Tangent Galvanometer

PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TANGENT
GALVANOMETER
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT B.SHUBHANGI
SAGAR (BOARD ROLLNO. ) A STUDENT
OF CLASS XII ‘A’ HAS SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED PROJECT UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF MR.VENKATESHWARLU
(PHYSICS TEACHER) DURING YEAR 2019-2020
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF PHYSICS
PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS CONDUCTED BY
AISSCE ,NEW DELHI

 SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL SIGNATUR INTERNAL

EXAMINER EXAMINER
PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher
(Mr.VENKATESHWARLU) as well as our
principal (VEENA ROTE)who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic (TANGENT
GALVANOMETER), which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and i came to know
about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time
frame
SIGNATURE OF CANDIDATE
INDEX
 SNO. TOPIC
 1. Introduction
 2 .Aim
 3. Apparatus
 4. Theory
 5. Procedure
 6. Observations
 7. Calculations
 8. Results
 9. Precautions.
 10. Sources of Error
 11 . .Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Tangent Galvanometer is an
early measuring instrument for
small electric currents. It
consists of a coil of insulated
copper wire wound on a
circular non-magnetic frame.
Its working is based on the
principle of the tangent law of
magnetism.
 A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument
used for the measurement of electric current. It works by
using a compass needle to compare a magnetic field
generated by the unknown current to the magnetic field of
the Earth. It gets its name from its operating principle, the
tangent law of magnetism, which states that the tangent of
the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the
ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic
fields
 A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated
copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. The
frame is mounted vertically on a horizontal base provided
with levelling screws. The coil can be rotated on a vertical
axis passing through its centre. A compass box is mounted
horizontally at the centre of a circular scale. It consists of a
tiny, powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the
coil. The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal
plane. The circular scale is divided into four quadrants.
Each quadrant is graduated from 0° to 90°. A long thin
aluminium pointer is attached to the needle at its centre
and at right angle to it. To avoid errors due to parallax, a
plane mirror is mounted below the compass needle.
AIM
To study the earth’s magnetic

field using a Tangent
Galvanometer.
PARTS OF TANGENT GALVANOMETER
CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
APPARATUS
1.Tangent galvanometer (TG),
2.Rheostat (R),
3.Battery (E),
4.Ammeter (A),
5.Key (k)
6.Reversing key
7.Connecting wire
8.Meter scale
PRINCIPLE
 The working of the tangent Galvanometeris
based on the tangent law.When a bar magnet
is suspended in twoMagnetic fields B and Bh,
it comes to restmaking an angle θ with the
direction ofBh.
DIAGRAM
THEORY
Tangent galvanometer is an early measuring

instrument for small electric currents. It consists of
a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular
non-magnetic frame. Its working is based on the
principle of the tangent law of magnetism.
STATEMENT: When a magnet is suspended freely
in two mutually perpendicular uniform magnetic
fields F and BH, the magnet comes to rest making
an angle θ with the direction H such that
F = BH tan θ
Let a current I be passed through the coil of radius
R, having turns N. Then magnetic field produced at
the centre of the coil is
F = μ/4π 2πIN/R
 Let BH is the horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field and the magnetic needle comes to
rest at an angle θ with the direction of BH then
Eq. (1) AND 2
 aBHtanθ = μ/4π 2πIN
BHtanθ = 10−7 2πIN

R
BH = 10−7 2πIN
Rtanθ
By substituting the value of current I,

from Eq. (3)
Tanθ/I = μo2πN
4πRH
BH = μoNk
2R
K=I
tanθ radius of coil of galvanometer R, deflection θ and N, the
value of H can becalculated
PROCEDURE
For performing in real life
Connections are made as shown in the figure,

where K is the key, E the battery, Athe ammeter, R
the rheostat, C the commutator, and T.G the
tangent galvanometer.
The commutator can reverse the current through
the T.G coil without changing the current in the
rest of the circuit.
 The magnetic field can be calculated as follows:
 1.Make the circuit connections in accordance with the
circuit diagram.
 2.Using a spirit level, level the base and compass
needle in compass box of tangent galvanometer by
adjusting the leveling screw.
 3.Now rotate the coil of the galvanometer about its
vertical axis, till the magnetic needle, its image in the
plane of the mirror fixed at the base of the compass
box and the coili.e., all these three lie in the same
vertical plane. In this setting, the ends of aluminum
pointer should read zero-zero. If this is not so,
rotatethe box without disturbing the position of the
coil till at least one of the ends of the pointer stands
at the zero mark.
 4.Note the number of turns in the coil.
 5.A suitable amount of current is passed through
the coil.
 6.Note down the current as well as the deflection
in the TG.
 7.Reverse the current and note the deflection
again.
 8.Repeat for different values of current.
9.Measure the radius of coil from perimeter.
 10.By changing the value of current, take four or
more set of reading and plot the graph between I
and tan . The graph will be a straight line.
 11.Determine the reduction factor andthe
horizontal intensity of Earth’s magnetic field.
OBSERVATIONS
NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE COIL = ____
OUTER RADIUS OF THE COIL = ___ CM
INNER RADIUS OF THE COIL = ___ CM
RADIUS OF THE COIL = ___ CM
TABLE FOR VARIATION OFQ WITH I.
 CALCULATIONS
 Horizontal intensity of Earth’s magnetic field, Bh
is,
 Bh= μ.n.K
 2.a
 Reduction factor K can be determined from the
graph as, K=AB/BC
RESULT
 Reduction factor of the given Tangent

Galvanometer,
 K=2.448 A
 Horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field,Bh=

2.8 ×10−7 T
CONCLUSION;
EXPERIMENT in Tangent galvanometer gives the

reduction factor of galvanometer and horizontal
intensity of earths magnetic feilf
PRECAUTIONS
 1.The battery should be freshly charged.
 2.The magnetic needle should swing freely
in the horizontal plane.
 3.The plane of coil must be set in
magnetic meridian.
 4.All the readings must be adjusted
between30o and 600.
 5.There should be no parallax in noting
down the reading of ammeter and
defletion..
SOURCES OF ERROR
1.There may be a magnetic

material around the apparatus.
2.Theplane of the coil will not

be exactly in the magnetic
meridian.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT Physics Text Book for Class XII
 Comprehensive Physics Practical Book
 www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanometer
 www.icbse.com www.cbse.nic.in

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PHYSICS

 SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL SIGNATUR INTERNAL

To study the earth’s magnetic

1.Tangent galvanometer (TG),

Tangent galvanometer is an early measuring

BHtanθ = 10−7 2πIN

By substituting the value of current I,

For performing in real life

Connections are made as shown in the figure,

 Reduction factor of the given Tangent

 Horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field,Bh=

EXPERIMENT in Tangent galvanometer gives the

1.There may be a magnetic

2.Theplane of the coil will not

 Comprehensive Physics Practical Book

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