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Frame of Reference and Roaring Bitmaps
Postings listsWhile it may surprise you if you are new to search engine internals, one of the most important building blocks of a search engine is the ability to efficiently compress and quickly decode sorted lists of integers. Why is this useful? As you may know, Elasticsearch shards, which are Lucene indices under the hood, split the data that they store into segments which are regularly merged
yass 2016/06/11
integer

compression

delta encoding

bit packing

lucene

BitSet

bitmap index

roaringbitmap
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åœ§ç¸®ã•ã‚ŒãŸã‚½ãƒ¼ãƒˆæ¸ˆã®æ•´æ•°åˆ—ã£ã¦ã®ã¯æ±Žç”¨çš„ãªãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿æ§‹é€ ã§ã€ãŸã¨ãˆã°æ¤œç´¢ã‚¨ãƒ³ã‚¸ãƒ³ã®è»¢ç½®ã‚¤ãƒ³ãƒ‡ãƒƒã‚¯ã‚¹ã¨ã‹ã€ã„ã‚ã‚“ãªã¨ã“ã‚ã§ä½¿ã†ã‚ã‘ã§ã™ã€‚ã§ã€æ¤œç´¢ã‚¨ãƒ³ã‚¸ãƒ³ã®å ´åˆã¯é€Ÿåº¦é‡è¦ãªã®ã§ã€PForDeltaã¨ã‹æ§˜ã€…ãªãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿æ§‹é€ ãŒç ”ç©¶ã•ã‚Œã¦ã‚‹ã€‚ ä¸€æ–¹ã€H2O ã«ã¯ã€ãƒ–ãƒ©ã‚¦ã‚¶ã‚ãƒ£ãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã«è¼‰ã£ã¦ãªã„ js ã‚„ css ã‚’ã‚µãƒ¼ãƒãƒ—ãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã™ã‚‹ä»•çµ„ã¿ã€Œcache-aware server pushã€ãŒã‚ã£ã¦ã€ä½•ãŒã‚ãƒ£ãƒƒã‚·ãƒ¥ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ã‹åˆ¤å®šã™ã‚‹ãŸã‚ã«ãƒ–ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ ãƒ•ã‚£ãƒ«ã‚¿ã‚’å…¨ã¦ã® HTTP ãƒªã‚¯ã‚¨ã‚¹ãƒˆã«å«ã‚ã‚‹å¿…è¦ãŒã‚ã‚‹ã€‚ ã§ã€ãƒ–ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ ãƒ•ã‚£ãƒ«ã‚¿ã‚’åœ§ç¸®ã—ã‚ˆã†ã¨æ€ã†ã¨ã€ãƒ–ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ ãƒ•ã‚£ãƒ«ã‚¿ã£ã¦ã®ã¯ã‚½ãƒ¼ãƒˆæ¸ˆã®æ•´æ•°åˆ—ã¨ã—ã¦è¡¨ç¾ã§ãã‚‹ã®ã§ã€ã“ã‚Œã‚’åœ§ç¸®ã—ã‚ˆã†ã£ã¦è©±ã«ãªã‚‹ã€‚ æ¤œç´¢ã‚¨ãƒ³ã‚¸ãƒ³ç‰ã§ä½¿ã†å ´åˆã¯é€Ÿåº¦é‡è¦ã ã‘ã©ã€HTTPãƒªã‚¯ã‚¨ã‚¹ãƒˆã«è¼‰ã›ã‚‹å ´åˆã¯ç©ºé–“åŠ¹çŽ‡ã®ã»ã†ãŒé‡è¦ã«ãªã‚‹ã€‚ã£ã¦ã“ã¨ã§ã€ç©ºé–“åŠ¹çŽ‡ãŒç†è«–é™ç•Œã«è¿‘ã„ã‚´ãƒãƒ ç¬¦å·ï¼ˆã®ç‰¹æ®Šç³»ã§ã‚ã‚‹ãƒ©ã‚¤ã‚¹ç¬¦å·
yass 2015/11/06
sort

integer

compression

Huffman coding

Golomb coding
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http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol8/p1816-teller.pdf
yass 2015/10/12
facebook

compression

integer

float

xor

delta encoding

time series database
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Roaring Bitmaps
A better compressed bitset Roaring bit maps are compressed bit maps. They can be hundreds of times faster. Grab one of our research papers Roaring Bit maps on GitHub Widely used Roaring is found in Google Procella: YouTubeâ€™s SQL Engine, Apache Lucene and derivative systems such as Solr and Elasticsearch, Apache Druid, Apache Spark, Apache Hive, Apache Tez, Apache Zeppelin, Apache Doris, Apache Carbon
yass 2015/03/22
" It divides the data into chunks of 2^16 integers (e.g., [0, 2^16), [2^16, 2 x 2^16), ...). Within a chunk, it can use an uncompressed bitmap, a simple list of integers, or a list of runs. / they all allow you to check for the present of any one value quickly (e.g., with a binary search). "

BitSet

integer

binary search

roaringbitmap
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äºŒé€²åŒ–åé€²è¡¨ç¾ - Wikipedia
ã€ŒBCDã€ã¯ã“ã®é …ç›®ã¸è»¢é€ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚Windows OSã®ãƒ–ãƒ¼ãƒˆæ§‹æˆãƒ‡ãƒ¼ã‚¿ã«ã¤ã„ã¦ã¯ã€ŒWindows Boot Managerã€ã‚’ã”è¦§ãã ã•ã„ã€‚ ã“ã®è¨˜äº‹ã¯æ¤œè¨¼å¯èƒ½ãªå‚è€ƒæ–‡çŒ®ã‚„å‡ºå…¸ãŒå…¨ãç¤ºã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ãªã„ã‹ã€ä¸ååˆ†ã§ã™ã€‚ å‡ºå…¸ã‚’è¿½åŠ ã—ã¦è¨˜äº‹ã®ä¿¡é ¼æ€§å‘ä¸Šã«ã”å”åŠ›ãã ã•ã„ã€‚ï¼ˆã“ã®ãƒ†ãƒ³ãƒ—ãƒ¬ãƒ¼ãƒˆã®ä½¿ã„æ–¹ï¼‰ å‡ºå…¸æ¤œç´¢?:Â "äºŒé€²åŒ–åé€²è¡¨ç¾"Â â€“Â ãƒ‹ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ã‚¹Â Â· æ›¸ç±Â Â· ã‚¹ã‚«ãƒ©ãƒ¼Â Â· CiNiiÂ Â· J-STAGEÂ Â· NDLÂ Â· dlib.jpÂ Â· ã‚¸ãƒ£ãƒ‘ãƒ³ã‚µãƒ¼ãƒÂ Â· TWL (2021å¹´7æœˆ)
yass 2014/09/24
binary

integer
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Efficient Data Storage for Analytics with Parquet 2.0 - Hadoop Summit 2014
Efficient Data Storage for Analytics with Parquet 2.0 - Hadoop Summit 2014 Apache Parquet is an open-source columnar storage format for efficient data storage and analytics. It provides efficient compression and encoding techniques that enable fast scans and queries of large datasets. Parquet 2.0 improves on these efficiencies through techniques like delta encoding, dictionary encoding, run-length
yass 2014/06/25
parquet

delta encoding

columnar storage

integer

compression

branch prediction
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Official Google Research Blog: Extra, Extra - Read All About It: Nearly All Binary Searches and Mergesorts are Broken
Philosophy We strive to create an environment conducive to many different types of research across many different time scales and levels of risk. Learn more about our Philosophy Learn more
yass 2014/02/09
" So what's the best way to fix the bug? Here's one way: int mid = low + ((high - low) / 2); "

binary search

integer

algorithm
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how to convert string to binary integer file using command line under linux
yass 2013/11/01
integer

binary
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Variable-length quantity - Wikipedia
This article is about codes that are a variable number of bytes. For a more general category of variable-bit-length codes, see variable-length code. A variable-length quantity (VLQ) is a universal code that uses an arbitrary number of binary octets (eight-bit bytes) to represent an arbitrarily large integer. A VLQ is essentially a base-128 representation of an unsigned integer with the addition of
yass 2013/10/26
VLQ

integer

byte

vbyte
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A BILLION ROWS PER SECOND Metaprogramming Python for Big Data
Ville Tuulos Principal Engineer @ AdRoll ville.tuulos@adroll.com We faced the key technical challenge of modern Business Intelligence: How to query tens of billions of events interactively? Our solution, DeliRoll, is implemented in Python. Everyone knows that Python is SLOW. You can't handle big data with low latency in Python! Small Benchmark Data: 1.5 billion rows, 400 columns - 660GB. Smaller e
yass 2013/09/29
compression

redmine

python

LLVM

integer

columnar storage
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Metaprogramming Python for Big Data
yass 2013/09/29
compression

python

LLVM

columnar storage

redshift

integer

video
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Hadoop Hive - ORC Files
ORC File Format File Structure Stripe Structure HiveQLSyntax Serialization and Compression Integer Column Serialization String Column Serialization Compression ORC File Format The Optimized Row Columnar (ORC) file format provides a highly efficient way to store Hive data. It was designed to overcome limitations of the other Hive file formats. Using ORC files improves performance when Hive is readi
yass 2013/09/23
" Index data includes min and max values for each column and the row positions within each column (A bit field or bloom filter could also be included.) / present bit stream: is the value non-null? "

ORCFile

hive

columnar storage

bloom filter

vbyte

zigzag encoding

RLE

integer

snappy

dictionary encoding
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Compression encodings - Amazon Redshift
Amazon Redshift will no longer support the creation of new Python UDFs starting November 1, 2025. If you would like to use Python UDFs, create the UDFs prior to that date. Existing Python UDFs will continue to function as normal. For more information, see the blog post . Compression encodings A compression encoding specifies the type of compression that is applied to a column of data values as row
yass 2013/09/23
" if the column contains 10 integers in sequence from 1 to 10, the first will be stored as a 4-byte integer (plus a 1-byte flag), and the next 9 will each be stored as a byte with the value 1 / the full original value is stored, with a leading 1-byte flag. "

redshift

compression

delta encoding

integer

columnar storage
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[Java]Byteåž‹ã‹ã‚‰Intåž‹ã¸ã®å¤‰æ›ã‚’æœ¬æ°—ã§è€ƒãˆã‚‹ | Creative Gear
Javaã§Byteåž‹å¤‰æ•°ã‚’Intåž‹ã«ã‚ãƒ£ã‚¹ãƒˆã™ã‚‹éš›ã«ã¯ã€æ°—ã‚’ä»˜ã‘ãªã‘ã‚Œã°ãªã‚‰ãªã„ã“ã¨ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ å‰å›žã®ã‚¨ãƒ³ãƒˆãƒªãƒ¼ã§ã€Byteåž‹é…åˆ—ã‚’16é€²æ•°æ–‡å—åˆ—ã«å¤‰æ›ã™ã‚‹ãƒ¡ã‚½ãƒƒãƒ‰ã‚’ä½œã‚Šã¾ã—ãŸãŒã€ãã®æ™‚ã«Byteåž‹ã‚’Intåž‹ã¸å¤‰æ›ã™ã‚‹ã«ã¯ã€ãŸã å˜ã«ã‚ãƒ£ã‚¹ãƒˆå¤‰æ›ã™ã‚‹ã®ã§ã¯ãªãã€ã€Œ0xFFã€ã§ANDãƒ“ãƒƒãƒˆæ¼”ç®—ã—ãªã‘ã‚Œã°å€¤ãŒãŠã‹ã—ããªã‚‹ã¨ã„ã†äº‹ã‚’æ›¸ãã¾ã—ãŸã€‚ ã©ã†ã„ã†äº‹ã‹ã¨ã„ã†ã¨â€¦ [java] byte a = (byte)0xC8 //10é€²æ•°ã§ã¯200ã®ã¯ãš int b = (int)a; Sytem.out.println(b); [/java] ã“ã®å®Ÿè¡Œçµæžœã¯ã€ã€Œ200ã€ã§ã¯ãªãã€ã€Œ-56ã€ãŒè¡¨ç¤ºã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ ãã‚Œã‚’ã€ [java] byte a = (byte)0xC8 //10é€²æ•°ã§ã¯200ã®ã¯ãš int b = a & 0xff; Sytem.out.println(b); [/
yass 2013/09/18
" Byteåž‹(8ãƒ“ãƒƒãƒˆ)ã‹ã‚‰Intåž‹(32ãƒ“ãƒƒãƒˆ)ã«æ‹¡å¼µã™ã‚‹æ™‚ã«ã€è¶³ã‚Šãªã„éƒ¨åˆ†ã®24ãƒ“ãƒƒãƒˆåˆ†ã¯ã€ãƒ—ãƒ©ã‚¹ãƒžã‚¤ãƒŠã‚¹ã®ç¬¦å·ã‚’å¤‰ãˆãªã„ã‚ˆã†ã«åŸ‹ã‚ã‚‹ / 0xFFã‚‚16é€²æ•°è¡¨è¨˜ã®Intåž‹ã¨ã—ã¦æ‰±ã‚ã‚Œã¾ã™"

java

byte

integer

cast
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Which is faster: integer addition or XOR?
Daniel Lemire's blog Daniel Lemire is a software performance expert. He ranks among the top 2% of scientists globally (Stanford/Elsevier 2024) and is one of GitHub's top 1000 most followed developers. Menu and widgets
yass 2013/09/07
" My result: In C++ and Java, both run at the same speed (within 1%). "

integer

XOR
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Binary fingerprint compression - LukÃ¡Å¡ LalinskÃ½
yass 2013/09/07
" If I use XOR instead of subtraction for the delta encoding, I will still get high numbers, but they will usually not have many bits set. "

compression

integer

XOR

delta encoding

fingerprint
ãƒªãƒ³ã‚¯
MOPID | Accelerate Your Hiring Process - Hire the Best, 10x Faster
yass 2013/08/13
" The basic idea of PForDelta is as follows: in order to compress a block of k numbers, say, 256 numbers, it first determines a value b such that most of the 256 values to be encoded (say, 90%) are less than 2^b and thus fit into a fixed bit field of b bit s each. "

integer

compression

PForDelta

lucene
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gist:408391
yass 2013/08/09
fastutil

hash

benchmark

binary search

integer

primitive
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Big-O Isn't Everything
yass 2013/08/07
sort

heapsort

integer

array
ãƒªãƒ³ã‚¯
GitHub - maropu/vpacker: A simple integer compression library for C/C++/Java
A simple integer compression library for C/C++/Java ================= Overview ----------- Released vpacker-0.1.0, which compresses a 32-bit or 64-bit integer array. It is assumed to encode a sequence of integers with highly positive skewness. The skewness is a distribution where the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the left, i.e., an element of the sequence is rarely a large integer. T
yass 2013/02/27
"A simple integer compression library for C/C++/Java"

integer

compression

C
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