Physics Project

AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON “Ohm’s law”

Submitted by :-
Tanya
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
“Ohm’s law” has been successfully completed by
Tanya of Class XIIthB in partial fulfillment of
curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2022-2023.

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude

towards our Physics teacher mrs.Shubha and
mr.Tarun for their guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of the
project. Without their motivation and help the
successful completion of this project would not
have been possible.
INDEX
1. Introduction
2. AIM
3. Apparatus required
4. Procedure
5. Observation table
6. Calculation
7. Result
8. Precautions
9. Conclusion
10. Ohm’s law application
11. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Ohm’s law :-
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between
two points is proportional to the potential difference across the
two points. Introducing the constant proportionality, the
resistance, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that
describes this relationship
I=V/R
where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes,
V is the voltage measured across the conductor in units of volts,
and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More
specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is
constant, independent of the current. Ohm's law is an empirical
relation which accurately describes the conductivity of the vast
majority of electrically conductive materials over many orders of
magnitude of current. However some materials do not obey
Ohm's law, these are called non-ohmic.
Resistance :-
The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its
opposition to the flow of electric current. The inverse quantity is
electrical conductance, and is the ease with which an electric
current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual
parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of
electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance
is measured in siemens
Resistivity :-
Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or
volume resistivity) is a fundamental property of a material that
quantifies how strongly it resists or conducts electric current. A
low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows electric
current. Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter ρ
(rho). The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ω·m)
AIM
"To find resistivity of wires of different metal using
Ohm's law"
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. 4 Wires of different metals with
respective length
2. A battery eliminator
3. D.C Voltmeter
4. A.C Ammeter
5. A rheostat
6. One plug key
7. Thick connecting wires
8. Sand paper
PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the various components of the circuit
accordingly with a plug out of one-way key
2. Rub the ends of connecting wire with a sand

paper
3. Ensure the ammeter is connected in a series with

the resistance wire with its positive terminal
towards the positive of the battery. Also ensure
the voltmeter connected in parallel to resistance
coil R in such a manner that the current enters at
its positive end.
4. Connect the rheostat such that its lower
terminals and the upper terminals are used.
5. Insert the plug-in key K.
6. Adjust the rheostat so that small current flows

through the circuit. And record the readings of
ammeter and voltmeter
7. Shift the rheostat contact to shift the current and

take the readings again.
8. Cut the resistance wire at the ends just coming

out of the voltmeter. Stretch it along the meter
and measure its length
9. Observations recorded.
Observation table
Iron wire
Current Roltage Resistance
150mA 0.20v 1.3 Ω
200mA 0.25v 1.001 Ω
300mA 0.30v 1.0 Ω
Aluminum wire
Current Voltage Resistance
200mA 0.10v 0.50 Ω
300mA 0.20v 0.66 Ω
400mA 0.30v 0.75 Ω
Manganin wire
150mA 0.20v 1.3 Ω
200mA 0.30v 1.05 Ω
300mA 0.40v 1.3 Ω
Copper wire
150mA 0.10v 0.50 Ω
200mA 0.20v 0.54 Ω
300mA 0.30v 0.60 Ω
Calculations
for Iron wire
Length of wire = 21cm
Thickness = 0.54 x 10^-2 m
Area = 0.28 x 10^-6 m^2
Mean resistance = (0.5+0.66+0.75)
3
=1.1Ω
Resistivity =RA
L
=10.5*10^8 Ωm
for Aluminum wire

Length of wire = 68 cm
Thickness = 0.66 x 10^-2 m
Area = 0.28 x 10^-6 m^2
3
= 0.630 Ω
Resistivity =RA
L
=2.7 x 10^-8 Ωm
for Manganin wire
Thickness =0.66 x 10^-2 m
Area = 0.19 X 10^-6 m^2
3
= 1.36 Ω
Resistivity = RA
L
= 48.2 x 10^-8 Ωm
for Copper wire

Thickness = 0.49x 10^-2 m
3
= 0.54 Ω
Resistivity = RA
L
=1.7 x 10^-8 Ωm
RESULT
The resistivity of wires:
1. For iron = 10.5 x 10^-80 Ωm
2. For aluminum = 2.7 x 10^-80 Ωm
3. For manganim = 4.82 x 10^-8 Ωm
4. For copper = 1.7 x 106^-8 Ωm

PRECAUTION
1. Connection should be tight.
2. Short circuiting should be avoided.
3. The plug should be inserted only while taking
observation otherwise current will cause unnecessary
heating in the circuit.
Ohm’s Law Applications

The main applications of Ohm’s law are:
● To determine the voltage, resistance or current of an electric
circuit.
● Ohm’s law maintains the desired voltage drop across the
electronic components.
● Ohm’s law is also used in DC ammeter and other DC shunts
to divert the current.
Conclusion
1. It shows that the current flowing in a conductor is
directly proportional to the voltage across the
Conductor.
2. current measured by the flow of electrons through the

given point under unit time.
3. The electric current in the conductor increases

proportionally with the increase in voltage.
4. The I-V graph is a straight line.
5. The voltage current and resistance are interrelated on a

macroscopic level.
6. The V(voltage) , I (current) , and R (resistance) is a

scalar variable of ohm’s law.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
· google.com
· wikipedia.org
· NCERT book for class XII Physics
· NCERT Lab manual physics for class 12
· byjus.com
· Science for all

Physics Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude

2. Rub the ends of connecting wire with a sand

3. Ensure the ammeter is connected in a series with

5. Insert the plug-in key K.

6. Adjust the rheostat so that small current ﬂows

7. Shift the rheostat contact to shift the current and

8. Cut the resistance wire at the ends just coming

for Aluminum wire

for Copper wire

1. For iron = 10.5 x 10^-80 Ωm

2. For aluminum = 2.7 x 10^-80 Ωm

3. For manganim = 4.82 x 10^-8 Ωm

4. For copper = 1.7 x 106^-8 Ωm

Ohm’s Law Applications

2. current measured by the ﬂow of electrons through the

3. The electric current in the conductor increases

4. The I-V graph is a straight line.

5. The voltage current and resistance are interrelated on a

6. The V(voltage) , I (current) , and R (resistance) is a

· NCERT book for class XII Physics

· NCERT Lab manual physics for class 12

· Science for all

You might also like