First published Tue Feb 15, 2005; substantive revision Wed Sep 8, 2021 Substances, according to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646â1716), always act; furthermore, since even finite, created substances are naturally indestructible and thus immortal, substances continue to act forever. To what or to whom do substances causally owe their action? In Leibnizâs day, this question more or less becomes a que
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