ELECTROMAGNETICINDUCTION

INDEX:

1. Aim

2. Certificate

3. Acknowledgement

4. Apparatus

5. Introduction

6. Theory

7. Conclusion

8. Bibliography
AIM:

To determine the faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction using a

copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong magnet

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled ‘ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION’

has been successfully completed by GAGAN S YADAV of Class XII in partial fulfillment

of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARYEDUCATION (CBSE) leading to

the award of annual examination of the year 2019-2020

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our

Physics teacher MR HARIKRISHNA SIR for his guidance, support

and encouragement throughout the duration of the project. Without

her motivation and help the successful completion of this project

would not have been possible.

APPARATUS

1. Insulated copper wire

2. A iron rod

3. A strong magnet and

4. A light emitting diode (LED)

INTRODUCTION:

Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of

electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will interact

with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is

the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and

many types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was

the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained

electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force.

These equations for electromagnetics are extremely important

since they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural

physical phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability

to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to

gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes

possible a host of technological innovations that define modern

society. Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function

because of the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural

phenomena such as the light we receive from the sun, to

technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric power

generation, Faraday’s Law has a great impact on many aspects of

our lives.

Faraday’s Law is the result of the experiments of the English

chemist and physicist Michael Faraday .

The concept of electromagnetic induction was actually discovered

simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph Henry,

an American scientist working in New York , but Faraday is credited

for the law since he published his work first . An important aspect of

the equation that quantifies Faraday’s Law comes from the work of

Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his contribution to

Faraday’s Law, now known as Lenz’s Law, in 1834 (Institute of

Chemistry).
Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field.

Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop

an understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related

concept of potentials.

Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic

induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite

sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a modern

toroidal transformer) to induce current

Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single

equation describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF

generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz

force), and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due

to a changing magnetic field (due to the Maxwell–Faraday

equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his

1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of

that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for each

of the two phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of

electromagnetic induction is made in some modern textbooks.

THEORY:
Magnetic flux:

The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is the

component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit

of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds),

and the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured

with a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics

that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to

calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through

a surface of vector area S is
where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux

density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the

surface, and θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the

normal (perpendicular) to S.

For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux

through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider

the field to be constant

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the

fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be

defined as:
where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S,

which is denoted ∂S.

LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:

The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the

negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the

circuit.

This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed

circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire,and is invalid in other

circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the

Maxwell–Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all

circumstances.

When the flux changes—because B changes, or because the wire

loop is moved or deformed, or both—Faraday's law of induction

says that the wire loop acquires an EMF , defined as the energy

available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the

unit of EMF is the volt).Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be

measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and

attaching a voltmeter to the leads.

According to theLorentz force law (in SI units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic

flux density, magnetic induction), dℓ is an infinitesimal arc length

along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the wire

(along the curve the conincident with the shape of the wire).
The Maxwell–Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic

field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-

conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The Maxwell–Faraday

equation is

where is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric field and

B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be functions

of position r and time t.

The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell–Faraday

equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient

foundation to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism.

Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with these

equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and

used to "prove" the Maxwell–Faraday equation and/or other laws.)

CONCLUSION

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and

published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,

describes a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its

mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s

is not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or

voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-

reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the

shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile communications,

to electricity to power our homes. We can all appreciate the

profound impact Faraday’s Law has on us.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 WIKIPEDIA
 HOW STUFF WORKS
 SCIENCE FOR ALL
EXPERIMENT PHOTOS