RYAN D.
JEREZ
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION
MAJOR IN FILIPINO
OXFORDIAN COLLEGES DASMA
Readings in Philippine
History
learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students must be able to:
1. Define what is History
2. Conceptualize the history and formation of the cultural heritage of
the Filipino people
3. Distinguish the significance of the different stages of our history
4. Explain the relationship of past events to our present condition
5. Appreciate the accomplishment and sacrifices of our fellow
Filipinos for the welfare of the nation
6. Develop a deep sense of pride and identity as a Filipino
through patriotism which lead to action in making a
significant contribution in nation building
7. Cite similarities and differences on the powers of the three
branches of the government under 1973 Constitution with
the 1935 Constitution.
Study of History and
Controversies in Philippine
History
Why is it important to study the History
and the Controversies in the Philippine
History?
The relevance of studying the past was
not spared from doubt and controversy. As
others maintained there is no reason to study
the past, for the situation today is totally
different, the assumptions, conclusions and
solutions may not be appropriate.
History, unlike other sciences will not give
exact details of a certain fact, it only deals with
past human activities and these activities that are
recorded in various medium, the manner on how it
was relayed can never be the exact. Despite
many questions about the benefits of studying
history, nations still rely on the lessons of their
past as they have no other means to use a link to
present.
Definition of History
The word “history” means the search for
knowledge and truth, a searching to find out. “History
is any integrated narrative or description of past
events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for
the whole truth” (Calderon & Gonzales,1993 citing
Good and Scates,1972).
History is defined as “any integrated narrative or
description of past events or facts written in a spirit of
critical inquiry for the whole truth”.
Encyclopedia Britannica defines history as “the
discipline that studies the chronological order of events
(as affecting a nation or people), based on critical
examination of source materials and usually presenting
an explanation of their causes.
Why Study
History?
Why Study History?
Dizon et. Al (2011) citing Perry (1999) enumerated
the reasons why we need to study history, there are:
1. To learn about past.
2. To understand the present.
3. To appreciate our heritage in a broad perspective.
4. To acquire a background for critical thinking.
Relationship of History with other
Social Sciences
1. History and Political Science
2. History and Economics
3. History and Sociology
4. History and Ethics
5. History and Psychology
6. History and Geography
Classification of Historical Sources
Historical sources may be classified as primary or
secondary (Fox, 1969). A primary source is regarded as
the source of the “best evidence”. This is because the
data come from the testimony of able eye and eye
witnesses to past events. They may also consist of
actual objects used in the past which you can directly
scrutinize or examine. Secondary source are information
supplied by a person who was not a direct observer or
participant of the event, object, or condition (Sevilla et.
Al, 1992)
Distinction between Primary Sources and
Secondary Sources
“Primary sources, the only solid bases of historical work,
are the original documents or remains, the first witnesses to
a fact” (Good, cited by Good and Scates, 1972). For
instance, the stenographic notes of a court trial and the news
reporter’s account of the trial are primary sources. On the
other hand, all writings by people who have never
experienced nor observed personally the objects and have
based their writings upon information gathered from those
who have knowledge of the events are secondary sources.
Sources of Data from Primary and Secondary
Sources
Amante et. al (2008) citing Cooper (2003) identified sources
of data from primary and secondary sources. The primary
sources are as:
1. Individual persons.
2. Natural objects and phenomena such as rain, wind,
typhoon, water, earthquake, mountain, snow, etc.
3. Documents in their original forms such as the constitution,
orders, proclamations, treaties, contracts, census and all
kinds of original records, letters, diaries, etc.
Sources of Data from Primary and
Secondary Sources
4. Established pracices such as marriage, relegious rites,
legal system, economic system, democracy system, etc.
5. Living organisms such as animals, fowls, lower forms of
living organisms.
6. Man-made material things such as buildings, machines,
weapon, artifacts, appliances, roads, bridges, dams, radio,
television, electricity, etc.
7. Natural objects and phenomena such as Rain, wind,
typhoon, water, earthquake, mountain, snow, etc.
Sources of Data from Primary and Secondary
Sources
Secondary sources are as follows:
1. Articles published in professional journal, magazines,
newspapers, and other publications.
2. Monographs, manuscripts, etc.
3. Unpublished master’s theses and dissertations, and
other studies.
4. Monographs, manuscripts, etc.
5. All other second –hand sources.
6. Verbal or written data.
Internal and External Criticism
External criticism refers to the genuineness of the
documents a researcher used in historical study.
Questions that illustrate external criticism include:
1. Who was the other, what was his/her
qualifications, personality, and position?
2. How soon after the events was the document
written and how was the document was written
and is it related to other document?
Internal and External Criticism
1. On the other hand, internal criticism is textual
criticism, it involves factor such as competence,
good faith, position, and bias of the author
(Sanchez, 1980)
2. Internal criticism looks at the content of the document to
determine its authenticity. It also involves determining the
intention of the source of data while external criticism
conducts document analysis using science. It applies
physical and technical tests to the document.
Auxiliary Sciences that Help in Determining
Authenticity and Genuineness of a Document
Calderon & Gonzales (1993) citing Good & Scates (1972) enumerated
some of auxiliary sciences that help in determining the authenticity and
genuineness of a document among which are:
1. Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions and the art of deciphering
them.
2. Diplomatics is the science of charters and diplomas and includes
knowledge of the practices and the forms used in them.
3. Paleography is the study of writings, which has a history all of its
own.
Auxiliary Sciences that Help in Determining
Authenticity and Genuineness of a Document
4. Philology in its all branches is the greatest use in determining date and aunthenticity.
5. Archaeology, anthropology, and prehistory in general have the greatest influence
upon the study of history; and the first of theses might almost be called the science of
remains. Archaeology is the scientific study of life and culture of the past, especially
ancient peoples, as far as excavations of ancient cities, relics, artifacts, etc.,
Anthropology, on the other hand, is the study of humans, especially of the variety,
physical and cultural characteristics, distribution, customs, social relationships, etc. of
humanity. Prehistory is history before recorded history as learned from archaeology
(Sanchez, 1998).
Auxiliary Sciences that Help in Determining
Authenticity and Genuineness of a Document
6. Chemistry and the papermaker’s art may be able
to say and have often said that a given document
written on woodpulp with a particular ink, for
example, cannot be older than the definite date
when these materials were first manufactured. Coins
and medals, too, are often of great historical value.
Why social sciences refer to history in
analyzing or predicting a certain
situation or a particular behavior?
Thank You!!!
(-^_^-)
