Let us recall what type 1 spam reviews aim to achieve: 1. To promote some target objects, e.g., oneâs own products (hype spam). 2. To damage the reputation of some other target objects, e.g., products of oneâs competitors (defaming spam). Spam reviews in regions 1, 3 and 5 are typically written by manufacturers of the product or persons with direct economic or other interests in the product. 1,3,5
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