WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND

HEALTH SCIENCES

ASSESSMENT, PRIORITIZATION AND INTERVENTION OF HEALTH AND

HEALTH RELATED PROBLEMS IN JAJURA HEALTH CENTER CATCHMENT
AREA, HADIYA, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA, 2023.

BY: JAJURA TEAM

ADVISORS:-MARKOS SELAMU

TADDESE LALAGO

LONSEKO ABUTE

JULY, 2023

JAJURA, ETHIOPIA

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

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COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES

ASSESSMENT, PRIORITIZATION AND INTERVENTION OF HEALTH AND

HEALTH RELATED PROBLEMS IN JAJURA HEALTH CENTER CATCHMENT
AREA, JAJURA TOWN ADIMINSTRATION, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA, 2023

ADVISORS: - MARKOS SELAMU (BSc, MPH)

TADDESE LALAGO (BSc, MSc)

LONSEKO ABUTE (BSc, MPH, PhD candidate)

PREPARED BY JAJURA TEAM MEMBERS

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NO NAME ID. No DEPARTMENT
1 Dr.DESTA ALEMU MEDICINE
2 Dr.DEMIREW DABARO MEDICINE
3 Dr.TESFAHUN BEKELE MEDICINE
4 Dr.TEKALIGN YEHUALAWORK MEDICINE
5 Dr.FIKIREAB TESFAYE MEDICINE
6 ELISABETH SIMION PHO
7 FIRAOL GUDETA PHO
8 ABRAHAM DINSA PHO
9 BETALIHEM NIGUSSIE M/LABORATORY
10 BURUK ANMAW M/LABORATORY
11 ELALEDIN KEDIR M/LABORATORY
12 MINTASINOT TOMAS M/LABORATORY
13 DERARA TAYE S/ NURSING
14 FIROMSA MOSISA S/ NURSING
15 EDEN TIKABO P/NURSING
16 EYERUSALEM GETACHEW P NURSING
17 KASECH TERBINOS ANESTHESIA
18 HENAN ZERIHUN ANESTHESIA
19 ALIFA TAJU MEDIWIFERS
20 HASSEN MOHAMMED C/NURSING
21 MUAZ MOHAMMED C/NURSING
22 OBSA SHAZALI C/NURSING
23 AMANUEL SEWAYEHU C/NURSING

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Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Wachemo University College of Medicine and Health Science for
arranging this practical field training program and giving us the opportunity to go through
identification of the actual community problems and take part in problem solving activities in a
concerted way. Our deepest gratitude is to our advisor Mr.Markos, Mr. Taddese and Mr.
Lonseko devoted his time to guide and help us by giving constructive suggestion and facilitating
necessary materials .Our special thanks also go to the administrative bodies in Jajura town health
admin office and Jajura health center for their cooperation and willingness to provide us valuable
information. Most importantly our thanks go to the respondents in the study area for their
voluntary participation in this study.

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Table of content
Acknowledgement........................................................................................................................................i
Table of content...........................................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURE................................................................................................................v
ACROMOMY AND ABREVATION.......................................................................................................vii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................9
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................9
1.1. Background......................................................................................................................................9
1.2 Statement of the problem.................................................................................................................11
1.3 Significance of the study.................................................................................................................13
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................................14
2.1. Vital statistics.................................................................................................................................14
2.2. Environmental Health Condition....................................................................................................14
2.2.1 Housing condition.....................................................................................................................14
2.2.2 Water Supply............................................................................................................................15
2.2.3 Waste Disposal and sanitation..................................................................................................16
2.3 Maternal and Child health................................................................................................................17
2.3.1 Family planning........................................................................................................................17
2.3.2 Antenatal care...........................................................................................................................17
2.3.3 Child Immunization..................................................................................................................17
2.3.4 Institutional and non-institutional delivery...............................................................................18
3. Objectives..............................................................................................................................................19
3.1 General Objective............................................................................................................................19
3.2 Specific objectives...........................................................................................................................19
4. Methods and Materials..........................................................................................................................20
4.1 Study area and period......................................................................................................................20
4.2 Study design....................................................................................................................................22
4.3 Population........................................................................................................................................22
4.3.1 Source population.....................................................................................................................22
4.3 2. Study Population......................................................................................................................22
4.3.3 Study unit..................................................................................................................................22

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4.4 Eligibility criteria.............................................................................................................................22
4.4.1 Inclusion criteria.......................................................................................................................22
4.4.2 Exclusion criteria......................................................................................................................22
4.5 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION..............................................................................................22
4.6 SAMPLING METHOD AND PROCEDURE.................................................................................23
4.7. Study variables...............................................................................................................................23
4.8. Operational definition.....................................................................................................................23
4.9. Data collection instrument and quality control...............................................................................25
4.10. Data processing and analysis plan................................................................................................25
4.11. Ethical consideration....................................................................................................................25
4.12. Dissemination of results................................................................................................................25
5. RESULT................................................................................................................................................26
5.1 Socio-demographic characteristics..................................................................................................26
5.2 Means of communication.................................................................................................................30
5.3 Vital statics......................................................................................................................................31
5.8 Environmental health survey...........................................................................................................33
5.4 WASTE DISPOSAL.......................................................................................................................34
5.5 Water supply....................................................................................................................................36
5.6 HOUSING CONDITION................................................................................................................38
5.7 FOOD SANITATION.....................................................................................................................40
5.8 INSECT AND VECTOR CONTROL.............................................................................................41
5.9 Maternal nutrition............................................................................................................................42
5.10 Child nutrition...............................................................................................................................42
5.11 Child immunization.......................................................................................................................45
5.12 Antenatal care................................................................................................................................46
5.13 Family planning.............................................................................................................................48
5.14 General information.......................................................................................................................49
5.15 Culture...........................................................................................................................................50
5.16 ANTROPOMETRICS MEASUREMENTS..................................................................................51
6. DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................................53
7. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................53
8. LIMITATION.......................................................................................................................................54

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Prioritizing criteria.................................................................................................................................54
Identified problem.......................................................................................................................................1
Prioritization of problem.........................................................................................................................1
Prioritized Problem..................................................................................................................................1
SWOT analysis............................................................................................................................................1
Action Plan of outreach...............................................................................................................................2
9. Situational Analysis of Jajura Health Centre.......................................................................................2
9.1 BACKGROUND OF THE JAJURA HEALTH CENTER............................................................2
9.2. Main services provided in the Jajura health center........................................................................3
9.3 Key activities of the Departments..................................................................................................3
OUTREACH RESULT......................................................................................................................................7
RESULT OF ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................7
Lastly...........................................................................................................................................................9
Reference.....................................................................................................................................................9

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LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURE
Figure 1: Sketched map of Jajura town, Hadiya zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July 2023...................21
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of 304 HHs in jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, July, 2023.......................................................................................................................27
Table 2: Means of communication among 304 HHs in jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, July, 2023.......................................................................................................................30
Table 3: Vital statics among 304 HHs in jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023
.......................................................................................................................................................31
Table 10: Environmental health survey of 304 households in Jajura town, Hadiya zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, July, 2023.......................................................................................................................33
Table 4: Waste disposal system of 304 households in Jajura town, Hadiya zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, July, 2023.......................................................................................................................34
Table 5:Water supply of 304 households in Jajura town, Hadiya zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July,
2023...............................................................................................................................................36
Table 6: Housing condition among 304 HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in
July, 2023.......................................................................................................................................38
.......................................................................................................................................................38
Table 7: Food sanitation among 304 HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in July,
2023...............................................................................................................................................40
Table 8: Insect and vector control among 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia in July, 2023....................................................................................................................41
Table 9: Maternal nutrition among 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in
July, 2023.......................................................................................................................................42
Table 10: Child nutrition among 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in July,
2023...............................................................................................................................................43
Table 11: Child immunization among 304 HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia
in July, 2023...................................................................................................................................45
Table 12: Antenatal care among 304 HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July,
2023...............................................................................................................................................46
Table 13: family planning of application among 304HHs in jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia,
July, 2023.......................................................................................................................................48
Table 14: General information about Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in July, 2023
.......................................................................................................................................................49
Table 15: Cultures among 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in July, 2023
.......................................................................................................................................................50
Table 16: Anthropometric measurements of children’s in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia in July, 2023....................................................................................................................51
Table 17: Prioritized problems in jajura Town, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia in 2023.......................1
Table 18: Action plan for prioritized problems in JajuraTown, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia in July
2023.................................................................................................................................................2

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Table 19:The most common disease that diagnosed in adult OPD from July 1-augst
15,Jajura,hadiya,SNNPR,Ethiopia,2022..........................................................................................3
Table 20: The most common disease that diagnosed in under 5 OPD from July 1-augst 15, Jajura,
Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, 2022.....................................................................................................3
Table 21: The most common laboratory tests done from July 1-augst 15, Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, 2022..................................................................................................................................4
Table 22: Action plan for static activities at Jajura health center by WCU graduating Health
Science students, 2023.....................................................................................................................4
Table 23: Action plan for static activities at Jajura health center by WCU graduating Health
Science students, 2023.....................................................................................................................4
Table 24: Action plan of TTP Prioritized problems in Jajura health center done by WCU
graduating Health Science students, 2023 `.....................................................................................5
Table 25 Plan for activities to be done on institution, restaurants, prison, Jajura town, Hadiya
Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023EC...........................................................................................5
Table 26: Findings from observation of institutions, restaurants, prison and Qera’s Jajura town
health center catchment, Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia, 2023.....................................................6
Figure 2: home to home education Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023.........................7
Figure 3: Restaurants inspection and education Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023.....7
Figure 4: Health education at waiting areas Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023...........8
Figure 5: Health education at OPD Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023........................8
Figure 6: Health education at ANC Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023........................8
Figure 7: Health education at market Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023.....................9
Figure 8: waste disposal cleaning campaign at Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023......9

ACROMOMY AND ABREVATION

AFI: Acute febrile illness
ANC: Antenatal Care
CBE: Community Based Education

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CBTP: Community Based Training Program
CDI: Community Directed Intervention
CHA: Community health assessment
EDHS: Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey
EPI: Expanded Program of Immunization
FP: Family planning
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
HEP: Health Extension Program
HEW: Health extension workers
HC: Health Center
HP: Health Post
HH: House hold
IUCD: Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
MCH: Maternal and Child Health
MDG: Millennium Development Goal
ORS: Oral Rehydration Salt
PAB: Prevention at Birth
PHC: Primary Health Care
PMTCT: Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission
PNC: Postnatal Care
SRP: Student research project
TDR: Tropical Disease Research
TTP: Team training Programme
URTI: Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
WCU: Wachemo University
WHO: World Health Organization

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ABSTRACT
Background: -TTP is one of educational means of training all categories of students of health
professionals to learn together the competency and skill they need to solve the problem which
are known to be particularly amenable to team work and inter professional action in real working
environment like health center. Health and health related problems were worsening in the world.
Drinking unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene also remain important causes of
death, with an estimated 871,000 associated deaths occurring in 2012. Such deaths
disproportionately occur in low-income communities and among children under 5 years of age.
Objective: To assess, Prioritize and intervene health and health related problems in the Jajura
Health center catchment area, south west Ethiopia, 2023.
Methods: A community descriptive study was conducted starting from July 13 -15, 2023. The
total sample size was 311. Then systematic random sampling method was used to select
households for interview from the selected kebele. Data would be collected by using structured
questionnaire using face to face interview with observation. The data would be checked for
completeness, coded, cleaned and entered into excel for analysis. Finally, the results would be
presented in statements and tables.
Result:From 56 pregnant women who visited ANC were 51(91.07%) and the remaining women
had not ever visited ANC 5(8.93%).In Jajura town highly residential/domestic waste
approximately 93.4%% of the (304) house hold has a domestic waste and 74% of the (304)
house hold doesn’t have schedule to collect the waste. The majority of the population uses the Pit
type of latrine facility 98.6%.In Jajura town among 304 HHs 84.5% were know about
contraceptive and 76.2% were not using contraceptive currently.

Conclusions
In general this study found number of health related problems in community; there are a lot of
factors for prevalence of each health related problems, According to our study 20 (6.6%) of
households didn't have latrine, even though most of them had284 (93.4%) latrine and in our
study majority of waste disposal system is sanitary land field which is 47.7%, The results of our
study also revealed that the proportion of women currently using FPMs was 23.8% in the
catchment area of our study area.

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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Community based Education (CBE) is a means of achieving educational relevance to community
needs and consists of learning activates that use the community -oriented education program. It
designed on three main strategies; which are team training program (TTP), community based
training program (CBTP), and community health assessment (CHA), sometimes SRP (student
research project), & the one which mainly used in an undergraduate level is the CBTP. Team
training program is a program conducted by a mix of students from different departments in the
college of health and medical sciences for gaining competence and skills through cooperative
and collaborative approaches.TTP is one of educational means of training all categories of
students of health professionals to learn together the competency and skill they need to solve the
problem which are known to be particularly amenable to team work and inter professional action
in real working environment like health center. Team training program to enable students to
develop positive attitudes towards rural practices ,appreciate community health activities and
challenges, establish community links with other sectors and promote inter-sectorial
collaboration, appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of health care provision, gain experience in
real life conditions, develop team work skills, develop communication skills with a range of
stakeholder and develop mechanisms which facilitate their involvement in all health activities
and develop their research skills.

In Ethiopia health related problems were major concerning area by government and other
organizations and the government makes different policies and strategies to improve ,so team
training program works systematically to collect, analyse and intervene health problems in
collaboration with the community. Without improved delivery of health services, the present
obstacles – accessibility, affordability and utilization of the health systems-will perpetuate
disparities and likely increase the risk factors, incidence and prevalence of treatable and
manageable health conditions as the size of vulnerable and marginalized urban populations
grows. Sustaining a healthy community were the goal of every part of the world. However,
achieving this goal requires careful planning and organized community members, health
organizations, academic institutions, and various government agencies [1].

Reduction in disease burden would enable these communities and groups to become more
economically active and, thereby, further reduce the socioeconomic factors contributing to
disease occurrence. Achieving reduction in disease burden lies in ensuring available health
interventions reach at risk. Many simple, affordable and effective disease control measures have
had limited impact due to poor access especially by the poorer populations (urban and rural) and
inadequate community participation [2]. ‘Community Directed Interventions for major health
problems in Africa’ was found to be effective and efficient thus providing overwhelming
evidence for its use as a strategy in delivering multiple interventions at the community level in

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rural Africa should be mandatory [2]. There is thus a need to test the feasibility, acceptability and
effectiveness of the CDI strategy.

During 2011-12, the World Health Organization’s Special Program for Research and Training in
Tropical Diseases (TDR) sponsored a multi-country situation analysis in four large and medium-
sized urban settings throughout Africa-including Ghana (Bolgatanga, Wa), Liberia (Monrovia),
Nigeria (Ibadan) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa) - to explore the feasibility of
the CDI approach in addressing multiple disease intervention in urban communities [4].

Health care was one of the crucial components of basic service that has a direct linkage to the
growth and development of the country as well as to the welfare of a society. Infectious and
communicable diseases accounts for about 60-80%.These are very high-unmet health care need
in rural Ethiopia that needs to be addressed through rapid expansion of Primary Health Care
(PHC) services. According to the study done in Dire dawa sabian kebele 02 revealed that out of
156 households fleas have found in 29(19.6%) households, mosquito in 73(46%), cockroaches in
94(60.05%) and rat in 57(36.5%). The effects of most housing conditions on human health
cannot be directly brought unless by its adverse circumstances. The adverse conditions were
found to be associated with communicable disease, intestinal infections, pneumonia, TB and
mental illness. Recently in some places government starts to build and distribute condominium
houses which reduce number of substandard houses [5].

Ethiopia, as one of developing countries, shares all the health related problems of other
developing countries. As an example, the reports of Federal ministry of health, and EDHS 2016
indicates level of Fertility is 4.6% , Infant Mortality Rate (48/1000) , Neonatal Mortality Rate
(29/1000) ,Under five mortality rate (67/1000) Maternal Mortality Ratio(412/100000), Expanded
Program of Immunization coverage (65% in urban and 35% in rural) [6]. Even though there is an
incredible improvement in health since 1950, there are still lots of challenges that have to be
solved. Over 7.5 million children under the age of 5 die from malnutrition and other preventable
diseases. 164,000 children (>5) died from measles in 2008.Malaria causes some 225 million
acute illnesses and over 780000 deaths annually and Tuberculosis kills 1.7 million people each
year, with 9.4 million new cases a year [6].

As a result of carrying out the community diagnosis, we acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes
necessary for working in different communities, learned from real-life situations, applied our

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Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Research methodology and other health sciences’ knowledge,
gained necessary skills for our future work as health professionals, as well as learned a more
comprehensive approach to the main health problems encountered in the community
1.2 Statement of the problem
Health and health related problems were worsening in the world. These problems are more
rampant in developing nations as compared to those in the developed world, Ethiopia as being
one of the countries in the developing nations, had been encountering much of their burdens
which aggravated the health problem. Those problems could have been minimized by good
health services management and strong political commitment as well as community participation
[7]. According to WHO survey 80% of all illness in developing countries is water and
environmental condition associated [8].

There are 884 million people without access to a safe water supply and 1100 million people do
not have access to latrines, 4 billion cases of diarrhea occur every year, Globally[8]. Child deaths
were concentrated in developing countries and in the first month of life and still need more rapid
progress to meet the 2015 targets of reduction by two-third. Nearly 50 million babies worldwide
are delivered without skilled care. Worldwide, only 9 in 10 women of reproductive age who are
married or in union and using contraceptive rely on modern method [9].

Every year 287,000 women die of complications during pregnancy or childbirth. There were
about 800 maternal deaths per single day or 1 maternal death per 2 minutes. Developing
countries account for 99% (284000) of the global maternal deaths, in sub-Saharan Africa
(162000) and Southern Asia (83000) [9].

Africa had made a good progress in reducing child and maternal mortality in recent years.
Under- five mortality rate reduced from 146 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990, to 91 deaths per
1000 in 2011.This implies 47% (1990-2011) reduction of under-five mortality in the continent.
Maternal death reduced from 745 deaths per 100,000 live births to 429 deaths per 100,000 live
births in 2010. Generally, maternal mortality fails 42% (1990-2010). But so far too many
children and pregnant women die each year from preventable diseases [9].

In Ethiopia 35% of house-holds get drinking water from unimproved source in average it is from
3% in urban and 43% in rural. More than half of rural house-holds (53%) travel greater than or
equal to 30 minutes round the trip to fetch the drinking water [10]. The current growth and

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transformation plan “GTP-II” clearly articulates, based on new water supply standard, to reach
85% from current 59% in rural areas and 75% from current 58% in urban areas by 2020[11].

According to EDHS 2016 in Ethiopia the contraceptive prevalence rate for currently married
women age 15-49 in Ethiopia is 36% and 58% in sexually active unmarried women. Total
fertility rate 4.6 children per woman. 38 % of women who gave birth were not received antenatal
care for their last birth. Deliveries assisted by skilled HP 28%. 49 % of women received
sufficient doses of tetanus toxoid to protect their last birth against neonatal tetanus.39 % of
children aged from 12 to 23 months have received all basic vaccinations. 16% of children in this
age group have not received any vaccinations [6].

About four in every ten Ethiopian women (41 %) did not receive any antenatal care for their last
birth in the five years preceding the survey. This represents a marked decline from fifteen years
ago when almost three in four (73%) pregnant women did not receive any antenatal care [13].
Sixteen percent of births in Ethiopia are delivered at a health facility 15 percent in a public
facility and 1 percent in a private facility [9].

The disease burden responsible for 74% of deaths and 81% of disability adjusted years lost per
year is dominated by malaria, prenatal and maternal death, URTI, Nutritional deficiency
(malnutrition), diarrheal and HIV/AIDS [12]. Based on single point estimate there are nearly 1.2
million people living with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia [12]. The adult prevalence rate was estimated
at 2.4 % and incidence rate is 0.29% 3 rd in Africa and 8th among the highest TB burdened
countries in the world [12].
As stated above, there were wide ranges of health and health related problem around the globe
including our country. So, the overall effort of this program as a means to identify health and
health related problems, design and implement appropriate interventions based on the findings of
community diagnosis. As a result, we TTP teams assigned in Jajura were developed this project
proposal to make community diagnosis and identify community problems in Jajura town and
design strategies, take actions which would intervene the situations in the near future.

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1.3 Significance of the study
As most of health related problems in Ethiopia were preventable, community health assessment
is an important tool to identify health status, health related problems, and factors that could affect
the society’s health. The result of this survey could be used by governmental and non-
governmental institutions to solve the community health related problems.
This study would provide valuable information for the government organization, NGOs, the
people as a whole. It makes health sector bureaus and the community as a hole to focus on the
listed main problems. The study helps the community to participate in their own problem and
initiating the people in such a way that the community would be able to solve their problems and
the action plan proposed by this study may easy the intervention of the administrator.
The study would also help the students to increase team work sprit, tolerance, problem solving
ability and to make them familiar for the problem of the society for better solution. This study
therefore aims to identify the community health and health related problems at the research site
and design subsequent intervention strategies. The recommendations from this survey would also
be helpful for local health planners to consider during their planning. This survey would also
provide baseline information and directions for further research activities in the area.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Vital statistics
Community based cross sectional study done on Hulbareg health center catchment area showed
that Among 377 households the total number of deaths in the last 12 month is 13, so among
those 1 dead persons were from each 7 households, 2 were from each 3 households but no death
is present in 367 total households [13].
A Cross sectional study conducted in Masbira kebele, Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone by public
Health students showed that, Among 251 households 11.6% of them, had mothers who have
given birth to a child in the last 12 months. Out of these mothers 58.6% were between the age of
26&36 [14]. According to research finding from worabe health center catchment area Among
380 total households, Majority of households 58% were include family number of 6-10.Among
them majority or 57% were males and rest were females, in which most of them or 71.4% were
dead in case of disease [15].
According to 2016 EDHS data show a remarkable decline in all levels of childhood mortality.
Infant mortality has declined by 42 percent over the 15-year period preceding the survey from
101 deaths per 1,000 live births to 59 deaths per 1,000 live births. Furthermore, under-five
mortality has declined by 47 percent over the same period from 166 deaths per 1,000 live births
to 88 deaths per 1,000 live births. Even though not to the same extent, the neonatal mortality has
also decreased over the 15-year period preceding the survey by 31 percent from 54 deaths per
1,000 live births to 37 deaths per 1,000 live births [6].
The 2016 EDHS result shows infant and child mortality Rate of 48/1000 and 67/1000
respectively. Proper medical attention and hygienic conditions during delivery can reduce the
risk of complications and infections that can cause the death or serious illness of the mother
and/or the newborn baby [6]
2.2. Environmental Health Condition
2.2.1 Housing condition
A Cross sectional study conducted in South Africa, showed that concerning total housing needs
in Africa have been set at around four million units per year with over 60 percent of the demand
required to improve the living condition in existing slums, fifty five new slums dwellers have
been added to the global population, sub Saharan Africa has slum population of 199.5 million,
south Asia 190.7 million, east Asia 189.6 million, north Africa 11.8 million have been added
[18].Community based cross sectional study done on Hulbareg health center catchment area

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from May 01 – 03, 2018 showed that Majority of HHs housing condition 86.47% were not
attached to their neighbor’s house or fence. Among 377 households, majority 78.25% HHs had
separate kitchen while the rest 21.75% were not separated from the house [13].
According to community based cross sectional study done in Bodity health center catchment
area, SNNPR, Ethiopia about 5(8%) of houses have 1 class, 17.7% 0f houses have 2 classes,
59.4% houses have 3 classes, 20% houses have 4 classes and rest of our respondents’ houses
have 5 and more classes. Out of 271 households 79.7% are cement floor and the rest 20.3% are
soil floor. Majority of our study households have adequate ventilation 77.1%. Those households
with moderate ventilation are 20.3% and 2.6% having poor ventilation n out of 271 houses. Out
of 271 households 76.8% are clean, 18% are moderately clean and 5.2%) are poor in cleanness
[16].
Community based cross sectional survey conducted in urban population Keble 05 Debiremarkos
town and shows that, all the studied houses had a roof that was made of sheet. 94.6% of the
houses had smooth wall which is not cracked and scratched while the remaining 5.4% were
scratched. 83.3% of studied houses had floor made of soil, and the rest 17.4% is made from
cement. During visiting, 60.6% houses’ window was opened. Half of them have been opened
daily and the other 40.6% windows have remaining is rented. Most of the family members sleep
on bed and the rest sleep on floor (`medeb`) [17].
According to EDHS 2011 report the majority of Ethiopia people which means 70% of the
population have 1 room for sleeping, 25% of the household have 2 room and 5% of the
population got 3 or more for sleeping [19].
2.2.2 Water Supply
According to EDHS 2016, about two-thirds of households in Ethiopia (65%) obtain their
drinking water from an improved source. This is an improvement since the 2011 EDHS, when
54% of households obtained drinking water from an improved source. Use of improved drinking
water sources is more common among households in urban areas (97%) than among those in
rural areas (57%) [6]. A community based cross sectional study was done in woliyta zone
Ethiopia about 51% of population have access to safe water [6].
The most common source of drinking water in urban areas is water piped into the dwelling, yard,
or plot (63%), to a neighbor (12%) or to a public tap or standpipe (13%), resulting in about 9 in
10 urban households (88%) using piped water. In rural areas, the most common sources of

15
drinking water are public tap or standpipe (19%), a tube well or borehole (13%) and a protected
spring (14%) [21].
Overall, 20 percent of households in Ethiopia have water on their premises, 77% in urban areas
versus only 6% in rural areas. Forty-five percent of households spend 30 minutes or longer to
obtain their drinking water, 53% in rural areas, as compared with only 13 percent in urban
households. More than 9 in 10 households (91 percent) do not treat their drinking water; this is
more common in rural than in urban areas (92 percent versus 88 percent). The most commonly
used method of water treatment is adding bleach or chlorine (3 percent). Overall, 7 percent of
households use an appropriate treatment method [21].
2.2.3 Waste Disposal and sanitation
The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) in 2014 showed that only 14% of the
urban population has access to improved sanitation facilities, which are capable of breaking feco-
oral routes of infection transmission. The same data source indicated that access to shared
sanitation was 33%. These data were not different from that indicated by EDHS 2011 [20].
According to 2016 EDHS Six percent of households in Ethiopia use an improved and not shared
toilet or latrine facility. Another 9% of households (35% in urban areas and 2 percent in rural
areas) use facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more
households. Half of households in urban areas (50%) use an unimproved toilet facility, compared
with more than 9 in 10 (94%) of households in rural areas [21]. The most common type of toilet
facility in both urban and rural households was a pit latrine without a slab or open pit (41% in
urban areas and 55% in rural areas). Overall, 32% of households have no toilet facility at all;
they are almost exclusively rural, accounting for 39% of rural households. There has been an
improvement since the 2011 EDHS, when 45% of all households in rural areas did not have a
toilet facility [19].
According to research finding in lera health center catchment area among total of 393 households
4.6% HHs had no latrine, 95.4% had latrine and of which 96.5% is traditional pit latrine, 2% was
shared, were 98% owned by the family (private).Among the total of HHs 88% HHs had no
associated hand washing material after toilet, 78.4% had no cover over their toilet. Majority of
HHs 68% had poor toilet utilization and 92% were unclean [21].
Community based cross sectional study done on Hulbareg health center catchment area from
showed that majority 96.89% HHs were had pit type of latrine [13].

16
2.3 Maternal and Child health
2.3.1 Family planning
According to EDHS 2016, 36 percent of currently married women are using a method of family
planning: 35 percent are using a modern method, and 1 percent is using a traditional method.
Among currently married women, the most popular methods are injectable (23 percent), implants
(8 percent), IUD, and the pill (2 percent each). The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) among
married women increases with age, peaking at age 25-29 (41 percent) before declining steadily
to 19 percent among women age 45-49. Urban women are much more likely than their rural
counterparts to use any method of contraception (52 percent versus 33 percent)[21].
According to 2016 EDHS women in Ethiopia have an average of 4.6 children and fertility varies
by residence, women in urban areas have 2.3 children on average compared with 5.2 children in
rural areas. Knowledge of family planning methods in Ethiopia is nearly universal; 97% of all
women and 98% of all men age 15–49 know at least one modern method of family planning. The
most commonly known methods are injectable, male condoms, and the pill [21].
2.3.2 Antenatal care
The 2016 EDHS results showed that 62 percent of women who gave birth in the five years
preceding the survey received antenatal care from a skilled provider at least once for their last
birth. Three in 10 women (32 percent) had four or more ANC visits for their most recent live
birth. Urban women were more likely than rural women to have received ANC from a skilled
provider (90 percent and 58 percent, respectively) and to have had four or more ANC visits (63
percent and 27 percent, respectively) [21].
The 2016 EDHS results showed that 49 percent of women received sufficient doses of tetanus
toxoid to protect their last birth against neonatal tetanus. The percentage of women whose last
birth was protected from tetanus is higher in urban than rural areas (72 % versus 46%) [21].
2.3.3 Child Immunization
The 2016 EDHS results showed that sixty-nine percent of children have received the BCG, 73
percent the first dose of pentavalent, 81 percent the first dose of polio, 67 percent the first dose of
the pneumococcal vaccine, and 64 percent the first dose of rotavirus vaccine. Fifty-four percent
of children have received a measles vaccination. Coverage rates decline for subsequent doses,
with 53 percent of children receiving the recommended three doses of the pentavalent, 56
percent the three doses of polio, 49 percent the three doses of the pneumococcal vaccine, and 56
percent the two doses of the Rota [21]. The 2016 EDHS collected information on the coverage of

17
all of these vaccines among children born in the 3 years preceding the survey. It was founded
that full vaccination coverage is much higher in urban areas (65%) than rural areas (35%). Full
vaccination coverage is highest in Addis Ababa (89 percent) and lowest in Afar (15
percent).Vaccination coverage increases with mother’s education. About 3 in 10 (31 percent) of
children whose mothers have no education are fully vaccinated compared with more than 7 in 10
(72 percent) of children whose mothers have more than a secondary education. Similar patterns
are observed by household wealth. [21]
2.3.4 Institutional and non-institutional delivery
Community based cross sectional survey conducted in urban population Keble 05 Debiremarkos
town and shows that, Among 47 couples, 6.47% and 14.41% of them married in the age less than
18 and greater than 18 years respectively. Among couples, 25.54% of women gave birth in the
age of less than 18 years old while 48.94% of them gave birth between the ages of 18-35 years
old. No abortion case (legal and illegal) was found in the last 12 month [17].
Community based cross sectional study done on Hulbareg health center catchment area from
May 01 – 03, 2018 showed that Majority of respondents 93.58% were know about family
planning, but among them 38.89% were ever utilized FP[13].
A Cross sectional study conducted in Masbira kebele, Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone by public
Health students showed that, 30.58% of the household women feed breast to their child and
among 88 children 88.5% have begun supplementary food. From 33 households those who feed
supplementary feeding to their children 84.8% feed fruit and vegetable to their children. From
their study households, 80% of breast feeding mothers expose their children to sun light. Among
20 male children of age 6 month-2 years, 40% are within MUAC value of11-11.9 [14].

18
3. Objectives
3.1 General Objective
To assess, prioritize and intervene on health and health related problems of Jajura health center
catchment community, Jajura town, Hadiya zone, Southwest, Ethiopia from July 13- July15
2023.
3.2 Specific objectives
 To identify health and health related problems of Jajura health center catchment community
 To prioritize health and health related problems of Jajura health center catchment
community.
 To intervene on health and health related problems of Jajura health center catchment
community

19
4. Methods and Materials
4.1 Study area and period
The study would be conducted in Jajura HC catchment area, Hadiya Zone southwest Ethiopia
from July13- July 15, 2023. Jajura town is located nearby to the localities of shenkola and
gimbichu in the Hadiya zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and peoples region. The
climatic condition of the town is Woyenadega and has a latitude7˚27’35”north and longitude of
37˚41’31”east and an elevation of 2169 meters above sea level (…...)It was surrounded by Soro
woreda. It is 263km to southwest Addis Ababa. Based on the 2014 census conducted by the
central statistical agency (CSA) of Jajura administration Jajura has a total population of 53,776.
The town has a total kebele of 6 named as Jajura town, 1st Jajura, 2nd Jajura, sandusa, Bure,
Bamboo. The major inhabitants of the town are Hadiya ethnic, & most of them are protestant &
Orthodox religion followers. The official language is hadiyissa. The town has a total of 1
preparatory and 1 high school, elementary 5 (governmental), 2 health center (1 Non-
governmental). The communities were known by their cultural foods like injera, kocho, and
bread.

20
dncvfxdrfd

Figure 1: Sketched mapof Jajura town, Hadiya zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July 2023.

21
4.2 Study design
Community based descriptive study design would be conducted to assess health and health
related problems in Jajura town health center catchment area.
4.3 Population
4.3.1 Source population
All households in Jajura town health center catchment area.
4.3 2. Study Population
Selected households
4.3.3 Study unit
Individually selected HH
4.4 Eligibility criteria
4.4.1 Inclusion criteria
 An individual who lives at least six months in study area.
 Selected household whose age were greater than 18 years.
4.4.2 Exclusion criteria
 Forlorn house/the house where person cannot live in
 The House where on mourning
4.5 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
The sample size would be determined by using a formula for estimating a single population
proportion assuming confidence level of 95%, 5% marginal error with proportion of 73.9%
(proportion of modern contraceptive users among family planning users in hosanna town
southern Ethiopia)[22] and 5% allowance for non-respondent rate.
Where,
P =73.9%
d=marginal error of 5%=0.05.
Z=confidence interval of 95% and Zα/2 is the value of the standard normal distribution
corresponding to a significance level of alpha (α) 0.05, which is 1.96.
n=the required sample size
n= (Zα/2)2*pq , q=1-p
d2
n= (1.96)2 0.739(1-0.739)
0.0025

22
n=296
Add non respondent rate of 5%
nf =296+5% then the final sample size is 310.8 ~ 311
4.6 SAMPLING METHOD AND PROCEDURE
The sampling method would be systematic random sampling. Jajura health center catchment
consists of 6 kebele and among those 2 kebele were selected randomly by lottery method for the
study. Households were selected by using systematic random sampling method (each k th). The
household was selected by determining the Kth interval Kth=N/n, the first household was
selected by using lottery method from 1-K.
K-value = 2660/311 = 8.5 ~ 9, in selected 2 kebele the house hold by every 9. The first house
from 1-9 was selected by lottery method, and then every 9 houses were selected until the
intended sample size were fulfilled.
4.7. Study variables
Socio demographic factors:-
Age
Sex
Religion
Ethnicity
Educational status
Occupation
Income
Maternal (obstetric) and child health characteristics: -
Frequency of ANC visits
Place of delivery
Health service utilization
Environmental health factors:
Availability of latrine
Housing conditions
Vital statistics:
Birth
Mortality
Morbidity
Migration
4.8. Operational definition
Skilled birth attendant: Birth attendants who attend birth in the health institution with scientific
skill and knowledge.

23
Health status: The health condition of the community, assessed on morbidity, mortality,
disability and utilization of health services.
Head of house hold: is a person with either sex, who is considered to be the head by other
member of that house hold, for polygamous wife living in separate house hold, the house hold is
considered to be head only.
House hold : a single person living alone or a group voluntarily living together having common
house keeping a managements for supplying basic living need such as principal meals.
Maternal and Child Health: Include those who are aged 15-49 year women and those under
five years’ old children.g
Still birth: delivery of dead fetus after 28 weeks or after reaching viability
Cleanness:
Bad- animal and human living in the same house
-floor and walls not clean
-poor arrangement of materials in the house
Fair- animal and human do not live in the same house
-Clean floor
-Wall is not clean
-Poor arrangement of material
Good- clean floor and clean wall
-Animal and human do not live in the same house
-Good arrangement of material
Standard housing: the house constructed and planned, comfortable safe to live and full fill the
basic housing facilities.
Diarrhea: is a condition characterized by loose and frequent blow movements. The stool usually
watery and soft, and may contain mucus, pus, or blood. Three or more loose water or blood stool
in 24hours period.
Illumination
Bad: a person cannot read words written by pencil inside the house
Fair: a person can read words written by pencil with some limitation when setting in the middle
of the house.
Good: aspersion can read and write without any difficult when setting in the middle of the house
Fully immunized child: children who had taken all vaccine and who had vaccination certificate.

24
Not immunized child: a child who hadn’t taken vaccine at all.
Fully Immunized mothers: mother those who have taken all dose of TT vaccine from TT1 to
TT5.
Partially Immunized mothers: mothers those who have taken some units of vaccine but not all
Traditional pit latrine: has constructed house and has clean floor, the hole has slab cover.
VIP latrine: is a type of latrine which has ventilation pipe and water supply.
Treated water: we say a given house hold use treated water when they use waghari, chlorine
and other after they take from original source such as from well or spring.
Traditional birth attendant (TBA): birth attendants who assist delivery without any scientific
knowledge and any training about the basic skill of delivery but with experience.
Adequate water supply: refers 20litres per capita per day made available within range of 1-2km
from building.
4.9. Data collection instrument and quality control
Data’s were collected using structured interviewer questionnaire by ODK data collector and
observational based. Data was collected by group members after having common understanding
on the questionnaire. Any misunderstanding or ambiguity were solved before data analysis by
data editing and checking, during data collection by supervision and feedback giving was
cleared. Strict supervision was done by Group leaders and site supervisor.
4.10. Data processing and analysis plan
The data were cleaned for inconsistencies and missing values and coded and entered in toexcel
for analysis. Finally, the findings were presented in proportion, frequencies and percentage in
tables for categorical variables. Statements and table would be used to summarize categorical
variables.
4.11. Ethical consideration
The study was conducted after obtaining formal letter from WCU. Permission was obtained from
Jajura town administrative and Health centre officials. Verbal consents were also obtained from
the respondents after explanation of the purpose of the study. Data’s were kept to be confidential.
Also culture, norms and life style of the society were respected throughout the study process.
4.12. Dissemination of results
The finding of the study was disseminated through presentation. Finally written documents were
submitted to WCU, college medicine and health sciences, Jajura town administration health
office and concerned bodies to design coordinated interventions

25
26
5. RESULT

5.1 Socio-demographic characteristics

In this study from 311 HHs, 304(97.75%) households were responded and 7HHs (2.25%) were
non respondent. More than half of the respondents, (53.9%) were females and 46.1% of the
respondents were males. Majority of the respondents (70.1%) were protestant religion followers.
Among the interviewed respondents, (22.7%) were housewives. And19.1% could not read and
write and Among 304 households 23.6% had (3000-5000) monthly income and the lowest
number of household 11.2% have (10000-200000) of income.

Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of 304 HHs in jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, July, 2023
Characteristics Variables Frequency %
Relationship of respondents Head 114 37.5
Spouse 124 40.79
Son or Daughter 55 18.1
Other relative 11 3.61
Total 304 100
Sex of respondents Male 140 46.1
Female 164 53.9
Total 304 100
Ethnicity Hadiya 275 90.5
Kembata 9 2.96
Silte 6 1.94
Gurage 7 2.3
Others 7 2.3
Total 304 100
Religion of respondents Protestant 213 70.1
Muslim 11 3.6
Orthodox 62 20.4
Catholic 18 5.9
Others 0 0
Total 304 100

27
Gov’t employee 60 19.74
Occupation
Student 47 15.46
Merchant 56 18.42
Unemployed 12 3.95
Tella seller 5 1.64
Housewives 69 22.7
Wood carver carpenter 3 0.98
Other 8 2.63
Total 304 100
Educational status of Cannot read and write 58 19.1
respondents
Read only 10 3.3
read and write 131 43.1
Primary school 50 16.45
Secondary school and 55 18.1
above
Total 304 100
Marital status of respondent Single 72 23.68
Married 219 72
Separated 10 3.29
Divorced 2 0.66
Widowed 0 0
Total 304 100
Average monthly income 500-3000 72 23.6%
3000-5500 80 26.3%
5500-8000 79 25.9%
8000-10,000 39 12.8%
10,000-20,000 30 11.2%
Total 304 100%
Do you have additional source Yes 59 19.24%
No 245 80.6%

28
of income? Total 304 100%
If yes source and amount House hire 17 28.8%
Merchant 15 25.4%
Agriculture 21 35.6%
Furniture 4 6.7%
Tella seller’s 1 1.6%
Support from child 3 5%
Other 3 5%
Total 59 100%

29
Options Frequency Percentage
Means of Radio set Yes 221 72.7%
communication No 83 27.3%
Total 304 100%
Tv set Yes 222 73%
No 82 27% 5.2 Means of
Total 304 100%% communication
Among 304 HHs,
Telephone/cell Yes 286 94.1%
(72.7%) had radio
phone/land No 18 5.9% sets and 27.3%
line Total 304 100% hadn’t radio set ,
73% had TV set
If you want to Yes 59 19.4%
and 27% hadn’t TV
read do you No 245 80.6% set .among 304
get Total 304 100% HHs 5.9% hadn’t
telephone lines.
newspapers
Among 304 HHs of
Do you have Yes 0 0 our respondents
access to No 304 100% 100% of it hadn’t
postal service postal
Total 304 100% access/service.
Also among
304HHs of our respondents 19.4% wants to read newspaper.

Table 2: Means of communication among 304 HHsin jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, July, 2023

30
5.3 Vital statics
Out of 86 total delivery in last 12 months there were 7(8%) children were delivered in home and
79(92%) in health facilities, from this 82(95.3%) were live birth and 4(4.7%) were still
birth).Among 304 HHs 23.4% were presented with illness during the last two weeks and 76.6%
were presented without illness. Among 71 who presented with illnesses 61.97% of them were
male and 38.03% of them were female. Also from who presented with illness greater amount of
them were found in 0-20 years which presented as 52.1%.they presented with cough, fever and
diarrhea, 11.2%, 7.6%, 6.9% respectively.Among 304HHs of our respondents family (24)7.9 %
died in last 12 months from those (13) 54.16%, were male and (11) 45.83% female. Among the
died peoples (14) 58.3% of them are greater than 60 years this shows majority of them died
because of aging.From 304 HHs of respondents 26.3% of them were migrated from this town.
From them 71.25% of them are males 28.75% were female

Table 3: Vital statics among 304 HHsin jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023

31
Characteristics Option Frequency Percent
Was there any Yes 86 28.3
birth in the
No 218 71.7
last 12 months
Total 304 100
in the family?
Age of mother 20-25 11 13
26-30 42 50
31-35 24 27
36-40 9 10
above 40 0 0
Total 86 100
Attendant of TBA 5 5.8
delivery Professional 81 94.2
Total 86 100
Status of birth Live birth 82 95.3
Still birth 4 4.7
Total 86 100
Sex of new Male 49 57
born Female 37 43
Total 86 100
Place of Home 7 8 5.8 Environmental health survey
delivery Among 304 HHs 215(70.73%) had
Health 79 92 good ventilation, 197(64.8%) good
illumination and 237(77.97%)
facility
didn’t need maintenance of houses.
Total 86 100
Table 10: Environmental health
Was anyone Yes 71 23.4%
survey of 304 households in Jajura
sick among No 233 76.6% town, Hadiya zone, SNNPR,
the members Total 304 100% Ethiopia, July, 2023.
of family
during the last
two weeks
Sex of sick Male 44 61.97%
person Female 27 38.03%
Total 71 100%
Age of sick 0_20 37 52.1%
person 21_40 26 36.62%
32
41_60 6 8.45%
>60 2 2.83%
characteristics Option Frequency Percentage
Ventilation of Good 215 70.73%
the house Fair 83 27.3%
Bad 6 1.97%
Total 304 100%
Illumination Good 197 64.8%
Fair 103 33.88%
Bad 4 1.32%
Total 304 100%
Need of Good 237 77.97%
maintenance Fair 62 20.39%
Bad 5 1.64%
Total 304 100%

5.4 WASTE DISPOSAL

In Jajura town highly residential/domestic waste approximately 93.7%% of the (304) house hold
had a domestic waste and 74% of the (304) households doesn’t have schedule to collect the
waste. 98.6% of households used the Pit type of latrine facility and even if there were adequate
spaces for construction of latrine, around59.4% not affordable.

Table 4: Waste disposal system of 304 households in Jajura town, Hadiya zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, July, 2023.

Characteristics Option Frequency Percent

What is the Residential/domestic/household 285 93.7%
source of waste Commercial 19 6.3%
in your
Industrial 0% 0%
community

Total 304 100

Is there any Yes 79 26%
scheduled No 225 74%
program to Total 304 100%

33
collect the waste
Sanitary land field 145 47.7%
Dumping in the river 1 0.3%
Open dumping 99 32.6%
Burning 56 18.4%
Composting 2 0.7%
Other 1 0.3%
Total 304 100%
Do you have Yes 284 93.4%
latrine No 20 6.6%
Total 304 100%
If pit how far is <5m 75 26.4%
it from the house 5-10m 73 25.7%
11-15m 80 28.2%
>15 56 19.7%
Total 284 100%

Type of latrine Pit latrine 278 97.9%

VIP latrine 6 2.1%

Flush 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Total 284 100%
Status of Owned by the family 280 98.6%
ownership of
excreta disposal
Shared or communal 4 1.4%
Other 0 0%
Total 284 100%
If there is no Yes 16 80%
latrine is there No 4 20%

34
adequate space Total 20 100%
for construction
of new one
Is latrine Yes 13 65%
construction No 7 35%
affordable for Total 20 100%
the family
What is the Closed 284 100%
waste disposal Drained to pipes and then to river 0 0%
system of your Clearing the septic tank 0% 0%
latrine
NA 0% 0%
TOTAL 214 100%

5.5 Water supply

From 304HHs; 32.2% uses tap water, 64.8% uses well, 2.6% uses stream and 0.4% uses other.
From those who uses well 27.92% are protected, 72.08% are not protected, 71.4% distance from
the toilet is less than 50 meter and 54.1% are downhill from the toilet. From total of 304 HHs
76.5% employ method of water purification and 23.5% not employ any method of water
purification. From those who employ method of water purification 46.7% uses boiling method,
20% uses traditional filtration method, and 13.3% uses standard filtration method and 20% uses
chemical treatment method. From total 304 HHs 37.8% HHs consumed less than 30 liters per
day.

Table 5:Watersupply of 304 households in Jajura town, Hadiya zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July,
2023.

35
Characteristics Options Frequency Percent
What is the Source of water supply Tap 98 32.2

Well 197 64.8

Stream/river 0 0
Spring 8 2.6
Other 1 0.4
Total 304 100
If you use well is it protected? Yes 55 27.92
No 142 72.08
Total 197 100
What is distance from toilet (in meters) 0 – 50 103 71.4
51 – 100 52 19.4

101 – 150 42 9.2

Total 197 100
Is downhill from the toilet Yes 103 54.1
No 94 45.9
Total 197 100
Do you employ any method of water Yes 112 76.5
purification No 72 23.5
Total 177 100
If yes which of the following Boiling 44 46.7
Traditional 24 20
filtration
Standard 17 13.3
filtration
Chemical 15 20
treatment
Other 0 0
Total 112 100
How much is your daily consumption of 0 – 30 115 37.8
water in litters 31 – 60 127 41.8

61 –36
90 49 16.1

91 – 120 13 4.3
Total 304 100
5.6 HOUSING CONDITION
In Jajuratown, from observed304households 46.7% have three rooms and most of the home were
well ventilated, illuminated and clean. Around 68.7% the house hadseparated room but detached
and the kitchens were separated but attached to the main house around (24.6%).

Table 6: Housing condition among 304 HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in
July, 2023
.
Variables Option Frequency Percent

Number of rooms 1 21 6.9%

2 79 25.8%
3 142 46.7%
4,5,6 60 19.7%
Total 304 100%
Ventilation Good 216 71%

Fair 82 27%

Bad 6
1.9%
Total 304 100%

Illumination Good 202 66.4%

Fair 98 32.2%

Bad 4 1.3%
Total 304 100%
Cleanses Good 221 72.7%
Fair 67 22%
Bad 16 5.3%

Total 304 100%

Type of floor Cement 168 55.3%

Soil 137 44.7%

Total 304 100%
Cracks on the floor Yes 72 23.6%

No 232 76.4%

37
Total 304 100%

Frequency of house 1 55 18.1%

cleaning 2 154 50.6%
3 71 23.3%

4 24 7.9%
Total 304 100%
Livestock in the Yes 126 41.5%
house No 178 58.5%

Total 304 100%

Type of kitchen separate but 74 24.6%
attached to main
house
separate room but 209 68.7%
detached
no kitchen at all 21 6.9%
Total 304 100%

38
5.7 FOOD SANITATION
Around 94.73% Jajura was selected 304 HHs washedhand, vegetable, cooks adequately and
clean the material frequently.35.5% wereused drying technique of food preservation method

Table 7: Food sanitation among 304 HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in July,
2023
Variables Response Frequency Percentage

Procedures do you implement during Washing hands 288 94.73%

food preparation?
Washing vegetables 244 79%
Proper and adequate 254 83.5%
cooking
Material cleaning 83 27.3%
frequently

Prevent contamination 91 29.93%

Other 11 3.6%
What method do you use to preserve Refrigerator 73 22.4%
food?
Drying 118 37.5%
Other 113 35.5%
Total 304 100%

39
5.8 INSECT AND VECTOR CONTROL
From selected 304 house hold 61.8% uses different methods to control insects.Among 304 HH
47.6% there is no stagnant water around locality. And they control insect by the method of bed
net around 37.7%.Thereis a rodent around 72.6% from selected 304 house hold and eradicated
by using poison, mouse traps and cats.

Table 8: Insect and vector control among 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopiain July, 2023
Variables Response Frequency Percentage

Is there any stagnant water in your locality Yes 145 47.6%

No 159 52.3%
Total 304 100%

Is there any method you are applying to control Yes 188 61.8%
insects?
No 116 38.1%
Total 304 100%
If yes, which of the following Bed nets 102 33.5%
Insecticides 43 14.14%
Fumigation 10 3.4%
Draining stagnant 12 4%
Insect replent 13 4.2%
Other 8 2,6%
Total 188 100%
Do you encounter problems of rodent’s Yes 221 72.6%
infestation in your house?
No 83 27.4%

Total 304 100%

If yes, what methods do you take for Poison 71 37.7%
prevention or eradication?
Mouse traps 16 5.2%
Cats 139 45.7%
Other 1 0.3%
Total 218 100%

40
5.9 Maternal nutrition
Table 9: Maternal nutritionamong 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopiain
July, 2023
Variables Response Frequency Percentage

If pregnant how many times do you feed in a Once 1 0.3%

day?
Twice 8 2.6%
Three times 35 11.5%
Four times 20 6.6%
NA 240 78.9%
Total 304 100%
Do you get diary food? Yes 54 84.4%
No 10 15.6%
Total 64 100%
Do you get fatty and protein foods? Yes 58 90.6%
No 6 9.4%
Total 64 100%
What is your staple food? Injera 134 44.1%
Bread 20 6.6%
Vegetables and 4 1.3%
fruits
Inset 3 1%
Others 0 0
Total 304 100%

5.10 Child nutrition

Among the total 304HHs, 42.4% child was exposed to sunlight. And 43.79% child currently
presented on breast feeding, and (38.29%) child who was kept on breast feed for 11-20month.
105 children started complementary feeding and out of this 22(21.15%) child started within 2-5

41
months of age. And 65 (62.50%) child started with milk cereal and legumes combine. And
44(42.31%) child fed four time and above per a day and 62(59.61%) controlled feeding style.

Table 10: Child nutrition among 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in July,
2023
Characteristics Options Frequency Percentage

Have you exposed this Yes 129 42.4

child to sunlight No 29 9.5

NA 146 48.1
Total 304 100
Do you ever breast fed Yes 127 43.79
your child? No 19 6.55
NA 144 49.66
Total 304 100
Are you currently Yes 115 39.66
breasted feeding? No 29 10
NA 146 50.34
Total 304 100
For how long the child
breast fed? In month 1-10 42 36.51
11-20 44 38.29
21-30 29 25.22
Total 115 100

When did you start

giving complementary 2-5 22 21.15
foods to your child in 6-8 82 78.85
months? Total 104 100

What combination of Food made of cereals 7 6.73

food do you use to feed only

42
your child Food made of cereals and 22 21.15
legumes combined

Milk alone 10 9.62

Milk cereals and legumes 65 62.50
combined
NA
Total 104 100
How many times did Once 2 1.92
your baby? Twice 23 22.12
Three times 35 33.65
Four times and above 44 42.31
Total 104 100

What feeding style do Laissez faire 34 32.69

you use complementary Controlling 62 59.61
food? Responsive 8 7.69
NA
Total 104 100

5.11 Child immunization

From total of 304 households, 21.1% had under 2yrs old children, out of this 96.9% children had
vaccinated and 62 (100%) had vaccination card. Among those 56 children had vaccination
certificate.

43
Table 11: Child immunization among 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in
July, 2023

Characteristics Option Frequency Percent

Do you have two years old child? Yes 64 21.1%

No 124 40.8%
NA 116 38.1%
Total 304 100%
Is this child vaccinated? Yes 62 96.9%
No 2 3.1%

Total 64 100%
Do you have vaccination card? Yes 62 100%
No 0 0%
Total 62 100%
Do you receive vaccination Yes 56 6.9%
certificate? No 6 12.41%
Total 62 100%

Vaccine list BCG 52 92.9

Polio 0 52 92.9
Polio 1 52 92.9
Polio 2 52 92.9
Polio 3 52 92.9
DPT-HepB- 49 87.5
Hib1,pcv1,OPV1
DPT-HepB- 49 87.5
Hib2,pcv2,OPV2

44
DPT-HepB- 49 87.5
Hib3,pcv3,OPV3
Measles 1 48 85.7
Measles 2 24 42.9
Deworming 20 35.7
Vitamin A 48 85.7

5.12 Antenatal care

From 56 pregnant women who visited ANC were 51(91.07%) and the remaining women had not
ever visited ANC 5(8.93%).

Table 12: Antenatal care among 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July,
2023
Characteristics Frequency Percentage Remark
Is pregnant mother in the family Yes 56 18.42
No 248 81.58

Total 304 100

If yes term of pregnancy 1st 10 17. 86
2nd 26 46.43
3rd 20 35.71
Total 56 100
Did she visit the health facility Yes 51 91.07
for ANC service? No 5 8.93
Total 56 100
If yes how many times did she 1 9 17.65
visit the health facility for ANC 2 8 15.69
service ? 3 17 33.33
4 3 5.88
5 6 11.76
6 3 5.88

45
7 2 03.92
8 3 5.88
Total 51 100
Are tested for HIV/AIDS during Yes 47 92.16
visit the health facility for No 4 7.84
ANC? Total 51 100

Do you know your HIV status? Yes 44 95.92

No 3 4.08
Total 47 100
Did you receive tetanus toxoid Yes 40 85.11
vaccination during your ANC
visit
No 7 14.89

Total 47 100
If how many doses did you T1 14 35
receive tetanus toxoid T2 11 27.5
vaccination? T3 7 17.5
T4 6 15
T5 2 25
Total 40 100

5.13 Family planning

In Jajura town among 304 HHs 84.5% were knew about contraceptive and 76.2% were not using
contraceptive.

Table 13: family planning of application among 304HHs in jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia,
July, 2023.

46
Variables Response Frequency Percentage
Do you know about contraceptive Yes 257 84.5%
No 47 15.5%
Total 304 100%
Yes 210 81.7%

Do you know contraceptive method No 47 18.3%

Total 257 100%
If yes which type do you know? Oral pills 205 97.6%
Condom 165 78.57%
Injectable 191 91%
Norplant 176 83.8%
IUCD 55 26.2%
Surgical 10 4.76%
Other 4 1.9%
Yes 50 23.8%
Do you currently use any contraceptive No 160 76.2%
method?
Total 210 100%
If yes which method are you using? Pill 9 18%
Condom 1 2%
Injectable 30 60%
Norplant 10 20%
IUCD 0 0

Surgical 0 0
Other 0 0
Total 50 100%

5.14 General information

Among 304 household semi-urban 66.9%and rural is 33.1%

Among 304 households less than 500m distance from health post is165 (55.2%)
47
Among 304 households less than 1Km distance from health center is 118(38.8%)

Table 14: General information about Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in July, 2023
Characteristics Option Frequency Percentage Remark
Status of the Urban 201 66.1%
kebele Rural 103 33.9%
Total 304 100%
Description of Hilly 14 4.6%
physical Plain 280 92.1%
features Swampy 4 1.3%
Forested 6 2%
Other 0 0%
Total 304 100%
Distance from 0-500 165 54.3%
the nearest 501-1000 79 26%
health post in 1001-1500 27 8.9%
meter 1500-2000 23 7.9%
>2000 9 2.9 %
Total 304 100%

Distance from 0-500 79 26%

the nearest 501-1000 118 38.8%
health center in 1001-1500 51 16.8%
meter 1501-2000 56 18.4%
>2000 0 0
Total 304 100%

5.15 Culture
Among 304 HH selected 67.3% use injera as staple food and least of foods used in HH as staple
food are maize around 7% in; jajura town most people 97% of them are monogamous. From our
respondent major problem were shortages of water

Table 15: Some cultural characteristics s among 304HHs in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia in July, 2023

48
Characteristics Type frequency Percentage

What is the staple diet? Injera 270 67.3%

Bread 40 10%

Kocho 53 13.2%

Potato 20 5%

Maize 7 1.7%

Vegetable 11 2.7%

Types of marriage? Polygamous 4 1.31%

Monogamous 294 96.71%

Others 6 1.98%

Total 304 100%

What are the major problems Shortage of water 201 66.11%

prevailing in the study Lack of road 43 14.14%
community?
Lack of electricity 70 23%

Inappropriate waste 7 2.3%

disposal
Stagnant water 7 2.3%

What do people feel would be Report to concerns 195 59.45%

done to solve these problems ? body
Darning of stagnant 10 3%
water
Using other source of 115 35.1%
light
Burning of wast 8 2.45%
disposal
Observation that impressed Yes 84 27.6%
you No 215 70.7%

49
Total 304 100%

If yes identify? Waste disposal 39 46.4%

Road and shortage of 31 36.9%
water
Stagnant water 13 15.7%
No latrine 6 7.1%
Total 84 100%

5.16 ANTROPOMETRICS MEASUREMENTS

Among 304 house hold there are 117 under five children’s those we measured MUAC and
among them 66 or 56.4% is male and 51 or 43.6% is female and around30.7 % has 12cm

Table 16: Anthropometric measurements of children’s in Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia in July, 2023

Sex of child MUAC Male 66 56.4

measured Female 51 43.6
NA
Total 117 100%
Age of child MUAC 1YEAR 32 27.35
measured 2YEAR 32 27.35
3YEAR 14 11.96
4YEAR 18 15.4
5YEAR 4 3.42
7MONTH 1 0.85

8MONTH 3 2.6
9MONTH 1 0.85
10MONTH 2 1.7

11MONTH 4 3.42
13MONTH 2 1.7

50
15MONTH 2 1.7

18MONTH 1 0.85
23MONTH 1 0.85
Total 100%

12cm 36 30.7

13cm 56 47.86
MUAC in cm
14cm 19 16.23
15cm 5 4.27
16cm 1 0.85
Total 117 100%
Nutritional oedema Yes 4 3.4%
0,+,++,+++ No 113 96.58%
NA
Total 117 100%

51
6. DISCUSSION
The community based descriptive study wasconducted to assess health and health related
problem in Jajura town, Soro woreda, Haddiya zone, SNNPR.From our study result, we had
discussed about the following variable which needs discussion by comparing data from JHC
catchment area of the selected two kebele and EDHS, 2019
Among 304 house hold majority of the populationsis Protestants 213(70.1%) Followed Orthodox
by the62 (20.4%).According to our study 20 (6.6%) of households didn't have latrine, even
though most of them had284(93.4%) latrine and in our study majority of waste disposal system is
sanitary land field which is 47.7% and open dumping is 32.6%this may also be due to lack of
knowledge and lack of community interest to participate in digging and preparingdumpingarea.
As we mentioned above from the selected households 20 (6.6%) don’t have latrine, while
miniEDHS, 2016(9) Overall, 27% of households have no toilet facility at all. This may be due to
inadequate health education about latrine construction and utilization by co- coordinating health
extension worker, health development body, health centre, and also health office. Among 304 of
house hold 64.8% use well water, out of these 72.08% was not protected, and 32.2% used tap
water which is low when we compared with EDHS, 2016 which is (67.3%), these could be due
to shortage of pure water supply in the Jajura town and among 304 HHs those who washed
hands, vegetables, applied proper and adequate cooking, material cleaning and prevent
contamination during food preparation were 94.73%, 78%, 83.5%, 27.3%, 29.93% Respectively
The results of our study also revealed that the proportion of women currently using FPMs was
23.8% in the catchment area of our study area. in our study it was around 81% know
contraceptive method out of these 23 % of mothers those use modern contraceptive currently and
majority of them use injectable (60%) followed by Norplant(20%) and 20% used other method.
The family planning utilization in our study wererelatively low when we compared withEDHS
2019,According to EDHS, 2019 (23),41% of mothers use modern contraceptive of which
injectable is commonly used contraceptive(27%) followed by implants 9%and only 1% use
traditional method.
Among 56 pregnant women most of them were second term which is 46.43%, third term was
35.71% and the first terms is 17.86% and out of all of these those follow up ANC were 51
(91.07%), and WHO recommended ANC follow up is at least 4 visits. Our study showed that
around 17.65% of mother got at least 1 ANC visit and according to EDHS it is only 62%; our

52
finding was a lower, this could be improved through time. Whereas ANC coverage in Ethiopia is
74% according to EDHS 2019. When we compared our result which was conducted currently in
pregnant women with miniEDHS 2019, it suggests that it is good which is 91.07%.
In our study areas there are 64 less than two years old child among that 62 (96.9%) had
vaccinated and out of this only 56 (90.3%)have vaccination certificate, according to EDHS
schedule Vaccination card are critical tools in insuring that children receive all recommended
vaccinations. Regarding nutritional status of children our studies area under two years old
currently breast feeding was 39.6%.and out of these 78.8% started complementary feeding
between 6-8 month. There were 117 under five children in our study area, out of these 56.4%
were male and 43.6% were female and they were measured MUAC, 47.86% were 13cm
7. Conclusion
In general this study found number of health related problems in community; there are a lot of
factors for prevalence of each health related problems,Among 304 of house hold 64.8% use well
waterr, out of these 72.08% was not protected and 32.2% used tap water which is low when we
compared with EDHS, 2016 which is (67.3%), According to our study 20 (6.6%) of households
didn't have latrine, even though most of them had284(93.4%) latrine and in our study majority
of waste disposal system is sanitary land field which is 47.7%, The results of our study also
revealed that the proportion of women currently using FPMs was 23.8% in the catchment area
of our study area. in our study it was around 81% knew contraceptive method out of these 23 %
of mothers those use modern contraceptive currently and majority of them use injectable (60%)
followed by Norplant(20%) and 20% used other method. Those follow up ANC were 51
(91.07%), WHO recommended ANC follow up is at least 4 visits. Our study showed that around
17.65% of mother got at least 1 ANC visit and according to EDHS, 2016 it is only 62%; our
finding was a lower, this could be improved through time. Whereas ANC coverage in Ethiopia is
74%, according to EDHS 2019.

8. Problem faced and limitation

8.1 Problems faced
 Missing the house members on time

 Language barriers

53
 Difficulty to get needed information on time

 Shortage of time

 Delayed program of Trip plan

Attempted solution

 Revisited the house

 We paired data collectors with local language speakers to solve language barriers

 We gone to health admin office and jajura municipality office to get additional needed
information

 Doing on night time and on our free times

8.2 Limitations of the study

 Scarcity of resource

Prioritizing criteria
1. Magnitude

5= It covers very high percentage of the identified problems

4= It covers high percentage of the identified problems.

3= It covers medium percentage of the identified problem.

2= It covers low percentage identified problem.

1=It covers very low percentage of the identified problem.

2. Severity

5= Very high consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem

4= High consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem.

3. Moderate consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem.

2= Low consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem.

1= Very low consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem.

3. Feasibility

5= highly feasible considering available resource

54
4= more feasible considering available resource.

3= feasible considering available resource.

2=Less feasible considering available resource.

1= Not feasible considering available resource.

4. Community Concern

5= Very high in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

4= High in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

3= Moderate in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

2= Low in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

1= Very low in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

5. Government concern

5= Very high involvement of government is required.

4= High involvement of government is required

3= Moderate involvement of government is required.

2= Low involvement of government is required.

1= Very low involvement of government is required

55
56
Problem Identification

1. Shortage of water

2. Inappropriate waste disposal

3. Low family planning usage

4. Inappropriate latrine usage

5. Low ANC follows up

6. Rodent infestation

7. Home delivery

8. Maternal malnutrition

Prioritization of problem
Table 17: Prioritized problems in Jajura Town, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia in 2023
List of problems to Magnitud Severity Feasibilit Communit Governmen Total Rank
be prioritized e y y concern t concern

Inappropriate latrine 4 2 4 4 2 16 1
usage

Inappropriate waste 2 1 5 5 1 14 2
disposal

low ANC follow up 1 3 4 3 3 14 3

Low of family 1 2 3 3 4 13 4
planning usage

Home delivery 2 4 1 2 3 12 5

Prioritized Problem
 Inappropriate latrine usage

 Inappropriate waste disposal

 Low ANC follow up

 Low family planning usage

 Home delivery

SWOT analysis
Strength
 Wise use of resources by group members.
 Active participation of group members.
 Close supervision of our advisor and providing us the right comment at the right time
 Coordination and collaboration of members
 Ethics of members
 Preparation of data collection tools by the university.
Weakness
 Punctuality of group members
Opportunity
 Willingness of HEWs and HCW to provide information
 Willingness of respondents during data collection period

 Clear and supportive government policies

Threat
• Unfavourable whether condition
• Language barrier

1
• Financial issues
• Short time period

Action Plan of outreach

Table 18: Action plan for prioritized problems in JajuraTown, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia in July 2023
Problem Bas Objective Strategy Target Activity Responsi Resource Indictors Pla Ac
e bility n h’t
line

N % N %
O O
Inappropri 93. To Decrease Working and All jajura Creating Team Necessary Number 6 1 5 9
ate latrine 4% improper discussing with town awareness members materials of 0 0 4 0
0
usage utilization of Health communi and , from educated
latrine from 93.4 administrative ty educating Individua individual HHs
% to 60% from office of jajura community, l HHs, HHs like
July 17 to august town ,HEWs Individual HEWs soap,
19 and individual HHs about and ‘jurgen’.
HHs of Jajura proper Health
community latrine admin
usage by office
our team
members
Inappropri 32. To reduce By All of the Burning of the Commun Personal Area 2 1 2 1
ate waste 6% inappropriate collaboration communi dry waste ity ,indivi protective coverage c 0 0
disposal waste disposal of team ty disposals and dual equipment cleaned a 0 0
m % %
from 32.6% to members with members Educate HHs, from health and p
15% in jajura community,HE in jajura community HEWs, center and burning a
town from -- Ws, Jajura town about HP and other waste g
july17- to- town appropriate team necessary disposal i
august19-- administration waste members material n
and health disposal, from HHs.
admins office creating
awareness on
continuity of
cleaning
waste disposal
at this town
Low ANC 8.9 To decrease low Discussing ALL Creating Team Human Number 4 1 3 8
3% ANC follow up with pregnant Pregnant awareness members power from of woman 0 0 4 5
follow up
from 8.93 % to mother s and women about ANC and our team who visit 0
3% In Jajura town working by those follow ups HEWs, members health
from july17 to collaboration who do and training pregnant and HEWs, center for
august19. with HEWs not and educating mothers different ANC
about ANC follow pregnant health follow up
follow ups ANC mothers also education after
HEWs about materials health
ANC follow from HCs education
up
Low 23. To increase Discussing All adult Teaching the Team Human Number 4 1 3 8
Family 8% utilization of and working woman community member, power from of woman 0 0 4 5
planning family planning with about family HCWs our team who get 0
utilization from 23.8% to HC,HEWs planning and members the service
60% methods and HEWs and after
usage teaching health
materials education
from HCs
Home 8% To decrease home Discussing and All Giving health Team Human Number 7 1 7 1
Delivery delivery from 8% working with pregnant education for members, power from of 0 0
to 0% HEWs and HC women pregnant HEWs,an team pregnant 0 0
Or you can say workers women d HCWs member, women
HEWs and come to
Makes home HC workers HCs for
delivery zero delivery

9. Situational Analysis of Jajura Health Centre

WHO defines a health-specific situation analysis as an assessment of the current health situation that is fundamental to designing and
updating national and local policies, strategies and plans [15]. The World Bank proposes the term evidence on health system inputs,
processes, and outputs and the analysis of how these combines to produce the outcomes. It considers politics, history, and institutional

2
arrangements. Health systems analysis proposes causes of poor health system performance and suggests how reform policies and
strengthening strategies can improve performance [2]. Community need assessment will be conducted in Jajura health center
catchment area and Problems will be identified and prioritized. Prior to developing action plan for prioritized problems, situational
analysis was done by the group members as follow.
9.1 BACKGROUND OF THE JAJURA HEALTH CENTER
Jajura Health center is found in 2004 E.C at the border of Jajura town.Jajura health centre has 6 kebele under its catchment. Total
number of population using health center are 53,776 organized in 2660 households. The medical staffs of Jajura health center are; 2
Medical Doctor, 5 Public health officers, 0 BSC nurse and 8 Clinical nurses, 5 Midwifery, 4 laboratory technicians, 4 pharmacist, 0
Environmental health ,2 HIT and 11 health extension workers. The administrative and supportive staffs of Jajura health center are 1
head of the health centre, 1 human resource officer, 1 purchaser, 1auditor, 1 cashier, 4 daily cash collector, 2 guards, 1 runner and 2
cleaners.
9.2. Main services provided in the Jajura health center
 Outpatient treatment services
 Emergency treatment services
 ANC, delivery & PNC services
 Vaccination services(EPI)
 Laboratory services
 ART
 TB and leprosy services
 Pharmacy services
9.3 Key activities of the Departments
9.3.1 Adult OPDs
It is organized and concerned with serving clients of age greater than 5years old. This OPD provides medical service for all patients
those presenting with different health problems, in addition they provide medical certificate for medico legal and other cases when
requested formally.
Table 19: The most common disease that diagnosed in adult OPD from July 1-augst 15, Jajura, Haddiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, 2022
No Disease Frequency
1 AFI(Acute febrile illness) 169
2 Typhoid fever 150
3 Typhus 109
4 Pneumonia 101
5 IP(Intestinal parasite ) 83
6 Diarrhea 73
7 AURTI 52
8 Skin infection 38
9 UTI 27
10 MSSD 28

Identified problems:
 Inadequate equipment’s
 Not performing PICT for all eligible patients
 Unpunctuality of health workers
 Absence of sterility of equipment’s and improper placement
9.3.2 Under 5 OPD
They provide the service for < 5ys of age clients. The services being provided are treating different medical problems, screening
children for malnutrition and management of MAM and uncomplicated SAM and complicated SAM.
Table 20: The most common disease that diagnosed in under 5 OPD from July 1-augst 15, Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, 2022
NO DISEASE Frequency
1 Pneumonia 180
2 Diarrhea (Non-bloody) 131
3 SAM 37
4 Skin infection 28
5 AFI 23

3
Identified problems:
 Inadequacy of equipment’s
 Unfriendly environment for children
9.3.3 Emergency OPD
It provides Emergency medical and surgical services and administers parenteral drugs for patients referred from OPDs and other
health posts.
Identified problems:
 Inadequacy of equipment’s
 Absence of sterility of equipment’s and improper placement
9.3.4 MCH activities
The Health center Provides ANC service, Family planning services, Delivery service and EPI activities. Also, they Receives referrals
for health posts and do further referral to other health institution.
Identified problems:
 Delayed initiation of vaccination
9.3.5 Laboratory services
Laboratory technicians provides confirmatory laboratory for outpatient departments. Currently, they are providing U/A, BF, HBsAg,
HCG, stool H.Pylori Ag, Stool Examination, AFB, Hgbtest, HCV, HCV, WT, WF, PICT, VDRL, Blood group and etc.
Table 21: The most common laboratory tests done from July 1-augst 15, Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, 2022
No Test Frequency
1 U/A 126
2 BF 126
3 HBsAg 150
4 HCG 200
5 Stool H.Pylori Ag 26
6 Stool Examination 126
7 AFB 6
8 Hgbtest 150
9 HCV 150
10 WT 200
11 WF 200
12 PICT 150
13 Blood group 100
14 VDRL 20

Identified problems:
 Shortage of reagents
9.3.6 Pharmacy services
It has pharmacy technician who Stores and dispenses drugs. They also Advises patients on how to take drugs.
Identified problems:
Shortage of drugs
9.3.7 Antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic
They Shares druggist with pharmacy and initiates ART drugs for ART users and refills these drugs.
Identified problems:
Shortage of trained man power
Table 22: Action plan for static activities at Jajura health center by WCU graduating Health Science students, 2023
S. Case team Activities Elig Total 1st 2 wks. 2nd 2 wks. Total
N ible Plan Plan Ach’t Plan Ach’t Ach’t
O pop No. % No % No % %
. n
1 OPD Adult 128 64 59 92. 64
2
OPD <5 36 18 7 38. 18 6
9
2 FP Short acting 40 20 25 12 20
FP(injectable 5

4
, COC)
long acting 6 3 1 33 3
FP(like
implanon )
3 ANC 1ST visit 28 14 18 10 14
0
2nd 14 7 7 10 7
0
3rd 16 8 14 17 8
5
4th visit 14 7 7 10
0
4 Delivery Delivery 58 29 20 68. 29 15
9
5 Emergency Emergency 130 65 4 6.2 65 14

6 EPI BCG & 44 22 14 63. 22

OPV0 6
OPV 40 20 11 55 20
1,Penta1,Pcv
1, Rota1
Opv2,Pcv2, 36 18 10 55. 18
Penta2,Rota2 6
Penta3,PCV3 26 13 8 61. 13
, OPV3 5
Measles & 24 12 6 50 12
vitA
7 Laboratory Lab services 238 HCG 30 15 18 12 15
0
STOO 20 10 10 10 10
L 0
U/A 50 25 24 96 25
FBS 10 5 2 40 5 1
RBS 10 5 2 40 5
H.PYL 10 5 0 0 5
ORI
HBS 14 7 6 85. 7
7
WWF 10 5 5 10 5
0
HIV 24 12 11 91. 12
7
B.GRO 20 10 9 90 10
UP
BF 40 20 17 85 20

Identified Stakeholders AV
 HEWs
 Jajura town health admin office
 Jajura town health center and staffs
 Jajura Town municipality office
 Wachemo University
 Community members
 Resident supervisors
Identified problems in JHC
1. Lack of health education at waiting area
2. Shortage of essential drugs
3. Unpunctuality of health workers
4. Shortage of necessary equipment’s
Table 23: Action plan of TTP Prioritized problems in Jajura health center done by WCU graduating Health Science students, 2023 `
S Prioritized Objective Strategy Activities Target population Unit of Responsible
n problem measurem body
o ent

5
1 Lack of HE To educate -Strong team - Giving health - Patients who visit Session -Team members
. at waiting people 8 participation education on top HC -Staff members
area session at -Working in five diseases at
waiting collaboration with Jajura health
area staff members center by
preparing schedule
2 times per wk.

2 Shortage of To increase Informing concerned Writing Health center workers Availabilit Government
equipment’ supply of body recommendation y of body
s equipment’ Giving equipment’ HC purchaser
s recommendation to s and
government body administrative
staff

Table 24 Achievement of static activities at Jajura health center by WCU graduating Health Science students, 2023 EC
S Activities Total 4wks 1st 2wks 2nd 2wks Unit
n
Plan Ach’t Plan Ach’t pla Ach’t
o
n
No. % No. % No. %

1. To provide HE at waiting area 8 session 6 75 4 3 75 4 3 75 Session

First you have put inspection findings at least narrate it

Then on identified problem give feedback and education based on your action plan

Table 25 Plan for activities to be done on institution, restaurants, prison, Jajura town, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023EC
S. Site Problems Objectives Strategy Activity Indicator Target Responsible body
No population

1 Rest In -To increase -Working -Giving HE on -no of Food -Group members

aura appropriate proper usage of in proper latrine educated handlers and
-health admin
nts larine usage latrine from collaborati usage and restaurants restaurants
office
July 20- July to on with personal hygiene
Low Good
august 1 health for 8 restaurants -owners
personal personal
admin
hygiene of -To educate the hygiene’s
office and
food uses of keeping of food
owners
handlers personal handlers
hygiene from -Strong
20- august 01 team
participatio
n

2 Priso Inappropriat -To increase -Working Giving HE about -Clean Prisoners -Group members
n e solid waste proper waste in proper waste environme and police
-Health admin
disposal management collaborati disposal system, nt station
office
from 20- august on with proper latrine admin office
In -properly
01 administrat usage used latrine -POLICE station
appropriate
ive office admin office
latrine usage - To increase
and
proper uses of
prisoners
latrine usage
habits -Strong
team
participatio
n

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Table 26: Findings from observation of institutions, restaurants, prison and Qera’s Jajura town health center catchment, Hadiya zone,
southern Ethiopia, 2023
Facility name Identified problems

Private clinics Absence of some health workers

Absence each treatments and tests amount
Absence of direction guiders

Restaurants Improper toilet utilization

Unclean personal hygiene
No hand washing facility at latrine
Absence of gowns and hair covers of food handlers

Qera’s Unclean environments

Narrowed areas/space for works

Prison In appropriate waste disposal

In appropriate latrine usage

Presence of rodent infestations

OUTREACH INTERVENTION RESULT

Health Education home to home

We planned to give health education for 60 HHs about proper solid waste management. We achieved
54(90%) and we planned to give health education for 60 HHs about proper latrine usage we achieved
54(90%) and also we planned to give health education for 60 HHs on personal hygiene and
environmental sanitation; we achieved 54(90%) HHs.in addition to this we also planned to educate
about family planning and ANC follow ups for 40 HHs and we were achieved 34(85%) HHs.

Figure 2: home to home education Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023

RESULT OF ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

We were inspects 8 restaurants according to check list given to us from health admin office and educated they how
they keep their personal hygiene, how they had to handle a foods and proper usages of latrines.

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Figure 3: Restaurants inspection and education Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023
We planned to give health education at waiting area in 8 sessions and we achieved 6(75%) session because of low
patient flows.

Figure 4: Health education at waiting areas Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023
Health education at OPD

Figure 5: Health education at OPD Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023
ANC
We planned to give health education about family planning utilization for women who come for immunization and
ANC follow-up 50 women’s and we achieved -----

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Figure 6: Health education at ANC Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023
Market Health Education

We planned to give education for more than 150 persons about chronic disease like HTN, DM and HIV AIDS and
we achieved more than 200(100%) peoples.

Figure 7: Health education at market Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023

Waste disposal campaign at Jajura town

We were planned to clean the town by 2 campaigns depending on our prioritized problems after we aware the
peoples on were more than 5000 peoples founded at football matches and we cleaned the town with different Jajura
town administrative and with community totally around 200 peoples were participated on the campaigns and we
achieved 2(100%) campaigns also we educated and create awareness about continuity of waste disposal cleaning in
this town.

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Figure 8: waste disposal cleaning campaign at Jajura, Hadiya, SNNPR, Ethiopia, July, 2023

Plse include

Inspection of restaurants, PRIVATE CLINICS AND police station

Min projects

Complete all your plans

Recommendation
The various health problems prevailing in Jajura town were discussed in the discussion part of this study. Since the health problems
generally need effective intervention from governmental or non-governmental organization association of these two organizations is
needed.

Health worker
 Educational measurements is the most important thing to prevent health problems by providing appropriate educational
measures in places such as health centres, market places ,where that most people often gather and by appointing health
extension workers to help the people at the house level. Educational programs can include Proper Latrine usage, recycling of
waste materials and provide awareness about health and related problem. For this activities health worker such as public health
officer, environmental health worker, health extension, and other responsible body should take action to reduce the problem.

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 JHC and jajura town health office and health posts should work together to provide adequate amount of vaccination to meet the
need of community for immunizing their child and to enhance the immunization coverage and immunity of the children in
Jajura town and also rural area
 Health care provider should focus on Strengthening women’s decision-making power on family planning Services, creating
awareness and increasing women’s access to contraceptives utilization

Jajura town health office

 Jajura town health office and town administration should prepare the schedule of waste disposal, burning and dumping system to
collect waste disposal and avoid open dumping for the prevention of health and health related problems arise from inappropriate
waste disposal
 JHC in collaboration with Jajura town health office and a number of non-governments organizations (who aimed at health and
health related programs at Jajura town) as well as minister of health should establish the comprehensive maternal and reproductive
health programs for women in reproductive age group.
 Comprehensive reproductive health education combined with access to contraceptive methods should be given in school and out
of school areas for reproductive age group women by health care providers.
 Jajura town health administration office should give pesticide and insecticide to avoid vermin, Jajura town health unit should
create awareness about hand washing facility near to latrine.

Municipality authority
 Municipality services should be given to the community to dispose solid and liquid wastes in the proper site at proper time.
 The garbage collectors should visit the villages regularly and drainage ditch should be constructed in the community.
 In addition to this number of public latrine must be increased.
 Jajura town health office and administration should work together to provide additional place for ‘Kera’ ( a place where a
pieces of unimportant meat (animal’s part) and blood is disposed) and they should maintain the cleanness of it as much as
possible for the sake of community, hotel workers and environmental health

Jajura town Finance and economy admin office

 Finance is major important thing to do any activities. Therefore enough amounts of money and materials must be funded to the
concerned body to facilitate the activities in the given period of time.

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