Tissues:
09/09/2023 BY GELANE S 1
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the class:-
The student should be know :
definition of tisue
the four types of tissue
Main characteristics of four types
Function of tissue
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Introduction
Tissues:- Groups of cells closely associated, that
have a similar structure and perform a related
function.
The human body is composed of only four basic
types of tissue
• Epithelial = covering/lining
• Connective = support
• Muscle = movement
• Nervous = control
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Main characteristics of the four basic types of
tissues.
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• These tissues, which all contain cells and
molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM)
• Most organs contain all 4 basic types of tissue
• The study of tissues is known as histology
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelia are cellular sheets that line the cavities of organs and
cover the body surface.
The principal functions of epithelial (Gr. epi, upon, + thele,
nipple) tissues are:
Covering, lining, and protecting surfaces (eg, skin)
Absorption ( eg, the intestines)
Secretion (eg, the epithelial cells of glands)
Specific cells of certain epithelia may be contractile
(myoepithelial cells) or
Specialized sensory cells, such as those of taste buds or the
olfactory epithelium.
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Special Characteristics of Epithelia
Cellularity
cells are in close contact with each other with little or no intercellular space
between them
Specialized contacts
may have junctions for both attachment and communication
Polarity
epithelial tissues always have an apical and basal surface
Support by connective tissue
at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue
contribute to the basement membrane
Avascular
nutrients must diffuse
Innervated
Regeneration
epithelial tissues have a high capacity for regeneration
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Classification of Epithelium
Epithelia can be divided into two main groups: covering (or lining)
epithelia and secretory (glandular) epithelia.
Covering or lining Epithelia
Based on number of layers and cell shape
Based on Layers
Simple
Stratified
Psuedostratified
Based on cell Shapes
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
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Classifications & Naming of Epithelia
• First name of tissue indicates number of layers
– Simple – one layer of cells
– Stratified – more than one
layer of cells
– Psuedostratified nuclei
are at different positions, so it appears layered, but all
the cells contact the basement membrane
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Classification & Naming of Epithelia
• Last name of tissue describes shape of cells
– Squamous – cells wider
than tall (plate or “scale” like)
– Cuboidal – cells are as wide
as tall, as in cubes
Columnar – cells are taller than
they are wide, like columns
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Naming Epithelia
Naming the epithelia includes both the layers (first) and the shape
of the cells (second)
◦ i.e. stratified cuboidal epithelium
The name may also include any accessory structures
◦ Goblet cells
◦ Cilia
◦ Keratin
Special epithelial tissues (don’t follow naming convention)
◦ Transitional
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Most abundant and diverse tissue
• In general, connective tissue consists of cells
and an extracellular matrix (ECM).
• ECM includes structural (fibers) and
specialized proteins that constitute the ground
substance.
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• Functions
connecting
Storing
carrying nutrients
protection
fight infection
• CT contains large amounts of non-living extracellular
matrix
• Some types vascularized
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Connective Tissue
Most diverse and abundant tissue
Main classes
◦ Connective tissue proper
-loose connective tissue
-dense connective tissue
◦ Fluid connective tissue -Blood
◦ Supporting connective tissues
-Cartilage
-Bone tissue
Components of connective tissue:
◦ Cells (varies according to tissue)
◦ Protein fibers
◦ Ground substance matrix
Common embryonic origin – mesenchyme
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Functions of muscle tissue
Movement
Maintenance of posture
Joint stabilization
Heat generation
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Special functional characteristics of muscle
Contractility
Only one action: to shorten
Shortening generates pulling force
Excitability
Nerve fibers cause electrical impulse to travel
Extensibility
Stretch with contraction of an opposing muscle
Elasticity
Recoils passively after being stretched
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Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal
• Attach to and move skeleton
• 40% of body weight
• Fibers = multinucleate cells (embryonic cells fuse)
• Cells with obvious striations
• Contractions are voluntary
• Cardiac: only in the wall of the heart
• Cells are striated
• Contractions are involuntary (not voluntary)
• Smooth: walls of hollow organs
• Lack striations
• Contractions are involuntary (not voluntary)
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
– Long, cylindrical cells
– Multinucleate
– Obvious striations
• Function
– Voluntary movement
– Manipulation of
environment
– Facial expression
• Location
– Skeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin)
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Function
– Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
• Characteristics
– Branching cells
– Uni-nucleate
– Intercalated discs
• Location
– Occurs in walls of heart
• Smooth Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
– Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
– Arranged closely to form
sheets
– No striations
• Function
– Propels substances along
internal passageways
– Involuntary control
• Location
– Mostly walls of hollow organs
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Nervous Tissue
• Function
– Transmit electrical signals
from sensory receptors to
effectors
• Location
– Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Description
– Main components are brain,
spinal cord, and nerves
– Contains two types of cells
• Neurons – excitatory cells
• neuroglia cells-Supporting cells
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Thank you!
By Gelane S
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