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    MUSCLE

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    Dua Eiman

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MUSCLE

    Uploaded by

    Dua Eiman
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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    3 views5 pages

    MUSCLE

    Uploaded by

    Dua Eiman

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    MUSCLE

    DUA EIMAN, DPT

    TOPIC #1
    PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE
    Muscles are complex structures in the body responsible for movement, posture,
    and heat generation. Here's an overview of their physiological structure:

    Muscle Fiber: The basic unit of a muscle is the muscle fiber, also known as a
    muscle cell or myocyte. These are elongated cells containing many nuclei. Each
    muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma.
    Myofibrils: Inside each muscle fiber are numerous myofibrils, which are cylindrical
    structures made up of smaller units called sarcomeres. Myofibrils are responsible
    for muscle contraction. They contain the contractile proteins actin and myosin,
    arranged in repeating units called sarcomeres.
    Sarcomere: Sarcomeres are the functional units of muscle contraction. They are
    composed of thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin), along with other
    regulatory proteins like troponin and tropomyosin. The arrangement of these
    filaments gives skeletal muscles a striated appearance under a microscope.
    Muscle Fascicles: Muscle fibers are bundled together into groups called fascicles.
    These fascicles are surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the
    perimysium, which contains blood vessels and nerves supplying the muscle fibers.
    Muscle Belly: The visible portion of a muscle is called the muscle belly. It consists
    of bundles of fascicles surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the
    epimysium.
    Tendons: At each end of a muscle, the connective tissue layers converge to form a
    tendon. Tendons attach muscles to bones, allowing the force generated by muscle
    contraction to be transmitted to the skeleton, resulting in movement.
    Blood Supply and Nerve Innervation: Muscles require a constant supply of oxygen
    and nutrients to function efficiently. Blood vessels (arteries and veins) and nerves
    penetrate muscles to provide oxygen, nutrients, and signals for contraction and
    relaxation.
    CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES

    The muscles are classified into three types:


    1. Skeletal muscle
    2. Cardiac muscle
    3. Smooth muscle.
    Skeletal Muscle
    Skeletal muscle is situated in association with bones forming the skeletal system.
    The skeletal muscles form 40% to 50% of body mass and are voluntary and
    striated. These muscles are supplied by somatic nerves. Fibers of the skeletal
    muscles are arranged in parallel. In most of the skeletal muscles, muscle fibers are
    attached to tendons on either end. Skeletal musclesare anchored to the bones by
    the tendons.
    SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER
    Skeletal muscle fibers are elongated, multinucleated cells, meaning they contain
    multiple nuclei scattered along their length.
    Each muscle fiber is encased in a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma,
    which surrounds the cytoplasm, known as sarcoplasm. Within the sarcoplasm are
    numerous organelles, including mitochondria for energy production, sarcoplasmic
    reticulum (SR) for calcium ion storage, and myofibrils for contraction.
    Cardiac Muscle
    Cardiac muscle forms the musculature of the heart. These muscles are striated
    and involuntary. Cardiac muscles are supplied by autonomic nerve fibers.
    Smooth Muscle
    Smooth muscle is situated in association with viscera. It is also called visceral
    muscle. It is different from skeletal and cardiac muscles because of the absence of
    crossstriations, hence the name smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is supplied by
    autonomic nerve fibers. Smooth muscles form the main contractile units of wall of
    the various visceral organs.

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