Intro: Vaii › ability of muscular tissue to stretch without

being damaged. Extensibility allows a muscle to

Muscle physiology is the study of how muscles contract forcefully even if it is already stretched.
function, primarily focusing on muscle
contraction and the various types of muscle
tissues. Muscle contraction involves the • Elasticity
shortening of muscle fibers, initiated by signals › ability of muscular tissue to return to its
from motor neurons and resulting in movement original length and shape after contraction or
or force generation. The human body has three extension
main muscle types: skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac, each with unique characteristics and Slide 5: Lance
functions. We are here today to give you more
knowledge of how the muscular physiology • Muscles are classified by three different
takes role in our lives. methods, based on different factors:
I. Depending upon the presence or
Slide 1: Lance absence of striations
II. Depending upon the control
Functions of Muscle Tissue sustained III. Depending upon the situation.
contraction or alternating contraction and
relaxation, muscular tissue has four key • Depending upon the presence or absence of
functions: cross striations, the muscles are divided into
two groups:
 Produces body movements. 1. Striated muscle
 Stabilizes body positions. 2. Non-striated muscle.
 Stores and moves substances within the
body. Striated Muscle
 Generates heat. •Striated muscle is the muscle which has a large
number of cross-striations (transverse lines).
Slide 2: Vaii › Examples are skeletal muscle and cardiac
muscles.
Properties of Muscle Tissue Muscular tissue has
four special properties that enable it to function Non-striated Muscle
and contribute to homeostasis: Muscle which does not have cross-striations is
called non-striated muscle.
 Electrical excitability It is also called plain muscle or smooth muscle.
 Contractility • It is found in the wall of the visceral
 Extensibility organs.
 Elasticity
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Slide 3: Vaii
Classification of muscles
• Electrical excitability:
a property of both muscle and nerve cells to II. DEPENDING UPON CONTROL
respond to certain stimuli by producing • Depending upon control, the muscles are
electrical signals called action potentials classified into two types:
• Contractility › ability of muscular tissue to 1. Voluntary muscle
contract forcefully when stimulated by an 2. Involuntary muscle.
action potential. When a muscle contracts, it
generates tension (force of contraction) while • 1. Voluntary Muscle
pulling on its attachment points.  Voluntary muscle is the muscle that is
controlled by our own will. Skeletal
Slide 4: Vaii muscles are the voluntary muscles.
 These muscles are innervated by somatic
• Extensibility nerves. (Somatic nerves meaning
responsible for voluntary control of
skeletal muscles and sensory perception  The muscle cells are commonly called
from the skin, joints, and muscles.) muscle fibers because these cells are long
2. Involuntary Muscle and slender in appearance.
 Muscle that cannot be controlled by the  Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated
will is called involuntary muscle. and are arranged parallel to one another
 Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are with some connective tissue in between.
involuntary muscles  Muscle mass is separated from the
neighboring tissues by a thick fibrous
tissue layer known as fascia
Slide 7: Lance —————
 Beneath the fascia, muscle iscovered by a
3rd classification of muscles is DEPENDING connective tissuesheath called epimysium.
UPON SITUATION  In the muscle, the muscle fibers are
• Depending upon situation, the muscles are arranged in various groups called bundles
classified into three types: or fasciculi.
1. Skeletal muscle  Connective tissue sheath that covers each
2. Cardiac muscle fasciculus is called perimysium.
3. Smooth muscle.  Each muscle fiber is covered by a
connective tissue layer called the
1.Skeletal Muscle endomysium
 Skeletal muscle is situated in association
with bones forming the skeletal system.
 form 40% to 50% of body mass and are Slide 14-15: Lance
voluntary and striated.
 Supplied by somatic nerves.  Each muscle cell or muscle fiber is
 Fibers of the skeletal muscles are arranged cylindrical in shape.
in parallel.  Average length of the fiber is 3 cm (1-4 cm,
 Muscle fibers are attached to tendons on depending upon the length of the muscle).
either end.  The diameter of the muscle fiber varies
 Skeletal muscles are anchored to the from 10 u to 100 m and it varies in a single
bones by the tendons. muscle.
 Muscle fibers are attached to a tough cord
Slide 8: Lance of connective tissue called tendon.
 Tendon is in turn attached to the bone.
Skeletal Muscle
• Description:
› Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with many  Tendon of some muscles is thin, flat and
peripherally located nuclei; stretched but tough.
voluntary control.  Such type of tendon is calledaponeurosis.
• Location:  Each muscle fiber is enclosed by a cell
› Usually attached to bones by tendons. membrane calledplasma membrane, that
• Function: liesbeneath the endomysium.
› Motion, posture, heat production, and  It is also called sarcolemma .
protection.  Cytoplasm of the muscle is known as
sarcoplasm.
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(Name the parts of the structure of the skeletal Slide 17-18: Vaii
muscle)
Structures embedded within the sarcoplasm are:
Slide 11-13: Vaii (muscle mass) 1. Nuclei
2. Myofibril
 Muscle mass or muscle tissue is made up 3. Golgi apparatus
of a large number of individual muscle cells 4. Mitochondria
or myocytes. 5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
6. Ribosomes
7. Glycogen droplets • Location:
8. Occasional lipid droplets. > Iris of the eyes, walls of hollow
internalstructures such as blood vessels, airways
to the lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder,
Slide 19-22: Lance urinary bladder, and uterus.
• Function:
Myofibril > Motion (constriction of blood vessels and
 Each muscle fiber contains several airways, propulsion of foods
hundred to severalthousand myofibrils. throughgastrointestinaltrathcontraction of
 Myofibrils or myofibrillaeare the fine urinary
parallel filamentspresent in sarcoplasm of
themuscle cell.
 some of the myofibrils arearranged in
groups calledCohnheim's areas or fields.
 Each myofibril is composed of about 1500
adjacent myosin filaments and 3000actin
filaments, which arelarge polymerized
protein molecules responsible for the
actual muscle contraction.

——
The myofibrils contain 2 kinds of protein
filaments. Thick filaments - composed of
myosin . Thin filaments - composed of Actin,
troponin and tropomyosin . c. striations are
produced by alternating light and dark filaments.
—-

Cardiac Muscle: Cardiac muscle forms the

musculature of the heart. These muscles are
striated and involuntary. Cardiac muscles are
supplied by autonomic nerve fibers. —-

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Smooth Muscle
 Smooth muscle is situated in
associationwith viscera.
 It is also called visceral muscle.
 It is different from skeletal and cardiac
muscles because of the absence of cross
striations.
 Smooth muscle is supplied by autonomic
nerve fibers.
 Smooth muscles form the main contractile
units of wall of the various visceral organs
E.g. stomach.
—-

• Description:
> Spindle-shaped (thickest in middle and
tapering at both ends), nonstriated fibers with
one centrally located nucleus; involuntary
control.