Chapter 9: Skin and ITS APPENDAGES main function is to protect
the body from harmful
influences from the
Integumentary System environment and against
The word integument is fluid loss
derived from the Latin
word integumentum
Appendages: skin, hair,
nails, glands
Functions
Serves as barrier
Provides protection (vital organs)
Assists in immune defense
Excretes waste materials and waste products
Regulates body temperature
Blood reservoir Different layers of the epidermis
Receptive for touch, pain, pressure and temperature (superficial to the deepest)
Synthesis of Vitamin D Stratum C orneum
Provides coloration and protection from the sun with Stratum L ucidum
skin pigments Stratum G ranulosum
Restricts the movement of fluids leaving and Stratum S pinosum
entering the body
Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
TWO PROPERTIES
Semi-permeable
With shallow grooves and ridges (fingerprints)-
basis for individual identification
Structure
In adults, the skin covers an area of approximately
2 square meters and accounts for nearly 15% of
one's body weight. Its thickness varies from 0.5-5.0
mm depending on the location on the body.
Consists of two layers
Stratum Basale
A.k.a Stratum germinativum
TYPES OF SKIN It consists of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal
Thick Thin cells which rest on the basement membrane
Contains numerous Dermal papillae are Many mitotic figures are seen among keratinocytes
sweat glands but shorter in this layer (bound by desmosomes)
lacks hair follicles and Contains sweat
sebaceous glands glands, hair follicles, & Stratum Spinosum
Covers the palms & sebaceous glands Prickle cell layer
soles Covers the whole body A.k.a Stratum Malpighi
Consist of 5 layers except the palms & The cells become irregularly polygonal.
(CLGSB) soles The cells are often separated by narrow, translucent
Stratum granulosum clefts. These clefts are spanned by spine-like
is poorly developed or cytoplasmic extensions of the cells (“intercellular
absent bridges”)
Does not have
stratum lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Consists of few layers of flattened cells
Cytoplasm of the cells contains numerous fine
2 LAYERS OF SKIN grains, keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules
Epidermis Cells are no longer capable of mitosis (dead cells
Outer layer already)
Histologically formed by an epithelium and is of
ectodermal origin Stratum Lucidum
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium “Clear layer”; translucent appearance
an avascular structure
Consists of several layers of flattened dead cells.
Cells have an affinity to acidic dyes
Keratinocytes are devoid of organelles It contains
Stratum Corneum blood vessels,
A.k.a Stratum disjunctum nerves, lymph
Cells have become heavily cornified because they are vessels,
completely filled with keratin filaments (horny cells) sebaceous
The protection of the glands, sweat
body by the epidermis is glands, and hair
essentially due to the shafts
functional features of can be
the stratum corneum subdivided into
two layers
2 layers of dermis
Upper Papillary layer: Contains touch and pain
receptors, which communicate with the central
nervous system, and this layer is responsible for the
folds of the fingerprints. It is a loose connective
tissue.
Lower Reticular layer: Made of dense elastic fibers
that house the hair follicles, nerves, and glands.
It is a dense irregular connective tissue with
many bundles of collagenous fibers running
parallel to the skin surface.
4 principal cells (epidermis) There are smooth muscle cells, the arrector
Keratinocytes- Comprise pili, associated with hair shafts, and many
voluntary muscle cells to control facial
approximately 90% of all expressions
epidermal cells.
These cells produce a
protein mixture known as RETICULAR LAYER
keratin which helps resists Responsible for the toughness and strength of skin
water and protect the skin Dispersed with elastic fibers
They divide continuously Sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles are
embedded
Melanocytes- Comprise
approximately 8% of all HYPODERMIS
epidermal cells. These cells The hypodermis
produce a group of which is also known
pigments known as melanin as the
which are responsible for subcutaneous
skin, hair and eye color. tissue attaches
the skin to
Contains cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules underlying bones
called melanosomes and muscles and
Skin color is an admixture of carotene, hemoglobin, also supplies it with
melanin blood vessels and
nerves.
Langerhans cells- These cells arise from the bone marrow The hypodermis
and migrate to the epidermis. These cells play an consist mostly of
important role in the immune response loose connective tissue and adipose cells.
They contain rod-shaped membrane-bound granules As much as one half of the body's stored fat is
called Birbeck granules or vermiform granules located in the hypodermis
Panniculus adiposus (layer of adipose tissue)
Merkel cells – disc-shaped cells are located in the
deepest regions of the epidermis and are associated APPENDAGES OF THE
with sensory neurons and are thought to function in the
sensation of pressure or touch (Merkel disc)
SKIN
Structures that are
derived from the
epidermis.
Dermis Consist of hair, nail, and
“Corium” cutaneous glands
consists of connective tissue and develops from
the mesoderm.
HAIR Nail groove – where the nail root is embedded
Filamentous, keratinized structure Lunula – white-crescent shaped area at the
A hair is divided into the shaft which is the aspect of proximal portion of the nail plate
the hair that protrudes above the surface of the Nail cuticle or eponychium – covers the dorsal
skin and the root which is the aspect of the hair that surface of the nail plate
is beneath the surface of the skin.
The base of the root is expanded and is known as the Hyponychium – thickened layer of epidermis under
hair bulb and a deep concavity occupied by hair papilla the distal part of the nail
that is enveloped by a hair matrix Functionally, nails allow us to grasp and manipulate
small objects. In addition, nails also provide
HAIR STRUCTURE protection against trauma to the distal ends of the
digits
It is implanted obliquely
A hair is composed of numerous columns of dead ,
keratinized cells held tightly together in three
concentric layers known as the medulla, cortex and
cuticle.
Medulla-occupies the core of the hair(absent in
thin hair)
Cortex-surrounds the medulla, (thickest part)
Cuticle –thinnest layer
Each hair root is enclosed by external and internal
root sheaths.
Hair root + sheaths hair follicle
Glands
two major glands of the
skin:
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands are
located in the dermis
and are usually
connected to hair
follicles.
“When there is hair,
there is sebaceous
glands” (except in some areas)
They are holocrine glands
These glands produce sebum
Simple, branched alveolar glands that are embedded
in the dermis and occasionally in the hypodermis.
NAILS The typical sebaceous gland has a short duct lined
Nails are plates of hard, tightly packed keratinized by stratified squamous epithelium.
cells of epidermis that form the nail plates and
rests on the nail bed
Nail matrix- The most proximal portion of the nail.
Free edge- The aspect of the nail that may extend
past the distal end of the digit.
Nail root- The aspect of the nail that is buried
underneath a fold of skin
TYPES OF GLAND SECRETION
Merocrine secretion - cells excrete their substances
by exocytosis; for example, pancreatic acinar cells,
eccrine sweat glands.
Apocrine secretion - a portion of the plasma
membrane buds off the cell, containing the
excretion.
Holocrine secretion - the entire cell disintegrates to
excrete its substance; for example, sebaceous
glands of the skin and nose.
Sweat glands
Also known as sudoriferous glands
There are approximately 3 to 4 million sweat glands
in the human body
Divided into two types, eccrine & apocrine, based on
their structure and location
ECCRINE
APOCRINE
Eccrine sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands, also known as merocrine sweat
glands, are the most common type of sweat glands
Opens directly onto the surface of the skin through
sweat pores.
Eccrine glands are most numerous on the palms of
the hands & the soles of the feet
A is the myoepithelium,
B is the cuboidal
epithelium. The cuboidal
epithelium secretes
sweat through the
eccrine method, the
myoepithelium causes
contraction of the gland
and expulsion of sweat
through the duct.
apocrine sweat glands
usually opens into hair follicles superficial to the
opening of sebaceous glands
These glands are typically found in the axillae,
genitalia ,around the anus, areola of the breast and
labia majora
Become functional only at puberty
