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3–8, 2006. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ediciones, Madrid 2008, Vol. II, 445-463.
• Friedhelm Pedde, The Assur-Project: A new Analysis of the Middle- and Neo-Assyrian Graves and Tombs, in: P. Matthiae – F. Pinnock – L. Nigro – N. Marchetti (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, May, 5th-10th 2008, "Sapienza" – Università di Roma. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, Vol. 1, 913–923.
• Barbara Feller, Seal Images and Social Status: Sealings on Middle Assyrian Tablets from Ashur, in: P. Matthiae – F. Pinnock – L. Nigro – N. Marchetti (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, May, 5th-10th 2008, "Sapienza" – Università di Roma. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, Vol. 1, 721-729.
• Friedhelm Pedde, The Assur Project: The Middle and Neo-Assyrian Graves and Tombs, in: R. Matthews – J. Curtis (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the
  • Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3–8, 2006. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ediciones, Madrid 2008, Vol. II, 743-752.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41147573
  • Steven Lundström, From six to seven Royal Tombs. The documentation of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft excavation at Assur (1903-1914) – Possibilities and limits of its reexamination, in: J.M. Córdoba et al. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3–8, 2006. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ediciones, Madrid 2008, Vol. II, 445-463.
  • Friedhelm Pedde, The Assur-Project: A new Analysis of the Middle- and Neo-Assyrian Graves and Tombs, in: P. Matthiae – F. Pinnock – L. Nigro – N. Marchetti (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, May, 5th-10th 2008, "Sapienza" – Università di Roma. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, Vol. 1, 913–923.
  • Barbara Feller, Seal Images and Social Status: Sealings on Middle Assyrian Tablets from Ashur, in: P. Matthiae – F. Pinnock – L. Nigro – N. Marchetti (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, May, 5th-10th 2008, "Sapienza" – Università di Roma. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, Vol. 1, 721-729.
  • Friedhelm Pedde, The Assur Project: The Middle and Neo-Assyrian Graves and Tombs, in: R. Matthews – J. Curtis (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, London 2010. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2012, Vol. 1, 93-108.
  • Friedhelm Pedde, The Assyrian heartland, in: D.T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, Vol. II, 851-866.