THE MUSCLE
Presented by:
Syed Zain Ul Abidin (PT)
DPT, MSPT, CHR
Objectives
• What are the muscles
• Basic function of muscles
• Difference between the basic 3 types of muscles
• How muscle contraction occur
• Types of muscles according to Fasciculi
Arrangement
Introduction
• Muscle is a contractile tissue that produces movement.
• The muscle is derived from MUS which means mouse.
• They are named so because they resemble a mouse.
• They are the motors of the body.
Functions of muscle
• Movement
• Stability
• Heat production
• Control of body openings and passages
Classification of muscles
• Striated muscles
• Non striated muscles
Striated muscles
• These muscles have characteristic light and dark bands.
• These muscles are present in limbs, body walls, tongue,
pharynx and beginning of esophagus.
• These can be multinucleated or uninucleated.
• Striated muscles can be voluntary or involuntary.
• These muscles contract rapidly.
Striated muscles
1. Skeletal muscles
• Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones, it is
responsible for skeletal movements.
• The peripheral portion of the central nervous system
(CNS) controls the skeletal muscles.
• These muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control.
• The basic unit is the muscle fiber with many nuclei.
• Makes the flesh or meat of animals.
• Nerve supply is from motor nerve which is mixed nerve
consisting of motor and sensory fibers.
• Muscle spindles
• These muscle fibers are striated (having transverse
streaks) and each acts independently of neighboring
muscle fibers.
2. Cardiac muscle
• It is found in the walls of the heart
• Works under the control of the autonomic nervous
system.
• The cardiac muscle cell has one central nucleus, like
smooth muscle
• but it also is striated, like skeletal muscle.
• The cardiac muscle cell is rectangular in shape.
• The contraction of cardiac muscle is involuntary, strong,
and rhythmical.
NON-STRAITED
Smooth Muscle
• Found in the walls of the hollow internal organs such as
blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and
uterus
• It is under the control of the autonomic nervous system.
• Smooth muscle cannot be controlled consciously and thus
acts involuntarily.
• The non-striated (smooth) muscle cell is spindle-shaped
• Has one central nucleus
• Smooth muscle contracts slowly and rhythmically.
• These muscles have no light and dark bands.
• They are involuntary muscles and make the walls of blood
vessels and present in esophagus, urogenital tract,
urinary bladder, iris of eye, arrector pilli muscle.
• The cells of these muscles are uni-nucleated..
• Two parts:
Fleshy part
Fibrous part
Structure of muscle
• Epimysium
• Perimysium
• Endomysium
Structure of a muscle
Epimysium
Tendon Perimysium
Muscle
fasciculi
Endomysium
Skeletal
muscle
Muscle
bundle
• Each muscle is composed of muscle fasciculi
which are bundles of muscle fibers.
• Muscle fibers are multinucleated, cross striated
cylindrical cells.
• Cell membrane sarcolemma
• Cytoplasm sarcoplasm
• The sarcoplasm contains nuclei and myofibrils.
• Nuclei are arranged around the periphery and
myofibrils are scattered in the sarcoplasm.
• Myofibrils have dark and light bands.
• A – band, I – band, Z – discs
Structure of myofibril
• Composed of myofilaments.
• Myofilaments are of two types ;
I. Thin or actin filaments
II. Thick or myosin filaments
• Actin two strands of G-actin twisted in
helical manner. Tropomyosin and troponin.
• Myosin light and heavy chains
SLOW AND FAST MUSCLE FIBERS
Type 1 (slow fibers)
• Present in postural muscles.
• These are red in color because of large amounts of
myoglobin.
• Fatigue resistant.
TYPE 2 (FAST FIBERS)
• Present in the muscles required for body movements
• These are paler in color because of small amounts of
myoglobin
• Fatigue easily.
INTERMEDIATE FIBERS
• Type of fast fibers which are resistant to fatigue.
Classification of skeletal muscles
• According to fascicular architecture
• According to function
ACCORDING TO FASCICULAR
ARCHITECTURE
A. Parallel fasciculi
B. Oblique fasciculi
C. Spiral fasciculi
Parallel fasciculi
• The muscle fasciculi are arranged parallel to the line of
pull. This type of muscles are more concerned to the
movements. The muscles can be ;
I. Quadrilateral (thyrohyoid)
II. Strap like (sartorius)
III. Strap like with tendinous intersections (rectus abdominis)
IV. Fusiform (digastric and biceps)
Oblique fasciculi
• In these muscles, muscle fasciculi are arranged obliquely
to the line of pull. These muscles are more powerful than
muscles with parallel fasciculi.
• These muscles can be;
I. Triangular ( temporalis)
II. Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus)
III. Bipennate ( rectus femoris)
IV. Multipennate (deltoid)
V. Circumpennate (tibialis anterior)
Spiral fasciculi
• Spiral fibers are found in trapezius, pectoralis major,
latissmus dorsi etc.
• In cruciate muscles, fasciculi are crossed.
NOMENCLATURE
Muscles are named according to:
• 1. ACCORDING TO THEIR SHAPE: e.g. deltoid
(triangular), trapezius, rhomboids (diamond shaped),
serratus anterior (Fig. 4.10), latissimus dorsi, quadratus
(quadrangular), teres (round) teres major etc.
2. ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF HEADS OF ORIGIN
• Biceps (two heads): biceps brachii
• Triceps (three heads): triceps brachii
• Quadriceps (four heads): Quadriceps Femoris
• Digastric (two bellies): anterior and posterior bellies of
digastric
3. ACCORDING TO THEIR GROSS STRUCTURE:
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, etc. (Fig.
4.12).
4. ACCORDING TO THEIR POSITION:
Supra (above): supraspinatus
Infra (below): infraspinatus
Anterior (front): Tibialis anterior
Posterior (back): Tibialis Posterior
• 5. According to their attachments, e.g. stylohyoid,
cricothyroid, sternocleidomastoid (from sternum
and clavicle to mastoid process) (Fig. 4.14), etc
6. According to their
action, e.g.
adductor longus,
flexor carpi ulnaris
(Fig. 4.15),
abductor pollicis
longus, etc.
orbicularis oculi
7. According to direction of their fibres, e.g. rectus
abdominis, transversus abdominis, orbicularis oculi (Fig.
4.7).
• 8. A muscle with two bellies with an intervening tendon is
called digastric muscle (Fig. 4.7). Muscle with number of
intervening tendons or intersections is the rectus
abdominis.
9. According to the size:
• Major (big): pectoralis major
• Minor (small) : pectoralis minor
• Longus (long): adductor longus
• Brevis (small): abductor pollicis brevis
10. According to the depth:
Superficialis (superficial): flexor digitorum superficialis
Profundus (deep): flexor digitorum profundus
Externus (external): external oblique of the anterior
abdominal wall
Internus (internal): internal oblique of the anterior abdominal
wall
flexor digitorum
profundus
NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
• 1. Motor fibres (60%)
• 2. Sensory fibres (40%)
• Muscle spindles are spindle-shaped sensory end organs
of the skeletal muscle. Each spindle contains 6-14
intrafusal muscle fibres which are of two types, the larger
nuclear bag fibres, and the smaller nuclear chain fibres
(Fig. 4.16)
• Motor point: It is the site where the motor nerve enters
the muscle.
• Motor unit: A motor unit is made up of a motor neuron
and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor
neuron's axonal terminals. Groups of motor units often
work together to coordinate the contractions of a single
muscle
• Small motor units (5-10 muscle fibres) are found in
muscles of fine movements (extraocular muscles).
• Large motor units (100-2000 muscle fibres) are found in
muscles of gross movements (proximal limb muscles).
• Motor pool : All of the motor units within a muscle are
considered a motor pool.
• Composite/hybrid muscle: Muscle supplied by two
different motor nerves with different root values is called a
composite or hybrid muscle, e.g. adductor magnus, flexor
digitorum profundus and pectoralis major.
• Adductor Magnus has an adductor part supplied by
obturator nerve and a hamstrings part supplied by sciatic
nerve.
Nerve Supply of Smooth Muscle
• Single-unit type: Impulse reaches one muscle cell and is
transmitted to others
• Multi-unit type: Each muscle cell receives separate
nerve fibre.
Nerve Supply of Cardiac Muscle
• Heart is supplied by sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerve fibres.
ACTIONS OF MUSCLES
• Isotonic contraction: During contraction the length of the
muscle may decrease.
• Isometric contraction: During contraction the length of
the muscle May remain unchanged.
• Eccentric: Length may increase, according to the
functional demands of the body.
• Concentric: When there is increasing tension in the
muscle as it contracts and shortens.
• Each movement at a joint is brought about by a
coordinated activity of different groups of muscles. These
muscle groups are classified and named according to their
function.
1. Prime movers (agonists) bring about the desired
movement.
2. Antagonists (opponents) oppose the prime movers.
3. Fixators are the groups of muscles which stabilize the
proximal joints of a limb, so that the desired movement at
the distal joint may occur on a fixed base.
4. Synergists: Two or more muscles causing one
movement are synergists.
