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The Integumentary System

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22 views

The Integumentary System

Uploaded by

elkanachitwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pwani University

SHHS
Integumentary system
Nursing One
Outline
• Integumentary system
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hair, pilosebaceous unit
• Hypodermis
• Nail
Introduction
• Integumentary system – skin and skin derivatives(Hair, nails and
glands)
• Skin is the largest organ in the body
• Dependent in the location it can be thin or thick
• Skin all over the body has three layers
• Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
• Glabrous skin- Thick skin found over the palm, the soles of the feet
and flexor surfaces of fingers free from hair
Skin cont.
• Hirsute skin- Found everywhere else, contains hair

Functions of Skin
1.Protection: against harmful microorganisms, foreign material
and it prevents excessive loss of body fluid.
2.Temperature regulation: with the sweat, heat leaves the body
3.Excretion: Small amount of waste products from the body such as urea
4.Synthesis: By the action of UV. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin.
Vitamin D is necessary for absorption calcium from intestine.
5.Sensory reception: it contains sensory receptors of heat, cold, touch,
pressure, and pain.
https://medictests.com/units/the-integumentary-system
https://medictests.com/units/the-integumentary-system
Epidermis
• Most superficial layer of the skin
• Formed by Layers of keratinocytes undergoing terminal maturation
• Involves a process called cornification – Increased keratin production
and migration to the surface
• Other cells in the epidermis that are non keratinocytes are as follows:
melanocytes,langerhans cells,Merkel cells
Epidermis cont.
Cell Description Function
Keratinocytes squamous epithelial cells Protect the inner body
that originate from basal
stem cells; continuously
mature from basal to
corneum layer and
desquamate

Melanocytes synthesise melanin that Melanin synthesis


gives color to the skin and
protects it from ultraviolet
radiation

Langerhans cells antigen presenting cells Immune function

Merkel cells Mechanoreceptors Sensory


Epidermis cont.
Layer of epidermis Description

Stratum basale( bottom layer) Stem cells constantly undergoing mitosis, regenerate
other layers

Stratum spinosum contains post-mitotic cells from stratum


basale that contain keratine fibrils;
melanosomes, Langerhans cells
Stratum granulosum flattened, polygonal pycnotic cells that
contain keratohyaline granules, Odland bodies

Stratum lucidum present only in palms and soles; translucent


cells filled with keratine filaments

Stratum Corneum( top.layer) dead, non-nucleated cells filled with keratine


filaments
Epidermis cont.
• Stratum basale – mitosis of keratinocytes occurs in this layer.Attached to
basement membrane by hemidesmosomes. Forms epidermal
ridges( fingerprints)
• Stratum spinosum – keratinocytes are joined by tight intercellular junctions
called desmosomes.
• Stratum granulosum – cells secrete lipids and other waterproofing molecules
in this layer.
• Stratum lucidum – cells lose nuclei and drastically increase keratin production.
• Stratum corneum – cells lose all organelles, continue to produce keratin.
• Keratinocyte takes 30-40 days to migrate from basal layer to stratum Corneum
Epidermis: layers of the epidermis
Epidermis: Layers of the epidermis

https://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/ultrastructure/
skin/
Dermis
• immediately deep to the epidermis and is tightly connected to it
through a highly-corrugated dermo-epidermal junction
• Two layers- papillary layer( superficial), and reticular layer(deeper)
• reticular layer is considerably thicker, and features thicker bundles of
collagen fibres that provide more durability
• Structures found in the dermis-Fibroblasts, mast cells, Blood vessels,
Cutaneous sensory nerves,Skin appendages
Dermis cont.
• Fibroblasts – these cells synthesise the extracellular matrix, which is
predominantly composed of collagen and elastin.
• Mast cells – these are histamine granule-containing cells of the innate
immune system.
• Blood vessels and cutaneous sensory nerves
• Skin appendages – e.g. hair follicles, nails, sebaceous and sweat
glands. Although present in the dermis, these structures are derived
from the epidermis which descend into the dermis during
development.
Dermis cont.
https://
my.clevelandclinic.org/
health/body/22357-
dermis
Histological slide skin

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22357-dermis
Dermis: hair follicles and sebaceous
glands
• Pilosebaceous unit is hair follicle plus sebaceous glands
• Hair follicle associated with Arrector pilla muscle, contracts to Cause
follicle to stand upright
• Sebaceous glands release Glandular secretions through holocrine
mechanism
Dermis : Hair
Hair is composed of Keratinized threads of cells, which develops from the epidermis. Because it arises from the skin, it is considered an appendage of the skin. It covers the entire body except the
palms, soles, lips, tip of penis, inner lips of vulva and nipples.

Function
-Insulation against cold in scalp
-Against glare in eye brows
-Screen against foreign particles (eye lashes)
-In the nostrils trap dust particles in the inhaled air
-Protect openings from foreign particles.
Dermis: sweat glands
• Two main types
1. Sudoriferous /sweat/ glands
• Eccrine glands – the major sweat glands of the human body.
They release a clear, odourless substance, comprised mostly of sodium
chloride and water – which is involved in thermoregulation.
• Apocrine glands – larger sweat glands, located in the axillary and
genital regions. These apocrine glandular products can be broken
down by cutaneous microbes, producing body odour.
2. Sebaceous (Oil) glands

Sebaceous glands are simple branched alveolar glands found in the


dermis. Their main functions are lubrication and protection. They are
connected to hair follicles and secret oily secretion called sebum. It is a
semi fluid substance composed of entirely lipids. It functions as a
permeability barrier, an emollient (skin softening) and a protective a
gent against bacteria and fungi. This type of gland found all over the
body except in the palms and soles. Acne vulgaris is a condition when
there is over secretion of sebum, which may enlarge the gland and plug
the pore.
Dermis: sweat glands

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/
multimedia/sweat-glands/img-20007980
Hypodermis
• hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue, is immediately deep to the
dermis.
• It is a major body store of adipose tissue, and as such can vary in size
between individuals depending on the amount of fatty tissue present.
Clinical applications
• Alopecia areata
• Vitiligo
• Psoriasis
• Tinea infections of the skin
• Dermatitis
• Liposuction is done in the hypodermis
Color of the skin

Skin’s color is determined by 3 factors


1.The presence of melanin a dark pigment produced by specialized cell
called melanocyte
2.The accumulation of yellow pigment carotene.
3.The color of blood reflected through the epidermis

*The main function of melanin is to screen out excessive ultraviolet rays.


*All races have some melanin in their skins although the darker races have
slightly more melanocyte. The person
The Nail
Nails, like hair are modifications of the epidermis. They are made of hard
keratin. Nails are composed of flat, cornified plates on the dorsal surface
of the distal segment of the fingers and toe. The proximal part of nail is
lunula, which is white in its color because of the capillaries underneath are
covered by thick epithelium. Nail has body and root. The body is the
exposed part and the root is hidden under the skin. The nail ends with a
free edge that overhangs the tip of the fingers. Epithelial layer covering
underneath of the fore-hang nail is hyponychyem. The nail rests on an
epithelial layer of skin called nail bed. The thicker layer of skin beneath
the nail root is the matrix, where new cells are generated. Nail grows
0.5 m.m a week. Thin layers of epidermis called eponychium originally
cover the growing nail. Our nail protects our fingers and toes. It also
allows picking up and grasping objects as well we use them to scratch.
Nail cont.
Nail cont.
Nail cont.
References
• Gray’s anatomy
• https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-the-skin
• https://medictests.com/units/the-integumentary-system
• https://www.slideshare.net/itutor/the-integumentary-system-21210498
• https://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/ultrastructure/skin/
THANK YOU

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