DEV BHOOMI MEDICAL COLLEGE OF AYURVEDA
AND HOSPITAL , DEHRADUN
TOPIC- SKIN : INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
DR. RACHANA GUPTA NAME – DODIYA ISHA
HOD, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BATCH – BAMS 1 prof.
KRIYA SHARIR ACADEMIC YEAR-2022
DR. HEMANT SEMALTI ROLL NO. - 16
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR , DEPARTMENT OF KRIYA
SHARIR
Introduction
The skin is sensory organ
which is an largest organ of
the body in both surface
area and weight.
It is covers the external
surface of the body
It is not uniformly thick
Layers Of Skin
Epidermi
s Dermis
Epidermis
It is formed by stratified
epIthelium outer layer is
Keratinocytes and dendrItic
cells.
It does not have blood vessels
nutrItion is provided to the
epidermis by the capillaries of
dermis
It super facial layer .
Layers Of
Epidermis
1. Stratum corneum : It is also known as horny layer.
many layers of flat ,dead , scale like cells full of keratin.
these cells contain phospholipids and glycogen.
2. Stratum lucidum : One or two dying cell. many cells have
degenerated nucleus and in some cells, the nucleus is absent.
3. Stratum granulosum : It is thin layer with two to five rows of flattened
rhomboid cells.
4. Stratum spinosum : It is also known as prickle cell layer , the cells
are connected to one another.
5. Stratum germinativum : Made up of polygonal cells, superficially
and columnar cells. new cells are constantly formed by mitotic division.
melanocytes produce pigment melanin and transfer into keratinocytes
DERMIS
Dense irregular connective tissue
Separated from epidermis ( Stratified squamous
epithelium)by basement membrane .
Highly vascular and highly Innervated
Papillary layer
Layers of
dermis
Reticular layer
Papillary layer
Just below Epidermis
It contains blood vessels , lymphatics And nerve
fibers
Dermal papillae are finger like projection and
arising from
the superficial papillary dermis .
Reticular layer
It is made up of reticular and elastic fibers
These fibers are found around the hair bulbs, sweat and
sebaceous glands glands .
The reticular layer also contains mast cells, nerve
endings,lymphatics, epidermal appendages and
fibroblasts.
It is below the dermis, subcutaneous tissue is present
It is loose connective tissue, which connects the skin with
the internal structure of the body.
Lot of smooth muscles called arrector pili are also found in
skin around the hair follicles.
Appendages of skin
Hair follicles with hair
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Nails and fingers and toes
All begin as epidermis of embryo; grow down
into dermis
Pigmentation of
Color of skin
skin Hemoglobin in the
blood.
Pigmentation of skin
Cells of the skin contain a brown pigment called
melanin, which is responsible for the color of the skin.
It is synthesized by melanocytes, which are present
mainly in the Stratum germinativum and Stratum
spinosum of epidermis.
After synthesis, this pigment spreads to the cells of
the other layers.
• Melanin
• Melanin is the skin pigment and It forms the major color
determinant of human skin.
• Skin becomes dark when melanin content increases.
• It is protein in nature and It is synthesized from the
amino acid tyrosine via dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA).
• Deficiency of melanin leads to albinism
(hypopigmentary congenItal disorder)
• HEMOGLOBIN IN THE BLOOD
Amount and nature of hemoglobin that circulates in the
cutaneous blood vessels play an important role in the
coloration of the skin.
• Pale, when hemoglobin content decreases
• Pink, when blood rushes to skin due to cutaneous
vasodilatation (blushing)
• Bluish during cyanosis, which is caused by excess
amount of reduced hemoglobin
• Sweat Gland
• 2 to 3 million
- Two types:
Merocrine: Distributed over all skin except nipples
(Eccrine) Simple coiled glands in dermis Duct leads
to
sweat pore on surface Secreted watery
sweat for
cooling
• Apocrine
• Located only in axillary, pubic,
anal regions Larger than eccrine
glands Duct opens into opening of
hair follicle Secretes thicker sweat,
high content of proteins and fats.
• Contains specific scent molecules:
sexual, fear, etc.
• Sweat is usually 99% water with a pH between 4 and 6
• Sweat glands produce 500ml of insensible perspiration
(no noticable wetness)daily
• Diaphoresis- sweating with wetness (up to 1 1 per hr
when exercising or in heat)Two specially modified sweat
glands: Ceruminous- found in the external ear canal.
Secretion combines with sebum and dead epidermal
cells to form earwax (keeps eardrum pliable, canal
waterproof and has a bactericidal effect)
• Mammary --milk producing glands found in the female
breast (modified apocrine glands)
Sebaceous (oil)
glands:-
• Branched tubular glands
• Duct opens into opening of hair
follicle
• Secretes sebum, consisting of
lipids, proteins, ions,
carbohydrates.
Function of skin
Barrier to keep water and solutes in
Barrier to keep bacterial, dirt, etc. out
Protection against abrasion
Contains sensory receptors for touch, temperature, pressure,
pain, etc.
Temperature regulation via hair, sweat, & amount of blood flow
Blood reservoir
Synthesis of vItamin D
Excretion
