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Ohio State Senate

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Ohio State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:   January 6, 2025
Session end:   December 31, 2025
Term length:   4 years
Term limits:   2 terms (8 years)
Redistricting:  Commission
Salary:   $71,099/year
Members
Total:  33
Democrats:  9
Republicans:  24
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   Robert McColley (R)
Maj. Leader:   Theresa Gavarone (R)
Min. Leader:   Nickie Antonio (D)
Elections
Last election:  November 5, 2024
Next election:  November 3, 2026

The Ohio State Senate is the upper chamber of the Ohio General Assembly. Alongside the Ohio House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Ohio state government and works alongside the governor of Ohio to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Ohio State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Ohio State Senate meets at the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus.

Due to a 2022 Ohio Supreme Court ruling, the Ohio Redistricting Commission was required to draw new state legislative maps following the 2022 elections.[1]

On September 26, 2023, the Ohio Redistricting Commission voted 6-0 (with one member absent) to adopt new state legislative maps.[2][3] On October 5, the ACLU of Ohio filed a motion on behalf of the League of Women Voters of Ohio and other plaintiffs asking the Ohio Supreme Court to invalidate the new state legislative maps on the grounds that they violated the state constitution.[4]

On November 27, the Ohio Supreme Court upheld the maps and dismissed the following cases: League of Women Voters of Ohio et al. v. Ohio Redistricting Commission et al., Bennett et al. v. Ohio Redistricting Commission et al., and Ohio Organizing Collaborative et al. v. Ohio Redistricting Commission et al.[5] Chief Justice Sharon Kennedy wrote for the majority: "The bipartisan adoption of the September 2023 plan is a changed circumstance that makes it appropriate to relinquish our continuing jurisdiction over these cases.[6]

The majority was composed of the court's four Republicans.

Justice Jennifer L. Brunner wrote a dissent on behalf of the court's other two Democrats, saying, "It is illusory to suggest that a bipartisan vote to adopt the September 2023 plan constitutes a change in circumstances that somehow diminishes our review power or renders a unanimous redistricting plan constitutionally compliant. There is nothing in Article XI, Section 6 that suggests that bipartisan agreement on a plan renders it presumptively constitutional, and we have flatly rejected that idea."[7] Click here for more information about redistricting after the 2020 census.

  • Sixteen of the state Senate's 33 seats were up for election in 2024. The chamber's Republican supermajority decreased from 26-7 to 23-9 with one vacancy.
  • Seventeen of the state Senate's 33 seats were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Republican supermajority increased from 25-8 to 26-7.

  • Ohio has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

    • This page contains the following information on the Ohio State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Ohio State Senate as of May 2025:

    Party As of May 2025
         Democratic Party 9
         Republican Party 24
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 33

    Members

    Leadership

    Each legislative session, the president of the Senate, a member of the majority caucus, is chosen by all members of the Senate. The majority and minority caucuses select their respective leaders.[8]

    Leadership and members

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    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Ohio State Senate District 1 Robert McColley Republican December 5, 2017
    Ohio State Senate District 2 Theresa Gavarone Republican 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 3 Michele Reynolds Republican January 1, 2023
    Ohio State Senate District 4 George Lang Republican January 1, 2021
    Ohio State Senate District 5 Stephen Huffman Republican January 1, 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 6 Willis Blackshear Jr. Democratic January 1, 2025
    Ohio State Senate District 7 Steve Wilson Republican 2017
    Ohio State Senate District 8 Louis W. Blessing, III Republican October 10, 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 9 Catherine Ingram Democratic January 1, 2023
    Ohio State Senate District 10 Kyle Koehler Republican January 1, 2025
    Ohio State Senate District 11 Paula Hicks-Hudson Democratic January 1, 2023
    Ohio State Senate District 12 Susan Manchester Republican January 1, 2025
    Ohio State Senate District 13 Nathan Manning Republican January 1, 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 14 Terry Johnson Republican 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 15 Hearcel Craig Democratic January 1, 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 16 Beth Liston Democratic January 1, 2025
    Ohio State Senate District 17 Shane Wilkin Republican January 1, 2023
    Ohio State Senate District 18 Jerry Cirino Republican January 1, 2021
    Ohio State Senate District 19 Andrew Brenner Republican January 1, 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 20 Tim Schaffer Republican May 8, 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 21 Kent Smith Democratic January 1, 2023
    Ohio State Senate District 22 Mark J. Romanchuk Republican January 1, 2021
    Ohio State Senate District 23 Nickie Antonio Democratic January 1, 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 24 Thomas Patton Republican January 1, 2025
    Ohio State Senate District 25 William DeMora Democratic January 1, 2023
    Ohio State Senate District 26 Bill Reineke Republican January 1, 2021
    Ohio State Senate District 27 Kristina Daley Roegner Republican January 1, 2019
    Ohio State Senate District 28 Casey Weinstein Democratic January 1, 2025
    Ohio State Senate District 29 Jane Timken Republican January 29, 2025
    Ohio State Senate District 30 Brian Chavez Republican December 6, 2023
    Ohio State Senate District 31 Al Landis Republican January 1, 2023
    Ohio State Senate District 32 Sandra O'Brien Republican January 1, 2021
    Ohio State Senate District 33 Alessandro Cutrona Republican June 26, 2024


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2024[9]
    SalaryPer diem
    $71,099/yearNo per diem is paid.

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Ohio legislators assume office the first day of January after a general election.[10]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    Article 2, Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution states: "Senators and representatives shall have resided in their respective districts one year next preceding their election, unless they shall have been absent on the public business of the United States, or of this State."[11]

    Article 2, Section 5 of the Ohio Constitution states: "No person hereafter convicted of an embezzlement of the public funds, shall hold any office in this state; nor shall any person, holding public money for disbursement, or otherwise, have a seat in the general assembly, until he shall have accounted for, and paid such money into the treasury."[12]


    Historical party control

    Republicans won control of the Ohio State Senate in 1984. In 2024, they won a 23-9 majority with one vacancy.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the Ohio Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2024. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Ohio State Senate election results: 1992-2024

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22 '24
    Democrats 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 10 10 10 9 9 8 7 9
    Republicans 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 21 21 23 23 23 24 24 25 26 23

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Ohio was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: None
    • Republican trifecta: 1995-2006, 2011-2023
    • Divided government: 1992-1994, 2007-2010

    Ohio Party Control: 1992-2024
    No Democratic trifectas  •  Twenty-six years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R


    Elections

    Elections by year

    Ohio state senators serve staggered, four-year terms, and half of the Senate is up for election every two years. Ohio holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2026

    See also: Ohio State Senate elections, 2026

    Elections for the Ohio State Senate will take place in 2026. The general election is on November 3, 2026.

    2024

    See also: Ohio State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the Ohio State Senate took place in 2024. The general election was on November 5, 2024. The primary was March 19, 2024. The filing deadline was December 20, 2023.

    Heading into the 2024 elections, Republicans held a 26-7 majority. After the election, the Republican majority was 24-9.

    Ohio State Senate
    Party As of November 5, 2024 After November 6, 2024
         Democratic Party 7 9
         Republican Party 26 24
    Total 33 33

    2022

    See also: Ohio State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the Ohio State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was held on August 2, 2022. The filing deadline was February 2, 2022.

    A primary was originally scheduled for May 3, 2022, but was rescheduled after the State Supreme Court rejected the state legislative maps approved by the Ohio Redistricting Commission. On May 28, 2022, Secretary of State Frank LaRose called for the primary to be held on August 2.[13][14]

    In the November 2022 election, Republicans increased their majority in the Ohio State Senate from 25-8 to 26-7.

    Ohio State Senate
    Party As of November 8, 2022 After November 9, 2022
         Democratic Party 8 7
         Republican Party 25 26
    Total 33 33

    2020

    See also: Ohio State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Ohio State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for April 28, 2020. The filing deadline was December 18, 2019.

    In the November 2020 election, Republicans expanded their majority in the Ohio State Senate from 24-9 to 25-8.

    Ohio State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 9 8
         Republican Party 24 25
    Total 33 33

    2018

    See also: Ohio State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Ohio State Senate took place in 2018. The primary election took place on May 8, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The filing deadline for partisan candidates was February 7, 2018. The filing deadline for independent candidates was May 7, 2018.

    In the 2018 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the Ohio State Senate from 23-9 to 24-9.

    Ohio State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 9 9
         Republican Party 23 24
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 33 33

    2016

    See also: Ohio State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Ohio State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on March 15, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was December 16, 2015. A total of 16 seats out of the 33 seats in the Ohio State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 23-10 majority. Republicans gained one seat in the election, giving them a 24-9 majority.

    Ohio State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 10 9
         Republican Party 23 24
    Total 33 33

    Term limits

    See also: State legislatures with term limits

    The Ohio legislature is one of 16 state legislatures with term limits. Voters enacted the Ohio Term Limits Act in 1992. That initiative limited Ohio senators to no more than two four-year terms, or a total of eight years.[22]

    The first year that the term limits enacted in 1992 impacted the ability of incumbents to run for office was in 2000.

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Ohio General Assembly, the vacancy must be filled by an election conducted by the members of the legislative house where the vacancy happened who are members of the party that last held the seat. A simple majority vote is needed in order to approve a replacement.[23]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Ohio Const. Art. 2, Sec. 11

    District map

    See also: Ohio state legislative districts

    The state of Ohio has 33 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.



    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Ohio

    In Ohio, the state legislature or a commission may have the opportunity to draw congressional maps. A bipartisan state legislative commission draws state legislative maps. A six-member advisory commission is involved in both the congressional and state legislative redistricting processes.

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Ohio after the 2020 census

    Due to a 2022 Ohio Supreme Court ruling, the Ohio Redistricting Commission was required to draw new state legislative maps following the 2022 elections.[1]

    On September 26, 2023, the Ohio Redistricting Commission voted 6-0 (with one member absent) to adopt new state legislative maps.[2][3] On October 5, the ACLU of Ohio filed a motion on behalf of the League of Women Voters of Ohio and other plaintiffs asking the Ohio Supreme Court to invalidate the new state legislative maps on the grounds that they violated the state constitution.[4]

    On November 27, the Ohio Supreme Court upheld the maps and dismissed the following cases: League of Women Voters of Ohio et al. v. Ohio Redistricting Commission et al., Bennett et al. v. Ohio Redistricting Commission et al., and Ohio Organizing Collaborative et al. v. Ohio Redistricting Commission et al.[5] Chief Justice Sharon Kennedy wrote for the majority: "The bipartisan adoption of the September 2023 plan is a changed circumstance that makes it appropriate to relinquish our continuing jurisdiction over these cases.[24]

    The majority was composed of the court's four Republicans.

    Justice Jennifer L. Brunner wrote a dissent on behalf of the court's other two Democrats, saying, "It is illusory to suggest that a bipartisan vote to adopt the September 2023 plan constitutes a change in circumstances that somehow diminishes our review power or renders a unanimous redistricting plan constitutionally compliant. There is nothing in Article XI, Section 6 that suggests that bipartisan agreement on a plan renders it presumptively constitutional, and we have flatly rejected that idea."[25]

    2010

    See also: Redistricting in Ohio after the 2010 census

    Ohio received its 2010 local census data in early March 2011. Although the state population showed net growth, Ohio's largest cities recorded population loss. Of the state's five largest cities only Columbus had population growth. Cleveland suffered the sharpest decline, losing 17.1% of its population.[26]

    The Ohio Legislative Task Force on Redistricting, Reapportionment, and Demographic Research assisted the General Assembly and Ohio Apportionment Board in drafting new maps. Four of the five members of the Board were Republicans. By a vote of 4-1 they gave final approval to a new map on September 28, 2011. The lone Democrat on the Board, Rep. Armond Budish, opposed the map, saying it quarantines Democrats in 1/3 of the legislative districts.[27]

    On January 4, 2012, Democrats filed suit against the legislative maps, saying they violated constitutional requirements for compactness and preservation of county and municipal boundaries. The Ohio Supreme Court took the case but, due to proximity to the 2012 elections, ruled the new maps would stand for the 2012 elections, with possible revisions to apply starting in 2014.[28]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Ohio State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Ohio by year

    2025

    See also: 2025 Ohio legislative session and Dates of 2025 state legislative sessions

    In 2025, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 6, 2025, and adjourn on December 31, 2025.



    About legislative sessions in Ohio

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[38] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article II of the Ohio Constitution establishes when the Ohio General Assembly, of which the Senate is a part, is to meet. Section 8 of Article II states that the regular session is to convene on the first Monday in January of each year, or the following day if that Monday is a legal holiday.

    Section 8 also contains rules for convening special sessions of the General Assembly. It empowers the Governor of Ohio or the presiding officers of the General Assembly to convene a special session. For the presiding officers to convene the session, they must act jointly.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, procedures for filling membership vacancies, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-Republican Party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Ohio are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Three-fifths of members in both chambers.

    Three-fifths of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 60 of the 99 members in the Ohio House of Representatives and 20 of the 33 members in the Ohio State Senate. Ohio is one of seven states that requires a three-fifths vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Are there other special rules?

    If the governor vetoes an emergency measure, two-thirds of the members in both chambers are required to override the veto, which is 66 of the 99 state representatives and 22 of the 33 state senators.[39]

    Authority: Article II, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution.

    "If the governor approves an act, he shall sign it, it becomes law and he shall file it with the secretary of state. If he does not approve it, he shall return it with his objections in writing, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and may then reconsider the vote on its passage. If three-fifths of the members elected to the house of origin vote to repass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections of the governor, to the other house, which may also reconsider the vote on its passage. If three fifths of the members elected to the second house vote to repass it, it becomes law notwithstanding the objections of the governor, and the presiding officer of the second house shall file it with the secretary of state."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Ohio state budget and finances
    Ohio on Public Policy Logo-one line-on Ballotpedia.png
    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[40]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in July of the year preceding the start of the new biennium.
    2. State agencies submit their requests to the governor between September and October.
    3. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in February (the deadline is extended to March 15 for a newly elected governor).
    4. The legislature typically adopts a budget in June. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The biennium begins July 1 of odd-numbered years.

    Ohio is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[40][41]

    The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. Likewise, the state legislature is legally required to pass a balanced budget.[40]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Ohio state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Ohio State Senate has 18 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Ohio Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Section 1a, Article II and Article XVI of the Ohio Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Ohio

    The Ohio Constitution provides three mechanisms for amending the state's constitution—a citizen-initiated process, a legislative process, and a state constitutional convention. Ohio requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.

    Initiative

    See also: Initiated constitutional amendment

    According to Section 1a of Article II, citizens have the power to initiate constitutional amendments in Ohio. An initiated constitutional amendment is a citizen-initiated ballot measure that amends a state's constitution. Eighteen (18) states allow citizens to initiate constitutional amendments.

    In Ohio, the number of signatures required for an initiated constitutional amendment is equal to 10% of the votes cast in the last gubernatorial election. A simple majority vote is required for voter approval.

    Ohio also requires initiative sponsors to submit 1,000 signatures with the initial petition application. Ohio has a signature distribution requirement, which requires that signatures be gathered from at least 44 of Ohio's 88 counties. Petitioners must gather signatures equal to a minimum of half the total required percentage of the gubernatorial vote in each of the 44 counties. Petitions are allowed to circulate for an indefinite period of time. Signatures are due 125 days prior to the general election that proponents want the initiative on.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    According to Article XVI, the state Legislature can refer constitutional amendments to the ballot for voters to decide. A 60% vote is required during one legislative session for the Ohio State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 60 votes in the Ohio House of Representatives and 20 votes in the Ohio State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    According to Section 3 of Article XVI of the Ohio Constitution, a question about whether to hold a state constitutional convention is to automatically appear on the state's ballot every 20 years starting in 1932. Ohio is one of 14 states that provides for an automatic constitutional convention question.

    The table below shows the last and next automatic constitutional convention question election years:

    State Interval Last question on the ballot Next question on the ballot
    Ohio 20 years 2012 2032


    See also

    Elections Ohio State Government State Legislatures State Politics
    Ballotpedia Elections Badge-VOTE-no shadow-Square.jpg
    Ohio State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lsc
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ap
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ocj
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named wfmj
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 AP, "Ohio Supreme Court dismisses 3 long-running redistricting lawsuits against state legislative maps," November 28, 2023
    6. ↑ Ohio Capital Journal, "Ohio Supreme Court dismisses redistricting challenge, leaving Statehouse maps in place," November 28, 2023
    7. ↑ Supreme Court of Ohio, "League of Women Voters v. Ohio Redistricting Commission," accessed September 11, 2024
    8. ↑ Ohio State Senate, "Majority Leadership," accessed June 24, 2014
    9. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2024 Legislator Compensation," August 21, 2024
    10. ↑ Ohio Constitution, "Article II, Section 2: Election and term of state legislators," accessed February 2, 2023
    11. ↑ Ohio Constitution, "Article II, Section 3: Residence requirements for state legislators," accessed February 2, 2023
    12. ↑ Ohio Constitution, "Article II, Section 5: Who shall not hold office," accessed February 2, 2023
    13. ↑ Statehouse News, "Federal court intervenes in Ohio redistricting, orders state to implement unconstitutional district maps," May 27, 2022
    14. ↑ Ohio Secretary of State, "Directive 2022-34," accessed May 28, 2022
    15. ↑ Follow the Money, "Ohio State Senate 2012 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 1, 2014
    16. ↑ Follow the Money, "Ohio State Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 1, 2014
    17. ↑ Follow the Money, "Ohio State Senate 2008 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 1, 2014
    18. ↑ Follow the Money, "Ohio State Senate 2006 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 1, 2014
    19. ↑ Follow the Money, "Ohio State Senate 2004 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 1, 2014
    20. ↑ Follow the Money, "Ohio State Senate 2002 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 1, 2014
    21. ↑ Follow the Money, "Ohio State Senate 2000 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 1, 2014
    22. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Chart of states with term limits," accessed February 16, 2021
    23. ↑ Ohio Constitution, "Article II, Section 11: Filling vacancy in house or senate seat," accessed February 2, 2023
    24. ↑ Ohio Capital Journal, "Ohio Supreme Court dismisses redistricting challenge, leaving Statehouse maps in place," November 28, 2023
    25. ↑ Supreme Court of Ohio, "League of Women Voters v. Ohio Redistricting Commission," accessed September 11, 2024
    26. ↑ Examiner.com, "4 of 5 big Ohio cities, counties lose people, Whites still dominate, Census says," March 10, 2011
    27. ↑ The Columbus Dispatch, "Reapportionment: Maps tilt Ohio more to GOP," September 24, 2011
    28. ↑ Daily Jeffersonian, "No Ohio Redistricting Decision Before Election," February 19, 2012
    29. ↑ Multistate, "2020 Legislative Session Dates," accessed March 20, 2020
    30. ↑ The Ohio Legislature, "Session Schedule," accessed April 28, 2020
    31. ↑ News-Herald, "Anti-abortion bills, medical pot on Ohio lawmakers’ 2016 agenda," accessed January 6, 2016
    32. ↑ Cleveland.com, "Fireworks bill extinguished on last day of Ohio legislative session," accessed January 5, 2016
    33. ↑ www.stowsentry.com, "Minimum wage, Medicaid among priorities for Ohio Senate Democrats," January 21, 2015
    34. ↑ www.cleveland.com, "Ohio lawmakers' 2014 agenda includes budget changes, tax overhauls," accessed January 10, 2014
    35. ↑ The Columbus Dispatch, "Ohio Senate’s new leader brings aggressive style," January 6, 2013
    36. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    37. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 19, 2014(Archived)
    38. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    39. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "The Veto Process," accessed June 22, 2017
    40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
    41. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Separation of Powers: Executive Veto Powers," accessed January 26, 2024
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