æåã®å²å¦ã«ãããäºè¦è¦ã·ã¹ãã çè«
ã¾ããã
æåã®å²å¦(çµµã»ç»åã®å²å¦)ã«ãããäºè¦è¦ã·ã¹ãã çè«ã«ã¤ãã¦èª¿ã¹ãã®ã§ã¾ã¨ãããæè¿ id:Aizilo ãããè¿å¹´ã®æåã®å²å¦ã®è«ç¹ãç´¹ä»ãã¦ããã®ã§ãã¾ããããæè¿ã®ãããã¯ã¨ãããã¨ã§ã
描写の哲学、再訪:触図からディープフェイクまで - #EBF6F7
ã¾ãåæã¨ãã¦ç¥ã£ã¦ããã¦ã»ããã®ã ãã人éãå«ãåºä¹³é¡ã«ã¯ãäºç¨®é¡ã®è¦è¦ã·ã¹ãã ãããªãã£ã¦ããã網èããè³ã«ãããç¥çµçµè·¯ãäºç¨®é¡åå¨ãããããããç°ãªãæ©è½ãæ ã£ã¦ãããè ¹å´çµè·¯ã¯ä¸»ã«ç©ä½ã®å½¢ç¶èªèã«è²¢ç®ããèå´çµè·¯ã¯ãåä½ã®è¦è¦çã¬ã¤ããä½ç½®ã®ææ¡ã«é¢ããããªããç°ä¸ãé´æ¨ã太ç°ã«ãããæèã¨ç®çã®ç§å¦å²å¦ãã§ã¯ãäºã¤ã®è¦è¦ã·ã¹ãã ã«ã¤ãã¦è©³ããç´¹ä»ããã¦ããä»ãåºä¹³é¡ã¯ãä¸åº¦è¦è¦ãéåãããã¨ãåã³è¦è¦ãé²åããã¨ããç¹ç°ãªé²åãçµé¨ãã¦ãããããäºã¤ã®è¦è¦ã·ã¹ãã ãåå¨ããã¨ããèå³æ·±ã仮説ãç´¹ä»ããã¦ããã
ãã³ã¹ã»ããã¤ãªã©ãã¯ããã¨ããå²å¦è ã¯è¿å¹´ããã®äºè¦è¦ã·ã¹ãã ã®åå¨ãç»åç¥è¦ã¨çµã³ã¤ããè°è«ãå±éãã¦ããã
ããã»ã³ã¨åå¨æ
- Matthen, Mohan (2010). Two Visual Systems and the Feeling of Presence. In Nivedita Gangopadhyay, Michael Madary & Finn Spicer (eds.), Perception, action, and consciousness: sensorimotor dynamics and two visual systems. New York: Oxford University Press USA. pp. 107.
è¿å¹´ã®è°è«ã®ç«¯ç·ã¨ãªã£ãã®ã¯ã¢ãã³ã»ããã»ã³ã®2010å¹´ã®è«æã§ãã*1ãããã»ã³ãããã§åé¡ã«ããã®ã¯ãè¦è¦ã«ä¼´ãç©ä½ã®åå¨æfeel of presenceã ãå®ãè¨ãã°ããã®å¾ã®æåã®å²å¦ã®è°è«ã§ã¯ããã¾ãåå¨æãå·¡ãè«ç¹ã¯è§¦ãããã¦ããªãå°è±¡ãããããä¸å¿ç´¹ä»ãã¦ãããããã®æå³ã§ã®åå¨æã«ã¤ãã¦ç解ããã«ã¯ãVR(ãã¼ãã£ã«ã»ãªã¢ãªãã£)ã¨é常ã®äºæ¬¡å ç»åã®çµé¨ãæ¯è¼ãã¦ã¿ãã¨ããããããã以ä¸ã®ä¸ã¤ã®çµé¨ã«ã¤ãã¦èãã¦ã¿ããã(VRãä½é¨ãããã¨ããªãã¨ã¤ã¡ã¼ã¸ãã¥ãããããããªãã)
- 対é¢ã§ãç®ã®åã«ãªã¬ã³ã¸ãè¦ãã
- VRã§ãç®ã®åã«ãªã¬ã³ã¸ãè¦ãã
- ãªã¬ã³ã¸ã®åçãè¦ã
対é¢ããã³VRã®å ´åããªã¬ã³ã¸ãè¦ãçµé¨ã«ã¯ããå³å´ã®æ¹ã«ããããæã伸ã°ãã°æ´ãããã¨ãã£ãæè¦ãä¼´ã£ã¦ãããVRçµé¨ã®å ´åãå®éã«ã¯ãªã¬ã³ã¸ã¯ããã«ã¯åå¨ããªãããã ããããã®æè¦ã¯é¯è¦ãªããå¹»è¦ã§ããããã ããã«ãããããããæè¦ããããã¨èªä½ã¯å¦å®ããããã ããããããããã®ç¨®ã®é¯è¦ãä¸ãããã¨ãããVRä½é¨ã®ãã¢ã§ãããVRã¯ãç©ãç®ã®åã«åå¨ããæã(ãã£ã¼ã«ã»ãªãã»ãã¬ã¼ã³ã¹)ãæ¬ä¼¼çã«ä½ãåºãã®ã ã
ããå°ãä¸è¬çã«è¨ãã¨ã対é¢ç¥è¦ãVRã®å ´åã対象ã¯ãèªå·±ãä¸å¿ã¨ãã空éã®ä¸ã«ä½ç½®ã¥ããã(ãåã«ããããå³ã«ããããªã©)ãè¡çºå¯è½æ§ãä»ä¸ããã(ãæ´ããããæã¡ä¸ããããããªã©)ã
ã¨ããããæ®éã®æå³ã§ã®äºæ¬¡å ç»åã«ã¯ããã®åå¨æãæ¬ å¦ãã¦ããã対é¢ã§ããç»åã§ãããªã¬ã³ã¸ã¯ãªã¬ã³ã¸ã¨ãã¦èªèã§ããã«ããããããããªã¬ã³ã¸ã®åçãè¦ã¦ããç§ãã¡ã¯ããæã伸ã°ãã°æ´ãããã¨ã¯æããªããçµµã®ä¸ã®ãªã¬ã³ã¸ã¯ãããããèªåã¨åã空éã®ä¸ã«ããããã«è¦ããªãã®ã ãä»æ¹ãVRå ã®ãªãã¸ã§ã¯ãã¯ãèªåã¨åã空éã®ä¸ã«ããããã«è¦ãããããã¯æ®éã®ç»åã¨VRã®å¤§ããªéãã§ãããã¾ããããã¯ãããããçµµã®ãã¾ãããæ¬ç©ããããã¿ãããªãã®ã¨ã¯éã話ã§ãããã¨ããã®ã¯ãVRä¸ã§æ示ããããªã¬ã³ã¸é¢¨ãªãã¸ã§ã¯ããã©ãã ãæãã£ãã¨ãã¦ããä¾ç¶ã¨ãã¦ãå³å´ã®æ¹ã«ããããæã伸ã°ãã°æ´ãããã¨ããæããä¼´ãããã *2ã
ããã»ã³ã¯ã対é¢ç¥è¦ã«ä¼´ãç©ä½ã®åå¨æããèå´çµè·¯ãéããèå´è¦è¦(éåè¦è¦)ã¨çµã³ã¤ãã¦ãããä¸è¬ã«ãç»åã«æããã対象ã¯ãè ¹å´è¦è¦(å½¢ç¶è¦è¦)ã«ãã£ã¦è¡¨è±¡ãããä¸æ¹ãèå´è¦è¦ã«ã¯åå¿ããªãããããã対é¢ç¥è¦ã»VRã®å ´åã¨ã¯éã£ã¦ãçµµã®ä¸ã®ãªã¬ã³ã¸ã«ã¯åå¨æãæ¬ ãã¦ããã®ã ã
ããã¤ã¨ç»åã®äºéæ§
- Nanay, Bence (2011). Perceiving pictures. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 10 (4):461-480.
- Nanay, Bence (2015). Trompe lâoeil and the Dorsal/Ventral Account of Picture Perception. Review of Philosophy and Psychology 6 (1):181-197.
- Ferretti, Gabriele (2016). Pictures, action properties and motor related effects. Synthese 193 (12):3787-3817.
ãã³ã¹ã»ããã¤ã¯ãããã»ã³ã®è°è«ãçºå±ãããäºè¦è¦ã·ã¹ãã ããç»åç¥è¦ã«ããããç»åã®äºé¢æ§ãã¨çµã³ã¤ãã¦ãããç»åã®äºé¢æ§ã¯ãå²å¦è ã¦ã©ã«ãã¤ã ã«ç±æ¥ããè°è«ã§ããã大éæã«è¨ãã°ãç»åãè¦ãã¨ããç§ãã¡ã¯ãç»å表é¢(ãã£ã³ãã¹ãçµµå ·)ãç¥è¦ããã¨ã¨ãã«ãç»åå 容(æããããªã¬ã³ã¸)ã®ä¸¡æ¹ãç¥è¦ããã¨ããç«å ´ã§ããã
ããã¤ãæåã«ãã®åé¡ãæ±ã£ãNanay(2011)ã§ã¯ã以ä¸ã®åç¹ã主張ããã¦ããã
- (a) æåãããå æ¯ã¯ãè ¹å´ç¥è¦ã«ãã£ã¦è¡¨è±¡ããã
- (b) æåãããå æ¯ã¯ãèå´ç¥è¦ãããªã
- (c) ç»å表é¢ã¯ãèå´ç¥è¦ã«ãã£ã¦è¡¨è±¡ããã
- (d) ç»å表é¢ã¯ãå¿ ãããè ¹å´ç¥è¦ã«ãã£ã¦è¡¨è±¡ãããããã§ã¯ãªã
表ã«ããã¨ä»¥ä¸ã®ããã«ãªãã
è ¹å´ç¥è¦(å½¢ç¶ç¥è¦) | èå´ç¥è¦(éåç¥è¦) | |
---|---|---|
æåå 容 | â | à |
ç»åè¡¨é¢ | â³ | â |
ãããè¨ããã¨ä½ããããããã¨è¨ãã¨ãç»åã®äºé¢æ§ã«é¢ããç¥çµç§å¦çåºç¤ãããã¨è¨ããããã§ãããã¤ã¾ããæåå 容ã®ç¥è¦ã¨ãç»å表é¢ã®ç¥è¦ã«ãããããäºç¨®é¡ã®è¦è¦ã·ã¹ãã ãç°ãªã£ãä»æ¹ã§å¯¾å¿ãã¦ãããã¨ã«ãªãã®ã ã
ã¾ãã詳ããã¯ç´¹ä»ããªãããããã¤ã¯ãã®è°è«ãå¿ç¨ããããã¤ãç»åç¥è¦ãå·¡ãç¾è±¡ã«èª¬æãä¸ãã¦ããã
ãªãããã®å¾ããã¤ã¯ãNanay(2015)ã§å¾®å¦ã«ç«å ´ãå¤æ´ãã¦ããããããããã ã¾ãçµµãã®å ´åãæåå 容ãèå´ç¥è¦ããããã¨ãèªãã¦ãããã¤ã¾ãããã®2015å¹´ã®æ¹ã®ç«å ´ã§ã¯ã(b)ãç·©ãããã¦ãããæå対象ãèå´ç¥è¦(éåç¥è¦)ãããå¯è½æ§ãèªãããã¦ãããç°¡åã«è¨ãã°ãã ã¾ãçµµã«ã ã¾ããã¦ããå ´åãçµµã«æããã対象ã¯ãéè³è ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ãèªåã¨åã空éã«ä½ç½®ããããã«è¦ããã®ã ã
ãªããæå対象ãèå´ç¥è¦(éåç¥è¦)ãããå ´åãããã¨ããã®ã¯ãå®é¨ãªã©ã§ã確èªããã¦ããããããFerreti(2016)ã§ãã®è¾ºãã詳ããç´¹ä»ããã¦ããããã®è¾ºãè¸ã¾ããã¨(b)ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®ããã«å¤æ´ãã¹ããªã®ãããããªãã
(b) æåãããå æ¯ã¯ãèå´ç¥è¦ãããªã- (b') æåãããå æ¯ã¯ãå¿ ãããèå´ç¥è¦ãããªã
ãªããç»åãéåç¥è¦ãããªãã¨ããã®ã¯ãVRã¨ã®æ¯è¼ã§ã¯ããããããåé¢ã身ä½æ§ãå¼·ãæãããããããªç»åã®å ´åã¯ããããéåç¥è¦ãéè¦ãããªæ°ãããã®ã§ããã®è¾ºã©ããªã£ã¦ãã®ããªã¨ããã®ã¯ã¼ãããæ°ã«ãªã£ã¦ããã
*1:追è¨: 2010å¹´ã®è«æã端ç·ã¨æ¸ãã¦ãã¾ã£ãããããã»ã³ã¯2005å¹´ã®èä½ã§ãåæ§ã®è°è«ããã¦ãããããªã®ã§ããããã»ã³ã端ç·ã§ããããããã®è¨ãæ¹ã«ãã¹ãã ã£ããããããªãã
*2:ã²ãã£ã¨ããã¨ãç«ä½æãã¨æ··åãã人ããããããããªãããããã§åé¡ã«ãã¦ããã®ã¯åãªããç«ä½æãã®ãã¨ã§ããªãããããããåå¨æãçããããã«ã¯ãç®ã®ä½ç½®ãå¤ããã¨ãã«å¥ã®è§åº¦ããè¦ããã¨ãã£ãæ¡ä»¶ãããªãéè¦ã§ããããã«æãããã
ãããµã¤ãã®æ®ããããç¾å¦ãããã®æåã§
éç°éº»æªãããµã¤ãã®æ®ããããç¾å¦ãã 家ããèãããæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ãå ¥éãã¨ããæ¬ãå æ社æ°æ¸ããåºã¾ãããæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã¨ããç¾å¦ã®ä¸åéã®å ¥éæ¸ã§ãèè ã¯ãã®åéã®ç¬¬ä¸äººè (ããããæ¥æ¬ã«ã²ã¨ãããããªã)ã§ãã詳ããç®æ¬¡ãAmazonããè¦ããã®ã§ãèå³ã®ãã人ã¯è¦ã¦ã¿ãã¨ããã§ãããã
ç§ã宣ä¼ããã¾ã§ããªã売ãã¦ããã ããå 容紹ä»ã¯èè ããã§ã«æ¸ãã¦ãããããç§ã¯ãã®æ¬ãèªãä¸ã§ç¥ã£ã¦ããã¨å½¹ç«ã¤ãããããªããã¨ãæ¸ãã¦ãããã¨æãã¾ãã
以ä¸ãæ¬ã®è¦ç´ãææ³ããããé¢ãããã¨ããã°ããæ¸ãã®ã§ããã®ã¤ããã§èªãã§ãã ãããæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã¨ããåéã¨é¢ä¿ããããç¾å¦è ã¯ç¥ã£ã¦ããããã©ããã®æ¬ãèªã人ã¯ã²ãã£ã¨ããã¨ç¥ããªããããããªããã¨ãæ¸ãã¾ãã
ãã¦ãæ¸ããããã¨ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã§ãã
- ç¾å¦è ã®ããã ã§ã¯ãç¾(ç¾çå¤æãç¾çç¹å¾´ãç¾ç価å¤ãç¾ççµé¨)ã«é¢ãã¦ãåºãåæãããå®ç¾©ã¯ãªãã
- ãã®ãããç¾ã«é¢ããè¤æ°ã®æãæ¹ãæµéãã¦ãããã©ã®è¦å®ãæ¡ç¨ãããã§ãç¾ã«å«ã¾ããç¯å²ãå¾®å¦ã«ç°ãªã(以ä¸ãè¦å®ãã¨å¼ã¶)ã
- ä¸é¨ã®è¦å®ããããã¨æ¥å¸¸çæ´»ã«ãããç¾çå¤æã¯ç¾ã®ä¸ç¨®ã«å«ã¾ããããä¸é¨ã®è¦å®ã§ã¯ããã§ã¯ãªãã
ããããæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ãã¨ããåéã®ç°å¢ã®ä¸é¨ãå½¢æãã¦ããäºæ ã§ãã以ä¸ããå°ã詳ãã解説ãã¦ããã¾ãã
1ã«ã¤ãã¦ããåéã®æ ¹å¹¹ã«ããæ¦å¿µã«åæããªãã¦ã大ä¸å¤«ããã¨æããããããããªãã§ãããããã¯å²å¦åéã§ã¯æ®éã§ãããªããããªããã¨ããã¨ãåºç¤æ¦å¿µã®å®ç¾©ã«é¢ãã¦åæãå¾ããããã¨ã¯ãå²å¦åé(ã®å°ãªãã¨ãä¸é¨)ã§ã¯ãç 究ã®ã¹ã¿ã¼ãå°ç¹ã§ã¯ãªãã´ã¼ã«å°ç¹ã ããã§ããã¿ããªãåºç¤æ¦å¿µã®å®ç¾©ã«åæããã¨ããããã¨ããªããªã£ã¦ãã¾ãã®ã§ãåéãã¨ãªããªãã¾ããããã¯ããã§èå³æ·±ã話ã§ãããæ¬æ¸ã¨ç´æ¥é¢ä¿ãªãã®ã§æ·±å ¥ãããã®ã¯ããã¾ãããã
2ã«ã¤ãã¦ãç¾ã«é¢ãã¦ãå½ç¶äºãã«å¯¾ç«ãããè¤æ°ã®è¦å®ãããã諸派ããã¾ãã諸派ã®å°å³ãæãé¨åã¯ãä¸ç«çã«ããã®ã¯ã¡ãã£ã¨é£ããã§ããããããã ãæ¸ãã¦ã¿ã¾ããã*1ã
è¦å®A: ææ§
ææ§ã«ããè¦å®: ç¾çå¤æã¯ãææ§ã使ã£ãå¤æã ãã
ã¨ãããããããã¡ã¸ã£ã¼ãªè¦å®ã§ãã*2ãæ¬æ¸ã®ä¸ã«ãç»å ´ãã¦ãã¾ã(äºç« )ã
ãããã説æã¯ãããªæãã§ãââç§ãã¡ã¯ãã®ãè¦ã¦ãåªç¾ããæ´¾æãããã©ã³ã¹è¯ããã¨ãã£ãè¿°èªã使ããã¨ãããã¾ãã(éããã«ãããã£ã¨ç¶²ç¾ çãªãªã¹ã)ãããããè¿°èªãé©ç¨ããã¨ãã¯ãã«ã¼ã«ãåºæºã¿ãããªãã®ãæåå®è¦ã«å½ã¦ã¯ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããææ§ãã»ã³ã¹ãã¯ãããããå¿ è¦ãããã¾ãããç¾çå¤æã¨ããã®ã¯ããã®ããã«ææ§ã使ã£ãå¤æãªãã§ããã
è¦å®B: ç¡é¢å¿æ§
ç¡é¢å¿æ§ã«ããè¦å®: ç¾ççµé¨ã¯ãæ¥å¸¸ã®å®è·µçé¢å¿ããé¢ããç¹æ®ãªç¥è¦ã®ããæ¹ã ãã
ãç¡é¢å¿æ§ãã¨ããç¨èªã¯ã«ã³ãã«ç±æ¥ãã¾ãããã®è¦å®ã«ã¯ãã¾ãã¾ã¨ã¾ãããªãããããè¤æ°ã®è¦å®ã®éåä½ã¨æãããã®ã§ãããã¨ããããããç¾è¡éè³ã®ãããªç¹æ®ãªç¥è¦ã®ããæ¹ãç¾ã®å ¸åä¾ã¨æããç«å ´ãã¨ãã¦ããããã¨æãã¾ã*3ã
ç§ãã¡ã¯æ¥å¸¸çæ´»ã«ããã¦ãããã®ããã£ããè¦ããã¨ãããã¨ããã¾ãããªãã®ã§ãããçµµç»ãéè³ããã¨ãã¯ããã£ããè¦ã¾ãããã£ããè¦ãã ãã§ã¯ãªããä½ãç¹æ®ãªãã¨ããããããã£ã¦ããããããã¾ããããã®ãããªããçµµç»éè³ã«è¦ããããããªç¹æ®ãªç¥è¦ã®ããæ¹ãããç¾ççµé¨ãã¨æããã¨ããæ´¾é¥ãããã¾ããè¸è¡éè³ã®ç¹æ®æ§ãã©ãç¹å¾´ã¥ãããã«é¢ãã¦ã¯æ·±å ¥ãããã¨ãããã«æ´¾é¥ãåããã¦ããã¾ãããã¨ãããããã£ãããªã¹ãåããã¨ã以ä¸ã®ãããªç¹å¾´ãããæããããã¨æãã¾ãã
- å®è·µçé¢å¿ããé¢ãã¦ãã(ç¡é¢å¿æ§)
- 対象ã®éè³ããèªä½ãç®çã«ãªã£ã¦ãã
- 注æã®åãæ¹ãç¹æ®ã§ãã(ã対象ã«é¢ãã¦éä¸ããæ§è³ªã«é¢ãã¦åæ£ãã¦ããã(ããã¤)ãªã©)
è±ç·
è±ç·ã§ãã
è¦å®Aã¨è¦å®Bã¯ã©ã¡ããå²å¦å²çã«ã¯ã«ã³ããå¤æåæ¹å¤ãã®å½±é¿ä¸ã«ããã¾ã(ã«ã³ããæåã¨ã¯è¨ã£ã¦ããªã)ã
ãããã«ã³ããç¾ã®å ¸åä¾ãã©ãèããã®ãã¯è¬ã§ãããå¤æåæ¹å¤ãã¯æªåé«ãããè¸è¡ç¾ãã»ã¨ãã©æ±ã£ã¦ãã¾ããããããè¸è¡ç¾ããã¤ãã¼ãªã¼ã°ã«è¿½ããã£ã¦ãã¾ãããèªç±ç¾ã(ç¾ã®å ¸å)ã¨ãä¾åç¾ãããããä¸ã§ãè¸è¡ç¾ã®å¤§åã¯èªç±ç¾ã§ã¯ãªãä¾åç¾ã§ããã¨ãã風ã«è¿°ã¹ã¦ããããã§ã(ãã ãã«ã³ã解éã諸説ãã)ã
ä¸æ¹ãã«ã³ã以éã®å²å¦è ã¯ããã£ã±ãè¸è¡ç¾ãå ¸åä¾ã¨ãã¦æ±ãå¾åã«ãã£ãã¨ã¯è¨ããã¨æãã¾ãã
è¦å®Aã¨è¦å®Bã®å¯¾ç«ç¹
ããã§ããããæåã«ããã3ã®è©±ã«ãªãã¾ããæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã®è©±ããããã®ã§ããé¨å±ãçã¥ãããã¦ãã¦ããã£ãããã¦ãããã¨ããæ¥å¸¸ã®å¤æãèãã¦ã¿ã¾ãããã
ããã¯è¦å®Aã ã¨ç¾çå¤æã®ä¸ç¨®ã«ãªãã¾ãããè¦å®Bã ã¨ããããéãã¾ããè¦å®Aã«ã®ã£ã¨ãã¨ããé¨å±ããã£ãããã¦ãããã¨ããã®ã¯å½ç¶ææ§ã«åºã¥ãå¤æã§ãããããããã£ãããã¨ããã®ã¯ãåªç¾ãã¨ããèªã¨åãã«ãã´ãªã¼ã«è¦ãã¾ããã
ä¸æ¹ãè¦å®Bã ã¨ããããã§ããçã¥ãç¶æ³ã«é¢ããå¤æã¯ãå®è·µçé¢å¿ããé¢ãã¦ãã¾ããããçµµç»éè³ã¨ã¯ãã¾ãä¼¼ã¦ãã¾ããããããçã¥ããããé¨å±ãããããããã¨ãã£ã¦ãçµµç»ãè¦ãããã«ãã£ããé¨å±ãéè³ãã人ã¯ãã¾ãåå¨ããªãã§ãããã
ããããæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã¨ããã®ã¯è¦å®Aã«åºã¥ãç¾å¦ãªã®ã?ãã¨æã人ãããããããã¾ãããããã¯ããã§ã¡ãã£ã¨éãã¾ãããããè¦å®Aã ããåãã¨ãä¸è¨ã®ãããªå¤æãç¾çå¤æã®ä¸ç¨®ãªã®ã¯ãã¾ãã«ãå½ããåã§ãéã«ä½ããæ°ãããã¨ããããªããªã£ã¦ãã¾ãã¾ãã
ãã®è¾ºã¯èè ãããããã£ã¦ãããæ¬æ¸ã®åé ã§ãæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã¯ä½ããæ°ããããã®ãªã®ãã¨ããåé¡ã«è§¦ãã¦ãã¾ããæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã¨ããåéã¯ããæ°ãããã¨ãã形容è©ãã¤ããããã¡ãªåéãªã®ã§ããããã£ããä½ããæ°ãããã®ãã¯çµæ§å¾®å¦ãªåé¡ãªãã§ããã
æ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ããæ°ãããã®ã¯ãè¦å®Bã«è¦ããããããªãè¸è¡éè³ãç¾ã®å ¸åã¨ããç«å ´ã¨çªãåããå ´åã§ãããã®ããã«èããã¨ãæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã«ã¨ã£ã¦éè¦ãªã®ã¯ãããè¦å®Bã§ããã¨è¨ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨æãã¾ããå¥ã®è¨ãæ¹ãããã¨ããè¸è¡éè³ãç¾ã®å ¸åã¨ããä¸ç観ããããç¨åº¦çå£ã«åãæ¢ããä¸ã§ãããã¨ã¯ç°ãªãä¸ç観ã¨ãã¦ãæ¥å¸¸ã®ç¾ãã®æããããªããã¨ããã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã§ããã
ã¤ã¾ãè¦å®Bã¯ãæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã«ã¨ã£ã¦æ¹å¤ã®å¯¾è±¡ã§ããã¨ã¨ãã«ãéè¦ãªåå¨ã§ãããã¨ããç·å¼µãããããã§ãããã®è¾ºã¯çªãè©°ãã¦èãã¦ããã¨é£ããã§ãããããã§çµè«ãã¿ããã¨ãè¿°ã¹ããããã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããã®è¾ºã§ããã¾ããå人çã«ã¯ããã®è¾ºã®ç·å¼µé¢ä¿ãããã£ã¦ããã¨ãæ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã®è©±ã楽ããèªããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨æãã¾ãã
ææ³
以ä¸ã§çµãã£ã¦ããããã§ããããã¾ãã«ãæ¬æã«è§¦ãã¦ããªãã®ã§æå¾ã«ã¡ãã£ã¨ããææ³ãæ¸ãã¦ããã¾ããå人çã«ä¸çªæ¥½ããèªããã®ã¯ã第åç« ã®ã親ãã¿ã¨æ°å¥ããã§ãããç§èªèº«ã¯æ¥å¸¸ç¾å¦ã®è°è«ãèªãã¨ããæå¦ç¨èªã§ãããç°åã(è¦æ £ããæ¥å¸¸ã®äºç©ãéæ¥å¸¸çãªãã®ã«å¤ãã)ã®æ¥½ãã¿ãè¦åºãã¦ããé¨åãããã¾ããã¤ã¾ããèªåã®ä¸ã§ãã¾ãã«ãå½ããåã«ãªã£ã¦ãã¦ãè¦æ £ãã¦ãããããã«ãä¸å¯è¦ãã«ãªã£ã¦ãããã®ãæ¹ãã¦å¯è¦åãããæå¤ãªé¨åãæµ®ãã³ä¸ãã£ã¦ããã¨ããæè¦ã§ããããã£ã¨è¨ãã¨ç§ã¯ãå½ããåããã¦è¦ããªããã®ããæ¥ã«è¦ããããã«ãªãç¬éã好ããªãã§ã(å²å¦ã®è°è«ã¨ããã®ã¯ä¸è¬ã«ããããä½ç¨ããã¤ãã¨ãããã¾ã)ã
åç« ã®è°è«ã¯ããè¦æ £ããå ´æããæ°å¥ãªå ´æãã¨ãã対æ¯ãæ±ã£ã¦ãããè¦æ £ããå ´æãã¾ãã«è¦æ £ãã¦ãããããã«ãããèªä½ã¨ãã¦ã¯æ³¨æãåããããªããªã£ã¦ããã¨ããäºå®ã«ç®ãåãã¦ãã¾ããä¸æ¹ãã§ã¯è¦æ £ããå ´æã¯ãç¡ããªã®ãã¨ããã¨ããããéã£ã¦ãã¦ãç§ãã¡ã¯ãã¾ãã¾ãªä»æ¹ã§ãè¦æ £ãã風æ¯ãæ°å¥ãªãã®ã«å¤ãã¦ãã£ã¦ããã
ããããè°è«ãèãããã¨èªä½ããè¦æ £ããå ´æãç°åãã¦ããããããªä½ç¨ããã¤ãããã楽ããé¨åã§ãã
*1:ä¸è¬è«ã¨ãã¦ãå°å³ãæãã®ã¯ãããã¦æ¿æ²»çãªå¶ã¿ã§ããããã¯ã©ã£ã¡ã®é åã«å±ããã®ããã¨ããåé¡ãããããç»å ´ãã¾ããç§èªèº«ã¯ããã»ã©å¼·ããã ããã¯ãªãã¤ããã§ãããå®å ¨ã«ä¸ç«ã¨ããã®ã¯ç¡çã§ãããã
*2:å°é家åãã®æ³¨éããã®è¦å®ã®ä»£è¡¨ä¾ã¯ãã©ã³ã¯ã»ã·ããªã¼ã§ããã¡ãªã¿ã«ãªããã£ããããå®ç¾©ãã§ã¯ãªããè¦å®ãã¨æ¸ãã¦ãããã¨ããã¨ããããå®ç¾©ãã©ããå¾®å¦ã ããã§ãããã®è¦å®ãå®ç¾©ã¨ãã¦æ´ç·´ãããã«ã¯ãææ§ã¨ã¯ä½ããã«ã¤ãã¦èª¬æããªããã°ãªããªãããã§ãããããã¯å¤§å¤ãªã®ã§æ®éã¯ã¹ããããã¦ãç¾çè¿°èªã®ä»£è¡¨ä¾ãããã¦ããã¨ããã¢ããã¼ãã主æµã«ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ãã
*3:å°é家åãã®æ³¨éãè¦å®Bãéè¦è¦ãã人ã®ä¾ã¨ãã¦ãã³ã¹ã»ããã¤ãã¸ã§ã©ã«ãã»ã¬ã´ã£ã³ã½ã³ãã¢ã³ãã¼ã»ãã¢ãºãªã¼ãªã©ãããã¦ããã¾ãã
ãã³ãã¼ã®ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã«ã¤ãã¦
ãã³ãã¼ã®ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã¯è¸è¡å¶åº¦ã®ãã¨ã§ã¯ãªãã¨ããã®ãã人ã«èª¬æãããã¨æã£ã¦ããã³ãã¼ã®ããã¹ãã«ã¤ãã¦ã¾ã¨ãã¦ããã
å®éãã³ãã¼ã®ç«å ´ã説æãããã¨æãã¨ããããã大å¤ãªã®ã ãããã³ãã¼ã®ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ãããå¶åº¦ã§ã¯ãªãã¨ããã®ã¯ãç°¡åã«è¨ãããæ¬äººãããããµãããã®ã®å¤å®¹ãã®åºæã§å¦å®ãã¦ããããã ãããã§ããã³ãã¼ã¯ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã¨ããè«æããè¸è¡ã®å¶åº¦èª¬ã¨ããç«å ´ãçã¾ãããã¨ã«ã¤ãã¦ã以ä¸ã®ããã«ã³ã¡ã³ããã¦ããã
ãããã¦ããã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã®åæã®åå°ã®ããã«ãè¸è¡ã®å¶åº¦èª¬ã¨å¼ã°ãããã®ãæã¡ç«ã¦ã人ã³ã¨ã«ãæè¬ãã¦ããããã¨ããã®èª¬èªä½ã¯ç§ã®èãã¨ããé¢ãããã®ã§ãããã¨ããviii
ãã³ãã¼ã«ããã°ã人ã ã¯ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããè«æãå ã«ãè¸è¡ã®å¶åº¦èª¬ãèæ¡ããããããã¯ãç§ã®èãã¨ããé¢ãããã®ãã ã£ãããããè¦ãã°ãããããã«ãã³ãã¼ãå¶åº¦èª¬ã¨è¦ãã®ã¯ãè±èªåã§ããããµãã誤解ãªã®ã ããæ¬äººãã¯ã£ããã¨å¦å®ãã¦ããã®ã§ããã®è§£éãæ¯æããä½å°ã¯ãªãã¨æããè¸è¡ã®å®ç¾©ã«é¢ããå¶åº¦èª¬ã«ãã³ããä¸ããã¨ã¯è¨ããã
ãã³ãã¼ã®ç«å ´ã¯?
ã§ã¯ãã³ãã¼ã®ç«å ´ã¯ä½ã ã£ãã®ããå®ã¯ãããããªãé£ããããã³ãã¼ãä½ãè¨ã£ã¦ããã®ãããããããªãã£ãããã«å¤ãã®äººã¯ãããå¶åº¦èª¬ã¨èª¤è§£ããã®ã§ããã以ä¸é¦è¨³ãåç §ãã¤ã¤ããã³ãã¼ã®ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã«ã¤ãã¦èª¬æããããæ¬å½ã¯ãã³ãã¼ã®ç«å ´ãç¥ãã«ã¯ãããããµãããã®ã®å¤å®¹ãã«ã触ããæ¹ãè¯ãã¨æãããããããã¾ã§ããã¨é·ããªããããã®ã§ããã£ãããã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã ããã¾ã¨ããã
ãã£ã¨ããã¹ãã«å³ããã¾ã¨ãã¨ãã¦ã¯ãneteneteããã«ãã以ä¸ã®ã¨ã³ããªãåç §ãã¦ã»ãããç§ã¯ããªããã£ããã¨èªåã®è§£éãæ··ããã¦èª¬æããã
ダントー「アートワールド」の要約——分析美学基本論文集① - netenete.
ãã³ãã¼ã®ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ãããé£ããçç±ã®ã²ã¨ã¤ã¯ãã¾ããåé¡è¨å®ãããããããªãã¨ããé¨åã«ããããã®è«æã§ãã³ãã¼ã¯ãè¸è¡ã®å®ç¾©ã«ã¤ãã¦æ£é¢ããåãã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªãããè¸è¡çåå®ã®isãã¨ãã(ããããããªã)ãã®ã«ã¤ãã¦è«ãã¦ããã
詳ããæ¤è¨ã¯é¿ããç§ã®è§£éãæ¸ãã¨ããã³ãã¼ã®ãããè¸è¡çåå®ã®isãã¨ã¯ãè¦ç«ã¦ãã®ãã¨ã§ããããè¸è¡çåå®ã®isãã«ã¤ãã¦ãã³ãã¼ã¯è©³ãã説æãã¦ããããä¾ãããã¦ããã ãã ããããããã¦ããäºä¾ã¯ãããªã³ã´ã®çµµããªã³ã´ã¨è¦ãããã俳åªããªã¢çã¨è¦ããã¨ãããã®ã§ããããããæ¥æ¬èªã§ä¸èªã§ãããããªããè¦ç«ã¦ãã ãã*1ã
ãã³ãã¼ã®è«æã§ã¯ãã¯ã£ããè¿°ã¹ããã¦ããªããããè¦ç«ã¦ãè¸è¡ã®æ ¸ã«ãããã¨ããç«å ´ã念é ã«ããã¦ããããã®ç«å ´ããç¾ä»£è¸è¡ã¨çªãåããã¦æ¤è¨ãããã¨ãã¦ããããã«è¦ããã
ãªãããããç¾ä»£è¸è¡ã¨çªãåãããå¿ è¦ããããã¨ããã¨ãç¾ä»£è¸è¡ã«ããã¦ã¯ãè¦ç«ã¦ãããã®ããªãã®ãããããããªãããã§ãããã©ã¦ã·ã§ã³ãã¼ã°ã¨ãªã«ãã³ãã¼ã°ã¯æ¬ç©ã®ããããè¸è¡ä½åã¨ãã¦æ示ãã¦ãããã¦ã©ã¼ãã«ã¯ãããªããã®å è£ ç®±ãè¸è¡ä½åã¨ãã¦æ示ãããç´ç²æ½è±¡ç»å®¶ã¯åè²ã§å¡ã£ããã£ã³ãã¹ãè¸è¡ä½åã¨ãã¦æ示ãã¦ãããããã«ããã¦ãä½ãä½ã«è¦ç«ã¦ããã¦ããã®ã?
ã ãããã³ãã¼ã«ããã°ãããã«ãã¾ãè¦ç«ã¦ã¯åå¨ããã®ã§ããã
ãè¸è¡ãç¥ãããåã«çµµå ·ããè¦ããã¨ãã§ããªã人ãã¨ããç´ç²æ½è±¡ç»å®¶ãã«ã¤ãã¦èãããããã®ä¸¡è ã¯ã©ã¡ãããç½ã¨é»ã®çµµå ·ãå¡ããããã£ã³ãã¹ãè¦ã¦ããããã¯ç½ã¨é»ã®çµµå ·ã§ããããã以ä¸ã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨è¨ããã ããåè ã¨å¾è ã¯éããã¨ãã³ãã¼ã¯ä¸»å¼µãããå¾è ã®äººã ã¯ããçµµå ·ãä»ã®ãã®ã¨ãã¦è¦ããã¨ãã段éãééãããã¨ããçµµå ·ãçµµå ·ã¨ãã¦è¦ããã¨ããè¦ç«ã¦ãè¡ãªã£ã¦ããã®ã ã
ä½ã ãç¦ åçã®ããã ããå®ã¯ããã¯æ¬å½ã®ç¦ åçã§ããã³ãã¼ã¯ãã®ç®æã§ããç¦ å§ã®ããã¹ããå¼ãã¦ããã
ãããããã®ä¸ãå¹´éã®ç¦ ã®ä¿®è¡ã«ã¯ããã¾ãã«ã¯ ããããã¯å±±ãå±±ã¨è¦ ãæ°´ãæ°´ã¨è¦ã¦ããããããããã£ããå å¯ãªç¥èã«ããã£ãã¨ãããããã¯ããã¾ã¾ã§è¦ã¦ããå±±ãå±±ã§ã¯ãªããæ°´ã¯æ°´ã§ã¯ãªãã¨è¦ãå°ç¹ã«ç«ã¡ããã£ããããããã¾ããããã¯ãã¾ãã«ãã¨ã®å®ä½ãä½å¾ããã®ã§ããããããããã¯å®ããã¦ãããããã¨ããã®ããããã¯ãã¾ããµããã³ããã ãã å±±ãå±±ã¨è¦ãæ°´ãæ°´ã¨è¦ãã®ã§ããããã é¦è¨³p. 22
ç¦ ã®ä¿®è¡ã®ãããã§ãä¸å¨ã¾ãã£ã¦å±±ãå±±ã«è¦ããããã«ãªã£ãã¨ããã®ã§ãããæ¥æ¬ã®èªè ã¯ä¸å³¶æ¦ã®ãå人ä¼ããåç §ããã¨è¯ããããããªãããå人ä¼ãã§ã¯ãå¼ã®é人ãå¼ãããããããããå¼ç¢ãªãã§å°ãè¡ãªãããããããä¸å°ä¹å°ãã§ãããããã«ãªãã£ã¦è¨ãã°ããã³ãã¼ã¯ãä¸è¦ç«ã¦ã®è¦ç«ã¦ãã«ã¤ãã¦è¿°ã¹ã¦ããã®ã§ããã
ãã³ãã¼ãæã¡åºããã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã¯ãå®ã¯ãã®ç®æã§åºã¦ããããã®ãä¸è¦ç«ã¦ã®è¦ç«ã¦ããå¯è½ã«ãããã®ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ãã§ããã
ãããã®ãè¸è¡ã¨è¦ããã¨ã¯ãç¼ãè¦åãããã¨ã®ã§ããªããããã®ãè¦æ±ããââããã¯ãè¸è¡çè«ã®ããé°å²æ°ã§ãããè¸è¡ã®æ´å²ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®ããç¥èã§ãããã¤ã¾ãã¯ãããã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ãã§ããã é¦è¨³pp. 22-23
æ£ç´ã«è¨ãã¨ããããã¯ãã³ãã¼ã®è¨ã£ã¦ãããã¨ããã ã®å¦è¨ãªã®ããããã¨ãæ·±ãä½ããªã®ãå¤æãããã¦ãããã¾ããã«è§£èª¬ããã®ãè¥å¹²ããããããã®ã ãããã³ãã¼ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è¨ã£ã¦ããã
æ½è±¡ç»å®¶ã¯ä¸å¨åã£ã¦ãçµµå ·ãçµµå ·ã¨ãã¦è¦ããå¢å°ã«å°éãããããã¯ç¦ å§ã®ä¿®è¡ã®ãããªãã®ã§ãããæ®éã®ãçµµå ·ãçµµå ·ã¨ãã¦è¦ããã¨ã¯éãã®ã§ãããã§ã¯æ½è±¡ç»å®¶ã®ãçµµå ·ãçµµå ·ã¨ãã¦è¦ããã®ä½ãéããã¨ããã¨ããè¸è¡çè«ã®ããé°å²æ°(atmosphere)ãã ã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããã®ã§ããããã³ãã¼ããã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã¨å¼ã¶ã®ã¯ãã®ãè¸è¡çè«ã®ããé°å²æ°(atmosphere)ãã®ãã¨ã§ãããã¡ãªã¿ã«ãã³ãã¼ã¯ããã®ãè¸è¡çè«ã®ããé°å²æ°ãã«ã¤ãã¦ãã以ä¸ä½ã説æãããã¨ã¯ããªãã
å¶åº¦èª¬ã¨ã®éã
ãã³ãã¼ã®ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ãããä½ãªã®ããã²ã¨ãã¨ã§ããã¨ãè¸è¡çè«ã®ããé°å²æ°ã§ãããè¸è¡ã®æ´å²ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®ããç¥èãã§ãããããã¯å°ãªãã¨ããæ¥çãã¨ããæ £ç¿ãã®ãã¨ã§ã¯ãªããããã¯ã¾ããå¶åº¦èª¬ã¨æ確ã«éãã
ã¾ãããã³ãã¼ã¯ãã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã®ä¸ã§ãè¸è¡ãç´æ¥å®ç¾©ãããã¨ãã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªããããã§ã¯ãªãããæ®éã®ãçµµå ·ãçµµå ·ã¨ãã¦è¦ãããã¨ãæ½è±¡ç»å®¶ã®ãçµµå ·ãçµµå ·ã¨ãã¦è¦ãããã¯ä½ãéãã®ãã¨ããåé¡ã«çãã¦ãããè¨ãæããã°ããä½ããè¸è¡çåå®ã®isããå¯è½ã«ãã¦ããã®ã?ãã¨ããåé¡ãèããã®ã§ããã
æªæããã£ã¦ã¾ã¨ãããªãããã³ãã¼ã¯è¸è¡ã®å¶åº¦èª¬ã«ã¤ãã¦è«ããããã§ã¯ãªãããã£ã¨ãã£ã¨ã°ãã°ããããã¨ãè«ããã®ã§ãããã¨ãããã¨ãå¯è½ãããããªããæ£ç´ã«è¨ãã¨ãç§ã¯ãã³ãã¼ãä½ããããã£ãã®ããå¿ã®åºããã¯ãã³ã¨ãã¦ããªããä½ãå¥å¦ãªåããç«ã¦ã¦ãå¥å¦ãªä»æ¹ã§ããã«çããã¨ãããã¨ããããã ãã ãããããå°ãªãã¨ããå¶åº¦ã«ãã£ã¦è¸è¡ãå®ç¾©ãããããã§ã¯ãªãã®ã¯ç¢ºãã§ãããã²ãã£ã¨ããã¨ããã§ã¯ä½ãéè¦ãªåé¡ãè«ãããã¦ããã®ãããããªããç§ã¯åã«ãå¶åº¦ã«ãã£ã¦è¸è¡ãå®ç¾©ãããããããã£ã¨å¥å¦ãªãã¨ãè¡ãªããã¦ããã®ã ã¨ããäºå®ã«æ³¨æãåãããã ãã§ããã
ãªãæ¬ã¨ã³ããªã§èª¬æããã®ã¯ããã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã®3ç¯ã¾ã§ã®è©±ã§ããããã¢ã¼ãã¯ã¼ã«ããã®å¾åã§ã¯(å°ãªãã¨ãç´æ¥çã«ã¯é¢ä¿ãªã)å¥ã®è©±ãå±éããã¦ãããããã
ããã³ã®ãã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«è«2
ååã¯ãã¡ãã
åå説æããããã«ãFatalism in American Film Noirã§ã¯ããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ã宿å½è«ã®æ ç»ã¨æãã¦ããã宿å½è«ã®æ ç»ã¨ã¯ãä¸»äººå ¬ã®ä¸é©æ ¼ãªè¡çºã«ããââã ã¾ãããããèªæãããããç¥ããªãã£ãããéãæªãã£ãããã¦ââèªãã®é¸æã«ãã£ã¦ãä¸å¯é¿çã«ç ´æ» ã¸ã¨ã¯ã¾ãè¾¼ãæ ç»ã¨ããæãã ãããã³ã¯ãããè¡çºè«ã®åé¡ã¨ãã¦ââåçã«åºã¥ãåççè¡çºã«ãã£ã¦ä¸»ä½ãç¶æ³ãå¤ãã¦ããã¨ããè¿ä»£çè¡çºè 観ã¸ã®æçã®è¡¨ç¾ã¨ãã¦ââæãããå人çã«ã¯ãæè¿ãä½ä½ããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ãè¦ãæ©ä¼ããã£ããã確ãã«ããã³ã®ããã宿å½è«ããã¼ããæ±ã£ã¦ããä½åãå¤ããããã³ã®è°è«ã®èª¬å¾åãæ¹ãã¦æãããã¨ã«ãªã£ãã
äºç« ã§ã¯ãªã¼ã½ã³ã»ã¦ã§ã«ãºç£ç£ã®ãä¸æµ·ããæ¥ã女ããä¸ç« ã¯ããªããã»ã©ã³ã°ç£ç£ã®ãç·è²ã®è¡/ã¹ã«ã¼ã¬ããã»ã¹ããªã¼ãããæ±ããã¦ããã
ã©ã¡ããå人çã«è¶ 好ããªæ ç»ãªã®ã ããã²ã¨ã¾ããä¸æµ·ããæ¥ã女ãã®æ¹ããç´¹ä»ãããããä¸æµ·ããæ¥ã女ãã®é åã¯å¹»æ³çãã¤ãµã¤ã±ããªãã¯ãªé¨åã«ãããçµç¤ã§ä¸»äººå ¬ãè¿·ããããéåå°ã®ãã©ã¼ãã¦ã¹ã®å ´é¢ã¯ãã¾ãã«ãæåã ããã
ããã³ã¯ãã®æ ç»ãå¤ãã®å ´é¢ã§ãã·ã§ã¼ãããèå°ãã®ããã«è¦ããæ¼åçãªä¸çãæãã¦ãããã¨ãææãã¦ãããããã¯ãã¡ããã²ã¨ã¤ã«ã¯è¦ãç®ã®è©±ã§ããããã ããä¸æ¹ãã»ã¼ãã¹ã¦ã®ç»å ´äººç©ãç¸æãã ã¾ããçæ¸ãæ¸ãã¦æããã¨ãã¦ããã¨ããç¹ã§ããæ¼åçãã ãããããæ¼åçä¸çã«ããã¦ãä¸»äººå ¬ã®ãã¤ã±ã«ã¯ã©ã¡ããã¨ããã°æãããå´ãªããã ãããã®æ ç»èªä½ããä½å®¶å¿æã§ãããã¤ã±ã«ã®å顧çåæ³ã¨ãã¦èªãããã¨ããç¹ã§å®ã¯ãã¤ã±ã«ãç¹æ¨©çãªä½è ã®å°ä½ãå ããã¨ããæ§é ã«ããªã£ã¦ãã(ãããããã¤ã±ã«ãæ¼ãã¦ããã®ã¯ç£ç£ã§ãããªã¼ã½ã³ã»ã¦ã§ã«ãºã§ãã)ãç»å ´äººç©ãã¡ããäºããæä½ãããã¨ã§ãç¹æ¨©çãªä½è ã®å°ä½ãçãã¨ããäºãã«ãªã£ã¦ããã
ããã³ã«ããã°ããã®å ¥ãçµãã é°è¬ã®æ§é ã象徴çã«ç¤ºãã®ãçµç¤ã®ãã©ã¼ãã¦ã¹ã ãé¡ã®ä¸ã§ã幾人ã«ãåè£ããç»å ´äººç©ãã©ããæ¬å½ã®å§¿ãªã®ãâ¦â¦ã¨ãä»è ã¸ã®ä¿¡é ¼ã失ãªããããã¨ã§ãä¸çãé¡ã®è¿·å®®ã®ããã«ãªã£ã¦ãããããã¯ãã種è¿ä»£æ¶è²»ç¤¾ä¼ã®è±¡å¾´çãªå§¿ãªã®ãããããªãã¨ãã£ã示åãè¡ãªããã¦ããã
ãç·è²ã®è¡/ã¹ã«ã¼ã¬ããã»ã¹ããªã¼ããã®ãããããã¤ã³ãã¯ãä¸»äººå ¬ãå´ããªãä¸å¹´ç·æ§ã§ãã¾ãä»ã®æè¦ã§ãæ®éã«å ±æãã¦è¦ããããªã¹ãã¼ãªã¼ã«ãªã£ã¦ããã¨ããã ãå¹³å¡ãªä¼ç¤¾å¡ã§ããã趣å³ã®çµµãæããã¨ãå¯ä¸ã®æ¥½ãã¿(ãããã妻ã«å«ãããã¦ãã)ã§ããä¸å¹´ç·æ§ã¯ãªã¹ã»ã¯ãã¹ããæ´æ¼¢ã«è¥²ãããç¾å¥³ããã£ãå©ãããã¨ãããæ´æ¼¢ã¯å®ã¯ããã£ã®ãã¢ã§ããããµããã¯ã¯ãã¹ãæåç»å®¶ã¨åéãããä¸ã§ãã ã¾ãã¦ä¸å²ããããã¨ãããç¾ä»£ã®ãã©ãããã³ã¬ã§ãæ®éã«ä½¿ããããªåé ã ã
宿å½è«ãã¼ãã®å¤å¥ã¨ãã¦ãããããã®ã¯ãçµç¤ã§ãä¸»äººå ¬ãèªãã®ç¯ç½ªãè¦å¯ã«åç½ããç½°ãã¦ããããã¨ãããè¦å¯ã«ä¿¡ãã¦ããããªãã¨ããå ´é¢ããããæ®éããããã®ã¯ã身ã«è¦ãã®ãªã罪ã§çããããã¨ããå±éã ããæ¬ä½ã®å ´åãèªåã®ç½ªããèªåã®ãã®ã«ãªããªãããèªåã®ç½ªããèªåã®è¡çºã¨ãã¦èªãã¦ããããªããã¨ããå±éã«ãªã£ã¦ããã
ããã³ã®ãã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«è«
ããã¼ãã»Bã»ããã³ã¨ããå²å¦è ãããããã¼ã²ã«ç 究ã§æåã ããå®ã¯æ ç»ã®æ¬ãããããæ¸ãã¦ãããç§ã¯ãã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ã好ããªã®ã§ãããã³ããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«è«ãæ¸ãã¦ããã®ãç¥ãããã£ããèªãã§ã¿ããã¨ããããä¸ç« ã¾ã§èªãã ã®ã§ç´¹ä»ããã
ããã³ã®åºæ¬çãªã¢ããã¼ãã¯æ ç»ãå²å¦ã®å®è·µã¨ãã¦èªãã¨ãããã®ã§ããä»ã®æ段ã«ããå²å¦Philosophy by Other Meansãã¨ããæ¹æ³è«ã®æ¬ãæ¸ãã¦ãããè¦ããã«æ ç»ã¯æ ç»ã¨ãããä»ã®æ段ããç¨ããå²å¦ã§ããã¨ãããã¨ããããé°å²æ°ã¨ãã¦ã¯ã«ã´ã§ã«ã®æ ç»è«ãªã©ã«è¿ããããããªããå²å¦çã«ä½åãèªãã¨ããã®ã¯ããªããªãé£ãã試ã¿ã ã¨æãã®ã ãã©ãããã³ã®ãã¤ã¯ä»ã®ã¨ããèªãã æãã§ã¯çµæ§ãããããã
ãã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ãæ±ãæ¬æ¸ã®å ´åã¯ã¿ã¤ãã«ã«ããã宿å½è«fatalismããéè¦ãªãã¼ã¯ã¼ãã«ãªããããããã ãããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ã®ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼é¡åã§ããã宿å½ã®å¥³(ãã¡ã ã»ãã¡ã¿ã«)ãã®ããã¡ã¿ã«ãããåã£ã¦ããã¨æãããã
ãã®å ´åã«ãããã宿å½è«ãã¨ã¯ä½ãããã£ããè¨ãã°ããèªåã®åã§ã¯ã©ãã«ãå¤ããããªãã¢ãªå°ççç¶æ³ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãããã¨ãã¨è¨ãæããããã ããããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ä½åã®å¤ãã§ã¯ãä¸»äººå ¬ã¯ä¸å¯é¿çã«ç ´æ» ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãã¦ããã
ããã³ã®è¡¨ç¾ãå¼ç¨ããã°ããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã¯çæ ®ãããã¾ãã¾ãªãã¨ããããã¨ããããã©ããã®åããªå§¿ã¯ã¾ãã§ãèªèº«ãä¹ãã¦ããä¹ãç©ã®ä¸ã§ãå¿ æ»ã«ã¯ã¤ã¤ãå¼ãããããã¿ã³ãæ¼ããããã¦ããã®ã«ãã¯ã¤ã¤ããã¿ã³ãä¹ãç©ã«ã¤ãªãã£ã¦ãããããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã«ã¯ã¾ã£ããç¡é¢ä¿ãªã³ã¼ã¹ãé²ãã§ããã¨ãã風ã«è¦ããã(p.26)
ã¾ãå¥ã®è¨èã¨ãã¦ããã³ã¯ãã·ã§ã¼ãä»æããå´running the showãã¨ãããã¬ã¼ãºãå¼ç¨ãã¦ããããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ã®ä¸»äººå ¬ã¯ãã·ã§ã¼ãä»æããå´ãã«åããã¨ãã§ãããä»äººã®ã·ã§ã¼ã«è¸ããããåå¨ã§ããã
ããã³ã¯ãããè¡çºè«ã®åé¡ã¨ãã¦è¦ããã¤ã¾ããèªç±ãèªå¾ãåçæ§ã¨ãã£ãçæ³çè¡çºè ã®æ¡ä»¶ããã®é¸è±ãæãã¸ã£ã³ã«ããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ãªã®ã§ããããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ã®ä¸»äººå ¬ãã¡ã¯ãèªèº«ãä½ããã£ã¦ããã®ããã©ããã¦ãããªç¶æ³ã«ãªã£ã¦ããããããããªãã¾ã¾ãç ´æ» ã«çªãé²ãã§ãããããã¯ã決ãã¦ç¶æ³ã¯å¤ããããªããã¨ããåæ代ã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®çµ¶æçãªæè¦ãæãããã®ã§ãããã
ä¸ç« ã§ã¯ãã¸ã£ãã¯ã»ã¿ã¼ãã¼ç£ç£ã®ãéå»ãéãã¦ããæ±ãããããéå»ãéãã¦ãã¯ââãã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ã§ã¯ãããããã¨ã ãââããããããããããè¤éã§è¦ç´ãã¥ããã®ã ãã©ãåºæ¬çã«ã¯ãéå»ããéããããªããã¨ãã話ã§ããããã®ããããã£ããè¨ãã¨ãã¸ã§ãã¨ããæ¢åµãããã£ã·ã¼ã¨ãã女ã«ã ã¾ãããç¯ç½ªã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ããããããéãããã¨ãããéããããªãã£ãã¨ãã話ã§ããã
ã¾ãã«ããã³ã®ãã宿å½è«ã®æ ç»ã§ãããããã³ãå¼ç¨ãã¦ããéããä½ä¸ã«ã¯ãä»ã«ã©ããããããªãã£ãï¼é¸æè¢ããªãã£ãI had no choiceãã¨ããã»ãªããç»å ´ããããã®è¨èãå£ã«ããã®ã¯ãã£ã·ã¼ã§ããããã£ã·ã¼ã¯åãã¤ãã¦ããã®ã ããä¸»äººå ¬ã§ããã¸ã§ãã¯ã©ãã©ããé¸æè¢ããªããç¶æ³ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãã¦ããã
ããã¯ããã³ã¨ããããç§ã®ææ³ã ãããéå»ãéãã¦ãã¨ããæ ç»ã®é åã¯ããã£ã·ã¼ã¨ããç¹ç°ãªããã¤ã³ãçã®å§¿ãç¾ããå¾åã®å±éã«ããã¨æãããã£ã·ã¼ã«ã ã¾ããã¦ãããã¨ãç¥ã£ãã¸ã§ãã¯ãããã£ã¢ã®ãã¹ã«å½¼å¥³ãçªãåºããã ãããã£ã·ã¼ã¯ãã£ããããã£ã¢ã®ãã¹ãè¿ãè¨ã¡ã«ãã¦æ®ºãã¦ãã¾ãã®ã ã
ããã®å±éã¯ãããã¨æããããããã¸ã§ãã¯ã彼女ãããã£ã¢ã®ãã¹ããå©ãããã¨ãã¦ããã®ã ãããã£ã·ã¼ã¯ãã£ããå©ããå¿ è¦ã¨ãã¦ããªãã£ããã¨ããããã®ã ããã®å ´é¢ã«ã¤ãã¦ããã³ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«æ¸ãã¦ãã*1ã
ã¤ãå ã»ã©ã¾ã§ã²ã©ãã°ã©ãã¼ã§ç¾ããåªæ ã«å¯ãã 姿ãè¦ãã¦ããã®ã«ãä»ã彼女(ãã£ã·ã¼)ã¯æ§çãªãã®ããè±ãããã¦ããããã«è¦ãããã¾ãã§ãä»ããããã¨ããããæ¬å½ã®æ¨©åã®ã«ã¼ããæã«ãã¦ããã·ã§ã¼ãä»æãããå´ã®ãã¤ãã¼è¡çºè ã§ããããã¯ãæ§çåªæ (æãããã¨ããååç権å)ã«é ¼ããã¨ãå¿ è¦ã¨ããããããåãã§ãããã®ããã§ãããp.47
ã¤ã¾ããé¸æè¢ããããhad no choiceããéå»ããéãããããªããã®ã¯ã¸ã§ãã ãã§ããããã£ã·ã¼ã¯èªèº«ã®åã§ç¶æ³ãå¤ãããããã¤ãã¼è¡çºè ã ã£ãã®ã§ããã
ããè¨ãããããã«ããã¡ã ã»ãã¡ã¿ã«ã®æåã¯ç¾ä»£ã®ç®ããè¦ãã¨æ°ã«ãªãç¹ããªãããã§ã¯ãªãããããããã¿ã¼ã³ã§ã¯ãæªã女ã«ã ã¾ããã¦ãã©ãã©æªäºã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãã¦ãã¾ããä¸»äººå ¬ãæãããã®ã ããã©ããã¦ã女ã«è²¬ä»»ãæ¼ãã¤ãã¦ããããã«è¦ããããããã女æ§å«æªçã¨è¨ããããã¨ããã*2ã
ã ãããéå»ãéãã¦ãã®ãã£ã·ã¼ã¯å°ãéã£ã¦ãããããã¯ãæªã女ã«ã ã¾ããããã©ãæªã女ã¯ç½°ããã¾ããããã§ãããã§ãããã¨ãã話ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã ããã£ã·ã¼ã¯ãæªã®å´ã«çªãæãããã¨ã§ãè¶ ãµã¤ã¤äººãªãã¬è¶ ãã¡ã ã»ãã¡ã¿ã«ã«ãªãã®ã§ããã
*1:ãæ§çãªãã®ããè±ãã¦ãã®é¨åã¯æåä½ãè¨ã£ã¦ããã®ãããããããªãã£ãããã©ãã©ããããã®å ´é¢ã®ãã£ã·ã¼ã®æè£ ãå°å³ãªãã®ã«å¤ãã£ã¦ããã¨ããææã®ããã§ããã
*2:ã¡ãªã¿ã«ãã§ãããºã æ¹è©ã®è¦³ç¹ãããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ãæ±ã£ãè«æéã¨ãã¦E.ã¢ã³ ã«ãã©ã³ç·¨æ°´ç°å®å訳ããã£ã«ã ã»ãã¯ã¼ã«ã®å¥³ãã¡ãã¨ããã®ããããããã¯ç¿»è¨³ãåºã¦ãã¦ãããããã®ã§ããããã
ãã¼ã«ã»ã±ãªã¼ããªãã©ãªãºã ã
ãã¼ã«ã»ã±ãªã¼ããªãã©ãªãºã ã(ä½è¤æ£å¿, 山岡é¾ä¸, é å²çè²´, ç³å·æ¶¼å, ç°ä¸å°äºº, 森éä¹è¨³)ãèªãã ã
è±èªã®Key Conceptã·ãªã¼ãºã®ããªãã©ãªãºã ãã®å·»ã®ç¿»è¨³ã
æ¿æ²»å²å¦ã¯ç´ 人ãªã®ã§èªããããªãã¨æã£ãããå®éèªãã¨ããã®è©±ãã¡ããã¡ãæ¢è¦æãããªãã¨æã話é¡ãå¤ãã£ããèè ã¯ç¤¾ä¼å¥ç´è«ããã¼ã¹ã«è©±ãçµã¿ç«ã¦ã¦ãããç§ã¯å¥ç´è«ç³»ã®å«çå¦ã®æç®ãããèªãã§ããã®ã§ãç¸æ§ãè¯ãã£ãã¨æããããã§å¥ç´è«ç³»ã®å«çå¦ã¨ã¯ãå ·ä½çã«ã¯ã主ã«T. M. ã¹ãã£ã³ãã³ãæãã¦ãããã¹ãã£ã³ãã³ã¯æ¬æ¸ã«ãä½åº¦ãç»å ´ãã¦ãããã¾ãæ¬æ¸ã«ã¯åºã¦ããªãããèªæ¸ä¼ã§èªãã§ããR. Jay Wallaceã¨ãå ±éãã話é¡ãå¤ãã£ãããã«æã(Wallaceã¯ã¹ãã£ã³ãã³ã«å½±é¿ãåãã¦ãã)ã
æ¬æ¸ã«ããããªãã©ãªãºã ã¯ãæ¹æ³è«ã¨ãã¦ã¯æ£å½åã®æç¶ããéè¦ããè¦ç¯ã®å 容ã¨ãã¦ã¯èªç±ã¨å¹³çãéè¦ããç«å ´ã¨ç¹å¾´ã¥ãããããæç¶ãã®éè¦ã®é¨åã¯ãèè ãéè¦ãã社ä¼å¥ç´è«ã®ä¼çµ±ã§ãæ¬æ¸ã§ããã°2ç« 3ç« ã®å 容ãããã«ç¸å½ãããã¾ããèªç±ã¨å¹³çã«é¢ãã¦ã¯ãããã4ç« ã5ç« ã§è«ããããã
æç¶ãã«é¢ãã¦ãããå°ã説æããã¨ããã°ããªãã©ãªãºã ãéãããã®ã¯ãä¸åçãªæ£å½åã(ãæ®éãã§ã¯ãªãåãããªãã¨ããæå³ã®ãä¸åã)ã ãããã¯ãæè¦ã®å¯¾ç«ãããã¨ãã«ãä¸ç«ãã貫ãã¨ããæå³ã§ã¯ãªããä¸ç«ã¯åå¨ããªãããã ããã¨ãã£ã¦é¸ã好ã¿ã許ãããããã§ã¯ãªããç¹å®ã®ç«å ´ãããã²ãããããã¨ãªããä¸äººã«å¯¾ãã¦æ£å½åãã§ããªããã°ãªããªãã¨ããè¦æ±ã ããããå ·ä½åãããã®ã®ã²ã¨ã¤ããã¼ã«ãºã®ãç¡ç¥ã®ã´ã§ã¼ã«ãã ããæ¬æ¸ã§ã¯ãããã¼ã«ãºã®é¨åãã¹ãã£ã³ãã³ã«å¤ãããã¨ããB. ããªã¼ã®ç«å ´ãªã©ãç´¹ä»ããã¦ããããã£ããè¨ãã¨ãã¹ãã£ã³ãã³ã®ç«å ´ã¯ãè³ææ´¾ã¨å対派ã®æåã®æè¦ãæ¦ããã¦ã©ã£ã¡ãçã«ããªã£ã¦ãããèããããã¨ãããã®ã§ãã(ãã£ããè¨ãããã ã)ã
èªç±ã®ç« ã¨å¹³çã®ç« ã§ã¯ããããããªãã©ãªãºã ã®ç«å ´ãããèªç±ã¨å¹³çã«é¢ãã¦ãå ·ä½çã«ã©ããªå 容ãè¦è«ãããããè«ãããããæ¬æ¸ã®å¯é¡ã«ããªãã©ã«ãªå¹³ç主義ãæè·ãã¦ãã¨ããéãããã¼ã«ã»ã±ãªã¼èªèº«ã¯ã©ã¡ããã¨ããã°å¹³çãããéè¦ããç«å ´ã®ããã ã
ã¾ã6ç« ä»¥éã¯ãªãã©ãªãºã ã¸ã®æ¹å¤ã«çããå 容ã«ãªã£ã¦ããããå¯å®¹ã®ãã©ããã¯ã¹ãã«è¿ãå 容(è¦ããã«ããªãã©ãªã¹ãã¯éãªãã©ãªãºã ãæé¤ãã¦ãã¾ããçãªè©±)ãæ¤è¨ãã7ç« ãå人çã«ã¯ãããããã£ããããã®è¾ºãã¯å¤ãã®äººã®èå³ãã²ãã¨ããã§ã¯ãªããã¨æããã¾ãæ£ç´ååã®å 容ã¯å¤§å¤å°å³ãªã®ã§ã7ç« ã«ãã©ãã¤ãåã«è±è½ãã¦ãã¾ã人ãå¤ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨ããæ°ããããâ¦â¦ãä¸æ¹ã§ã7ç« ã§ã®æ¹å¤ã«çããããã«ã¯ãååã®ãä¸åæ§ãã®è©±ãéè¦ã«ãªãã®ã§ã7ç« ã ãå ã«èªãããã«ããããªãã®ãé£ããã¨ããã ã
ãªãã©ãªãºã ã¨ããã®ã¯è¯ããæªãã人ã®ææ ã«è¨´ããããé¨åã®ããç«å ´ã ãããã®æ¬ã¯ããããé¨åãã»ã¨ãã©ãªãå°å³ãªæ¬ã§ããããããè¯ãã¨ããã ã¨ã¯æãã
ã«ã³ãã®å¤©æè«
ãå¤æåæ¹å¤ãã®ä¸é¨ã§ãã«ã³ãã¯ã天æè«ãã¨ããããã¡ã§è¸è¡ä½åã®åµé ã«ã¤ãã¦è«ãã¦ãããããã¯ãå¤æåæ¹å¤ãå ¨ä½ã®ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®ä¸ã§ã¯ã決ãã¦ã¡ã¤ã³ã®ãã¼ãã§ã¯ãªãã®ã ãããããªãã«ããããã主é¡ã¨ãªã£ã¦ããã
ã¾ããã«ã³ããè¸è¡ä½åã®åµé ã«ã¤ãã¦ãã©ã®ãããªåé¡ãè¦åºãã¦ããã説æãããã
è¸è¡ã®ç£ç©ã«ã¤ãã¦æèããã¦ããªããã°ãªããªãã®ã¯ããããæè¡ã§ãã£ã¦ãèªç¶ã§ã¯ãªãã¨ãããã¨ããã§ãããã¨ã¯ãããããã§ãè¸è¡ã®ç£ç©ãæããå½¢å¼ã«ãããåç®çæ§ã¯ãé¸ææå¿ãææããè¦åã«ãããã£ããã®å¼·å¶ãããããããããããããªãèªç¶ã®ç£ç©ã§ãããã®ããã«ãèªç±ãªãã®ã¨è¦ããªããã°ãªããªãã
ã¤ããã¨ã«ã»ã«ã³ããå¤æåæ¹å¤ãçéç´å½¦(訳)(2015)ãä½å社ãp.277
ã«ã³ãã¯è¸è¡ä½åã®å¶ä½ã«ãä¸ç¨®ã®ãã©ããã¯ã¹ãã¸ã¬ã³ããè¦åºãã¦ãããä¸ã®å¼ç¨ç®æã«ããããã«ãè¸è¡ä½åã¯ä¸æ¹ã§ãæè¡ã§ãã£ã¦ãèªç¶ã§ã¯ãªããã¨æèããã¦ããªããã°ãªããªããã¾ãä¸æ¹ã§ããããããããªãèªç¶ã®ç£ç©ã§ãããã®ããã«ãè¦ããªããã°ãªããªããã¸ã¬ã³ãããããããããªãããã«ããµãã¤ã®è¦è«ãã¯ã£ããæ¸ãåºãã¦ã¿ããã
- æè¡æ¡ä»¶: è¸è¡ä½åã¯æè¡ã§ããã¨æèããã¦ããªããã°ãªããªãã
- èªç¶æ¡ä»¶: è¸è¡ä½åã¯ããããèªç¶ã®ããã«è¦ããªããã°ãªããªãã
åè ã¯è¸è¡ä½åãè¸è¡ä½åã¨ãã¦éè³ããããã®åæã§ãããæè¡ãæè¡ã¨ãã¦è©ä¾¡ããããã«ã¯ãããã人工ç©ã§ãããè¸è¡ä½åã§ãããçµµç»ãªã©ã§ãããã¨ãç解ããã¦ããªããã°ãªããªãã
å¾è ã¯ã(è¯ã)è¸è¡ä½åãç¾çå¤æã»è¶£å³å¤æã®å¯¾è±¡ã§ããããã«æãç«ããªããã°ãªããªãæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããè¦åã«å¾ã£ã¦æ©æ¢°ã®ããã«ä½ããããã®ã§ããã°ããã¯ããããç¾çã«è¦ãä½å°ã¯ãªãã
ãããã©ããã¯ã¹ãããè¨ãã°ãè¸è¡ä½åã¯ãè¦åã«å¾ãã¨åæã«å¾ããããç®çãæã¤ã¨åæã«æããããèªç¶ã§ãªãã¨åæã«èªç¶ã§ããããã®ã¨ãã¦è¦ãããªããã°ãªããªãã
ãããã¯ããå°ãç´è¦³çãªè¨ãæ¹ãããã°ãä½åã¯èªç¶ç©ã®ããã«è¦ããã¦ããããªãããæè¡çãªé¢ã§ããã¿ãã§ãã£ã¦ã¯ãããªãããããããã®ä¸æ¹ã§ããã¾ãã«ãããªãã¦æç§æ¸çã§ãã£ã¦ããããªããã«ã³ãã®è¨èã§ããã°ãè¦æ¸ã®è·¡ããè¦ããããã¨ããªãããå¦æ ¡é¢¨ã®å½¢å¼ã窺ãããã¨ããããªãããã®ã§ãªããã°ãªããªã(翻訳p. 278)ã
ä¸æ¹ãã®çç¾ã解ãããã«å°å ¥ãããã®ã天æã®æ¦å¿µã ãã«ã³ãã®ãã天æã¯ããè¦åã«å¾ãã¨åæã«å¾ããªãããã®ãä½ãè½åã§ããã
ã©ããããã¨ããèªç¶æ¡ä»¶ã®æ¹ãã説æããã¨ã天æã®ä½ãä½åã«ã¯ãæ®éã®æå³ã§ã®è¦å(å¦ã°ããããè¨èã§èª¬æãããã¨ãã§ããè¦å)ã¯é©ç¨ã§ãããããããã£ããã®è¦åããèªç±ã«è¦ããã
ã ããä¸æ¹ã§(æè¡æ¡ä»¶ã®é¢ããè¨ãã°)ãããã«ã¯ä½ããã®çµ±ä¸æ§ãå½¢å¼ãæãããããããã¯åãªããã¡ããã¡ã(ããã³ã»ã³ã¹ãªç¬åµã)ã§ã¯ãªããã»ãã®äººã ã®æ¨¡ç¯ã¨ãªãã¨ããæå³ã§è¦åçã§ãã(é¦è¨³p.280)ã
ããã¯ãã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹çãªè½åã§ããã天æèªèº«ã§ãã£ã¦ããèªåãã©ããã£ã¦ä½åãä½ã£ã¦ãããã¯èª¬æã§ããªããã®ã¨ãããã
ç¾çç念
ããã«ãã«ã³ãã¯å¤©æã®æ¦å¿µãèä»ãããããã«ç¾çç念(orææ§çç念)ã¨ãããã®ãå°å ¥ãããç¾çç念ã¨ã¯ãæ³ååã«ãã£ã¦ä½ãããã¤ã¡ã¼ã¸ã§ã¯ãããããããããããªãä¸å®ã®ææ³ããããªãã¡æ¦å¿µãé©åãããã¨ãã§ãããããå¤ãã®ãã¨ãæèãããããã®ã§ããã¨ããã(p.289)ããã£ã¨ãã£ããã¨ããç¾ä»£é¢¨ã®è¨èã«ç½®ãæããã¨ãããããªã解éãããã¿ãªã¨ã¯å½ã¦ã¯ã¾ããªããããã¾ãã¾ãªè§£éãå½ã¦ã¯ã¾ãããã§å½ã¦ã¯ã¾ããªãããã«ããããã¦å¤ãã®è§£éãèªããããªè¡¨ç¾ãã¨ãªããããããªãã¨ãè¨ããããªã表ç¾ã¨è¨ã£ã¦ãããã天æã®è½åã¯è¨ãæããã°ãç¾çç念ãä½ãè½åã§ããã¨ãããã
ç¾çç念ã®ç®æã¯ã¨ã¦ãé£ããã解éãããããã®ã§èª¬æãã¥ããããä¸å¿ããã°ã£ã¦å³ãæãã¦ã¿ã*1ã
ã«ã³ãã¯åºæ¬çã«ãç¥è¦ãæ³åããå ¥åããããã¼ã¿(ç´è¦³)ããæ¦å¿µæä½è½å(ææ§)ã«ãã£ã¦ãç¹å®ã®æ¦å¿µã«åé¡ãããã¨ããã¢ãã«ã§èãã¦ãããå³ã®ä¸çªå·¦å´ã¯ããããæ£å¸¸ã«ã¯ãããã¦ããã¨ããã ãæ³ååã®è¡¨ç¾ãæ¦å¿µã«ã¹ãã¨é©åããç¶æ ã解éã«ã¾ã£ããæ©ã¾ãªããããªè¡¨ç¾ãä¸ããããç¹å®ã®æ¦å¿µã«åé¡ãããã
ä¸çªå³å´ã®æ¹ã¯ãä¸ãããã表ç¾ããã¡ããã¡ãã§ãä½ã®æ¦å¿µãå½ã¦ã¯ã¾ããªãç¶æ ãã«ã³ããããã³ã»ã³ã¹ãªç¬åµãã¨å¼ãã§ããã®ã¯ãããããã®ãããããªãã
両è ã®ããã ã«ãæ³ååã¨æ¦å¿µ(ææ§)ãã¡ããã©é£ãåããã¤ã³ãããããç¾çç念ãã¤ã¾ãããããªã解éãããã¿ãªã¨ã¯å½ã¦ã¯ã¾ããªããããã¾ãã¾ãªè§£éãå½ã¦ã¯ã¾ãããã§å½ã¦ã¯ã¾ããªãããã«ããããã¦å¤ãã®è§£éãèªããããªè¡¨ç¾ãã¯ããã«ä½ç½®ãããã¡ããã©ãããã©ã³ã¹ã§ããããªæ¦å¿µãå½ã¦ã¯ã¾ãããã§å½ã¦ã¯ã¾ããªãããã«ããã¾ãã¾ãªæèãèªçºããããã«ã³ãã®ãã¨ã°ã§è¨ãã°ãããã§ã¯ãè½å(æ³ååã¨ææ§)ã®ã¤ãåãã¨é©åããæç«ãã(p.296)ã
åèæç®
åå¼·ãããã¨æã£ã¦ããã¤ãèªãã ã®ã ããChristian Helmut Wenzelã®An Introduction to Kant's Aestheticsã¨ãAllisonã®Kantâs Theory of Tasteãè¯ãã£ããå¾è ã¯ããããããªã®ã§ãåè ã®æ¹ãããããã
*1:ã«ã³ãã¯ç¾çç念ã®æ§æè¦ç´ ã¨ãã¦ç¾çå±æ§ã¨ãããã®ãèãã¦ããã®ã ããç¾çå±æ§ã®è©±ã¯ãã¾ãæ¾ããªãã£ãã