The Integumentary System
01 02
Protects the internal structures
Stores fat
of the body from damage
Arector pl
muscle
Epidermis
03 04 Touch
roceplor
Produces vitamins and Dermis
Prevents dehydration
hormones. Sensory
nerve
Hypodermis Pressure
receotor
Merocrine
woat
folicle \Apocrine
gland Suboutaneous Bweat gland
artery & voin
The Integumentary System
05 06
It is the body's first line of It helps to provide protection
defense against bacteria, from harmful ultraviolet
viruses, and other pathogens. radiation. Arector pll
muscle
Epidermis-E
07 08 Touch
receptor
Dermis
Helps to maintain homeostasis The skin is a sensory organ
within the body by assisting with receptors for detecting Sensory
with the regulation of body heat and cold, touch, pressure. nerve
temperature and water and pain. Hypodermis Pressure
receotor
balance.
Merocrine nenve
Swoat tollicle Apocrine
gland Suboutaneous BWBat gland
adery & vain
SODaceOUs
Arrector pil gland
muscle
Epidermis-C Touch
receptor
Dermis
Sensory
nerve
Hypodermis Pressure
receptor
Mötor
Merocrine nenve
sweat
Hair
folicde Apocrine
gland Subcutaneous sweat gland
artery &vein
The Integumentary System
Together the skin, hair, and nails are known as the Integumentary System
01 02
Every month the outer layer of Few body parts renew as Integumentary System
epidermis is completely rapidly as the skin.
Hair
replaced, at a rate of 30,000 shaft
Hair
follicle
flake-like dead cells every
minute. Epidermis
03 04 Dermis - Erector
muscle
The skin is the largest organ in Its thickness varies from
Hypodermis Sebaceous
the body, weighing 6-9 about 1/50 inch on delicate
gland
pounds and with a surface area areas such as the eyelids, to
of almost 21 square feet. 1/5 inch or more on areas of Hair
wear and tear, such as the bulb
soles of the feet.
Integumentary System
Hair
Hair
shaft
follicle
Epidermis
Dermis Erector
muscle
Hypodermis Sebaceous
gland
Hair
bulb
Skin has two main structural
layers
The outer Epidermis is chiefly protective, and
the underlying Dermis contains mainly different Integumentary System
tissues with varied functions.
Hair
The Dermis contains thousands of microsensors Hair
shaft
follicle
that enable the sense of touch, as well as sweat
glands and adjustable blood vessels that Epidermis H
contribute to body temperature regulation.
Dermis Erector
Under the dermis as a layer, sometimes regarded muscle
as part of the skin, called the Hypodermis and Sebaceous
is made of subcutaneous fat. Hypodermis
gland
This layer acts as a buffer and provides extra Hair
bulb
thermal insulation against extreme heat and
cold.
Structure and Function of Skin
Skin is the largest organ of the human body. It is an impressive and vital organ. It is álhashy surface
with hair, nerves, glands and nails. It consists of hair follicles which anchor hair strahd isko ihek
skin.
It acts as a barrier between outside and inside environment.
The skin has different thicknesses and textures. E.g. the skin under the eyes is as thin as paper but is
thick at the soles of the feet and palm.
The skin acquires an arca of 20 square feet on our body surface.
It protects us from external elements, regulates the body temperature by releasing water in the form of
Sweat, and allows sensations such as touch, heat, and cold. It also guards the bones, muscles and
other vital organs of our body.
Structure of Skin
It provides a protective covering throughout our body and
acts as the body's initial barrier against external harmful
substances or foreign particles. The hair is made up of a
protein called keratin, and the same protein is found in
hooves, horns, claws and nails of other animals too.
The structure of the skin is made up of three layers of,
namely:
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Epidermis
It is the outermost layer of the skin. The cells in this layer are
called keratinocytes. The keratinocytes are composed of
a protein called keratin. Keratin strengthens the skin and
makes it waterproof.
Melanocytes that produce melanin are also present in this
layer. In addition, Merkel cells essential for light-touch
sensation and Langerhans cells, part of the immune
system are also present on the skin.
The epidermis is subdivided into the following layers:
Stratum corneum
Granular cell layer
Spinous cell layer
Basal cell layer
Basal Layer
is beneath all other layers of the epidermis, where
new cells are produced continuously. As a result, cells
get an upward thrust by the continuous formation of new
cells. They grow actively because of the blood supply
below this layer due to the presence of blood vessels.
Spinous and Granular Layer
As these cells approach the next layer, they vary in their
shapes and sizes. These irregularities give rise to the next
layer, the spinous layer, above which the cells proceed to
the granular layer. Cells hence begin to shrivel and die as
a result of being far away from the blood supply. This
results in the formation of a protein called Keratin.
Stratum Corneum
The outermost layer of the epidermis is the stratum
corneum, which consists of dead and uniform scale-like
cells which are overlapped. These cells contain abundant
keratin and provide rigidity to the skin. These cells are
regularly peeled off the skin's surface which is balanced
by the cells of the basal layer.
Types of Epidermal Cells
There are three main cell types in the epidermis:
1. Melanocytes - These cells are located in the basal cell layer and produce a pigment
called melanin which is absorbed by the new cells to protect against harmful sun rays.
The two factors that govern the melanin quantity in one's body is - genes and amount
of exposure to sunlight.
2. Keratinocytes They are the main cells which are produced in the basal layer and
approach towards the outermost layer.
3. Langerhans - These cells are specialized to protect the body against foreign particles
and hence is part of the immune system.
The epidermis and the dermis layer are connected through a dermo-epidermal junction
and contain the basement membrane.
Dermis
Beneath the epidermis is the dermis layer.
It consists of papillae which form finger-like projections.
This layer constitutes of fat, fibers and collagen which makes the skin flexible and strong.
Dermis synthesizes Vitamin D to absorb calcium on exposure to sunlight.
It consists of blood vessels which supply blood for the formation of new cells.
They are also vital in regulating body temperature. Nerves in the dermis are sensitive
to environmental factors such as pressure and temperature. Also, it contains the hair follicles
and sebaceous oil gland which produces sebum.
Itacts as a lubricant and protects the skin by acting against the microbes.
Sweat glands are produced all over the skin and release sweat through specialized ducts.
They help the body to eliminate salts and minerals such as urea.
An arrector pili muscle is attached to each hair follicle. This helps in the erection of hair when
we experience cold or strong emotions.
Hypodermis
This subcutaneous layer is made up of fat and forms the innermost layer.
Its thickness is dependent on the region where they appear and vary. For example, the
area around the eye is comparatively thinner for the easy movement of the eye.
Fat stored provides energy and is crucial in reacting to ambient temperature. It
insulates the body from heat and cold. It cushions the internal organs, muscles and
bones, and protects them from any injuries
Functions of Skin
Protection from the Environment
Prevents Water Loss
Sensation
Regulation of Temperature
Camouflage
Storage
Excreting Scent Signals
How an injury gets repaired by the
body
1. Injury 2. Clotting
The wound breaks open Blood sweeps from the
cells and releases their vessel and forms a clot.
contents. These components
attract various defense and Fibroblasts multiply and
repair cells. migrate to the damaged
area as do white cells called
neutrophils, which ingest
cell debris and foreign
matter, such as dirt and
germs.
How an injury gets repaired by the
body
Plugging Scabbing
Fibroblasts produce a plug of The plug hardens and dries into
fibrous tissue within the clot, a scab, which eventually
which contracts Detaches.
and shrinks. New tissue begins A scar may remain but usually
to form beneath. fades with time.
The clot gradually hardens and,
expels fluid to become a scab,
as the tissues heal beneath.
Wound Healing Process
Blood Clot
Hemostasis and Coagulation
Scab
Fibroblast
Infammation
Macrophage
Blood Vessel
Fibroblast
Proliferating Proliferation and migratiom 19
Blood vessel
Freshly healed epidermis Remodeling
Freshly healed dermis
