Sensory Organs

Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals 1 This material is of:

Student ID:

SENSORY ORGANS
THE EYE
Pharmacy Curriculum – Somophore (2rd – year student)
Session 4-5 – (3 periods)
Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm.
School-year: 2024 - 2025

Email: [email protected]
1
Tel: (028) 5449 9968
REFERENCES
1/ Carolee Sormunen (2010), Terminology for Health
Professionals, Sixth Edition. Chapter 22. Delmar, Cengage
Learning.
Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm. Clinical Pharmacology

2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Spell and define major system components and explain how
they operate.
2. Identify the meaning of related word elements.
3. Spell and define diagnostic procedures, diagnoses, treatment
procedures, and abbreviations.
4. Spell the names of commonly used medications.
5. Use a dictionary as a tool in processing medical documents.
6. Hear how medical terminology is used in actual medical
reports.
Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm. Clinical Pharmacology

3
SENSORY ORGANS – SPECIAL SENSES
TERMINOLOGY
Sense of smell- olfaction
Sense of taste
Sense of sight
Sense of hearing
Sense of touch
Clinical Pharmacology
4
SENSORY ORGANS - STRUCTURE
5
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
6
READING REVIEW
Read the first paragraph, and answer these questions.
1. What are the main roles of skin?
2. Analyse this sentence and rewrite in your own word
Keratin is produced by the same process that changes living cells
into dead, horny cells in the epidermis
3. 4 Teams: summarize the paragraph in your own word about
the characteristics, functions
Team 1: Epidermis
Team 2: Dermis
Team 3: Hypodermis
Team 4: Hair and Nail
7
READING
• The average adult has approximately 7 pounds of skin, which
amounts to approximately 20 square feet of tissue—literally all
the general public ever sees.
• As an organ system of the body, the skin, or integument, is
considered to be one of the most important systems.
• The integumentary system includes not only the skin but the
hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands and the breast is
considered an appendage of the skin.
• Dermatology is the branch of medicine concerned with the
diagnosis, interpretation, and treatment of diseases of the skin.
8
READING
• The physician who specializes in the study of the skin is called
a dermatologist.
• A plastic surgeon is a physician who specializes in the surgical
restoration and reconstruction of body structures.
• The term plastic is related to the suffix -plasty, meaning surgical
repair.
• Cosmetic surgeons are plastic surgeons who perform
operations such as breast augmentation, liposuction, and
facelifts that are usually done for aesthetic rather than medical
reasons.
9
READING
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
The skin is an organ containing millions of cells and other biological
components that protect the inner vital organs.
This remarkable organ, the body’s first line of defense, serves many
functions, but the most important of these are as follows:
1. To protect deeper tissues against drying and being invaded by organisms
and many chemicals.
2. To regulate body temperature. Blood vessels in the skin contract when we
are cold but dilate when we are warm to dissipate heat. When we are very
warm, we perspire and are cooled by the evaporation of the sweat.
3. To sense information about the environment and our position in it.
4. To lubricate the body surface to keep it soft and pliable.
In addition, because of the skin’s visibility, it provides valuable information
about an individual’s general health.
10
READING
The surface of the body is covered by three layers of tissue, each
different in structure and function. As shown in Figure 5-1, the
epidermis (6) is the outermost layer. The dermis (5) is the
second layer and contains a framework of connective tissue.
These first two layers are referred to as the skin. The third layer
is called the subcutaneous tissue (4) and is composed of
deposits of fat in modified connective tissue (adipose tissue).
This layer of fat is sometimes referred to as the panniculus
adiposus.
11
READING
Epidermis
The epidermis is avascular (contains no blood vessels), and is nourished by
diffusion from the dermis. It consists of several layers and differs in thickness over
the body surface, varying from the eyelids (the thinnest) to the palms and soles (the
thickest). When unbroken, the epidermis can prevent most disease germs from
entering the body.
The outermost epidermal layer, the stratum corneum (7), is primarily composed of
flat, horny cells called squamous cells. The deepest layer, the stratum basale, has
cells that are shaped like columns. It is in this layer that cells divide and push
already-formed cells into higher layers. During the process, cells flatten, eventually
die, and fill with keratin, a dense, fibrous protein material which provides structural
strength to skin, hair, and nails. These cells are constantly being shed and replaced
by new ones.
The stratum basale also contains melanocytes that produce melanin the pigment
granules which give the skin its color. This coloration also protects the body from
injurious ultraviolet light rays.
12
READING
13
DERMIS (CORIUM)
• The second layer, the dermis, is also called the corium (5). It has a
framework of elastic, fibrous connective tissues and contains blood vessels
and lymphatics, as well as sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerves.
• Involuntary muscle fibers are also found in the dermis, especially near
hairs. Some areas of the dermis are thicker than others, for example, the
soles of the feet compared with the eyelids.
• There are primarily two types of glands located in the dermis—sweat or
sudoriferous glands (2) and oil or sebaceous glands (2). The oily
secretion of the sebaceous gland is called sebum.
• The body has some 2 million sweat glands. There are two kinds of sweat
glands. The apocrine glands, which are found in the pubic, anal, and
mammary regions, open into hair follicles. Eccrine glands are present
almost everywhere and help the body to dissipate excessive heat. These
coiled, tube-like structures have an excretory tube that leads to the surface
and to a pore (1). Sweat glands can produce two quarts or more of sweat
per day under extreme conditions.
14
DERMIS (CORIUM)
• There are about as many oil-secreting glands as there are sweat glands.
The sebaceous glands have ducts around the hair follicles. Oil secretions
prevent the hair from becoming brittle, thus helping the hair remain vital. A
certain amount of natural skin oil is also necessary to keep the skin soft
and pliable. The largest number of these glands are found in regions of the
scalp, face, neck, and upper trunk, which are the areas commonly involved
with acne.
• A pilosebaceous unit consists of a sebaceous gland opening into the hair
canal, the hair apparatus, the arrector pili (smooth muscle attached to the
hair follicle wall), and the apocrine gland (in areas where there are apocrine
sweat glands). The smooth muscle may contract when the body is chilled,
causing piloerection or visible “gooseflesh”
• The dermis is connected to the underlying fascia of the muscles by the
subcutaneous layer, also called the hypodermis.
• The hypodermis is made up of connective tissue, which specializes in the
formation of fat. This subcutaneous layer protects deeper tissues and acts
as a heat insulator. Some areas of the body, such as the abdomen and
buttocks, have characteristically larger accumulations of fat.
15
HAIR AND NAILS
• Although the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers are associated
with the skin, one does not normally think of the hair and nails as skin. In
fact, hair, fingernails, and toenails are simply modified forms of skin cells.
• The major structural material of the hair and nails is keratin. Keratin is
produced by the same process that changes living cells into dead, horny
cells in the epidermis. A papilla is a tiny, cone-shaped structure located at
the bottom of a hair follicle, as shown in Figure 5-2. It is here that the root
cells grow. Most hair tips project from the skin at a slant.
• Oil from the sebaceous gland provides gloss. The hair follicle itself gets its
nourishment through tiny capillaries that bring it minerals, proteins,
vitamins, fats, and carbohydrates. Like the skin, scalp hair can provide
protection and is a visible indicator of age and sometimes general health.
16
HAIR AND NAILS
17
HAIR AND NAILS
• Nails have essentially the same structure as hair, except that
nails are flat, hard plates. The living part of a nail (1) lies in the
matrix (2), shown in Figure 5-3, which is comprised of modified
epidermal cells that produce the hard keratin of the nail.
• The matrix lies under the skin fold (3) nearest to the nail and is
partially evident under the base of the nail.
• This is referred to as the lunula (4) or white crescent. As long
as the matrix remains intact, new nail will grow. Changes in the
appearance of your nails can be a first signal of illness.
18
READING REVIEW
Fill in the blanks:
36. The skin and its associated structures make up the
__________________________________ system.
37. A sudoriferous gland produces
__________________________________.
38. The layer of the skin under the epidermis is the
__________________________________.
39. The main pigment in skin is __________________________________.
40. The oil-producing glands of the skin are the
__________________________________.
41. The protein that thickens the skin and makes up hair and nails is
__________________________________.
19
VOCABULARY
20
VOCABULARY
21
TERMINOLOGY
22
TERMINOLOGY
23
TERMINOLOGY
24
TERMINOLOGY
25
TERMINOLOGY
26
TERMINOLOGY
27
TERMINOLOGY
28
TERMINOLOGY
29
TERMINOLOGY
30
TERMINOLOGY
31
THE EYE
32
THE EYE – THE INTRODUCTION
READ “THE INTRODUCTION”
• The organ of sight • Diagnosis

• Accessory organ • Treatment
• Ophthalmologist • Lense
• Optometrist • Visual acuity
• Surgeon • Prescribe – Prescription
• Specialist – specialization • Recommend - Recommendation
33
THE EYE – THE INTRODUCTION
• The eye is the organ of sight. Combined with its accessory
organs, this system is one of the most important sensory organs
in the body. It warns of danger, gives a sense of direction, and
aids in the performance of daily activities. Its care lies primarily
in the hands of the ophthalmologist and the optometrist.
• An OPHthalMOlogist is a physician surgeon who specializes in
the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye.
• An optoMEtrist is a nonsurgeon specialist who tests the eye for
visual acuity, prescribes corrective lenses, and recommends
eye exercises. Recently, optometrists have been given
privileges to prescribe medications and treat diseases of the
eye.
34
LISTENING
• INTRODUCTION
• LOCATION AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
• COMPOSITION OF THE EYE 1
• COMPOSITION OF THE EYE 2
35
KEY TERMINOLOGY
36
KEY TERMINOLOGY
37
LOCATION AND
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
• The eye is one of the few exposed organs of the body. However, it is well protected.
The EYEball, located in the eye socket (or orbit), is embedded and cushioned in fat
and connective tissue. Movement of the eyeball is controlled by six muscles. Figure
22-1 shows two of them: the lateral (1) and medial (7) recti muscles.
• The four other muscles are the superior and inferior recti and the superior and
inferior oblique. The optic nerve, ocular muscles, and other nerves and vessels
attach to the eyeball within the protection of the eye socket.
• The front or anterior portion of the eyeball is covered by a very soft mucous
membrane called the CONjuncTIva (14). The eyeballs and eye sockets are protected
by the EYElids. These lids, and the EYElashes attached to them, protect the eyes
from foreign materials. The shape of the eyelid is maintained by the tarsal plate.
38
LOCATION AND ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES
• Lacrimal and tarsal glands protect the eye. The lacrimal glands, or tear
glands, lie laterally and superiorly behind the shelter of the bones that
form the eye orbit. Secretions (or tears) move by lacrimal ducts to the
conjunctiva.
• Blinking spreads moisture over the eye to clean and lubricate it. These
tears are drained into the nose by two small openings in the inner corners
of the upper and lower eyelids called punctum. The nasolacrimal drainage
system consists of the canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal
canal. That is why crying results in a runny nose.
• Tarsal or meibomian glands, are located close to the inner surface of the
eyelid and are embedded in the tarsal plates. The ducts of the meibomian
glands lie in the eyelid margin and excrete oil that helps lubricate the
eyelid and prevent the overflow of tears.
• Above the eyes an additional row of hair forms the eyebrows (supercilia),
which also aid in protection.
39
The Anatomy of the Eye - Transverse View
TERMINOLOGY
• Ciliary body and • Conjunctiva (14) • Posterior chamber with
intrinsic muscles (15) vitreous humor (8)
• Iris (13)
• Suspensory ligament • Retina (2)
• ConjuncTIva (14) • Anterior chamber
with aqueous humor • Lateral rectus muscle (1)
• Iris (13)
• Anterior chamber (11) • Fovea
with aqueous humor • Cornea (10) • centralis (3)
(11)
• Cornea (10) • Path of light • Retinal arteries and veins
• Path of light • Pupil (12) • Optic nerve (4)
• Pupil (12) • Choroid coat
• Crystalline Lens (9)
40
THE EYE – LOCATION AND ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES & COMPOSITION OF THE EYE
READ “LOCATION AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES” – P. 640-641
41
COMPOSITION OF THE EYE
• The eye is composed of three distinct layers known as tunics.
Each of the tunics gives rise to various structures of the eye.
The outermost tunic consists of the cornea (10) and the sclera
(6). The cornea is the transparent anterior segment that allows
light to pass directly through the eye. The sclera is the fibrous
posterior segment that gives shape to the eyeball. It is also
referred to as the white of the eye.
• The middle tunic includes the choroid, the ciliary body, and the
iris. The choroid (5) is a thin, soft membrane that covers the
posterior of the eyeball. It has a dark brown appearance caused
by a black pigment that absorbs extra light. It also maintains the
nutrition of the REtina.
42
• An extension of the choroid is the ciliary body (15). This
muscle connects to the iris, secretes aqueous humor, and
flexes to bring the crystalline lens into focus on near or far
objects—a process called accommodation.
• The third structure of the middle tunic is the iris (13), the part
that gives the eye its color. At its center is a round opening
called the pupil (12) through which light enters the eye. The
movement of the ring of muscle fibers that make up the iris
determines the size of the pupil and therefore the amount of
light admitted into the eye.
43
• Just behind the iris is the capsular structure called the crystalline
lens (9), which focuses light rays on the retina. The shape of the
lens is altered by the action of the ciliary muscle. The crystalline lens
also separates the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.
Circulating through both of these chambers is a clear, watery fluid
called the aqueous humor (11). In addition, the posterior chamber
holds a transparent, semigelatinous substance called the vitreous
humor (8).
• The innermost tunic is the retina (2), which receives the images a
person sees. Everything one sees comes to focus on the fovea (3).
It is an area near the center of the retina that is smaller than a
pinhead. The retina has specialized receptors, or nerve endings,
known as rods and cones. The retina transmits visual impulses
through the optic nerve (4) to the brain.
44
HOW THE EYE WORK
45
HOW THE EYE WORKS
• The image of an object reaches the eye in the form of light
waves that are bent as they first pass through the cornea and
then through the pupil, the opening in the iris. The ciliary muscle
changes the shape of the crystalline lens to focus the image
(now inverted) on the retina, as shown in Figure 22-2. Here light
waves stimulate the rods and cones (the sensory receptors)
where they are translated into nerve impulses. The nerve
impulses are transmitted by the optic nerve to the occipital lobe
at the back of the brain where we actually “see.”
46
QUESTIONS
1. The 6 muscles that control the Movement of the eyeball
are:…..
2. The very soft mucous membrane that covers the anterior
portion of the eyeball is: ……
3. Why do we usually blink the eye?
4. The 2 small openings in the inner corners of the upper and
lower eyelids that drain the tear are:……..
5. The glands that excrete oil that helps lubricate the eyelid and
prevent the overflow of tears are ……….. Where are they
located?
47
QUESTIONS
6. What is the function of the choroid?
7. How can the eye accommodate with the environment?
8. …… focuses light rays on the retina.
9. A transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the posterior
chamber is ………..
10. The specialized receptors, or nerve endings of the retina are
……….
11. What is the function of the retina?
48
COMPLETION
Complete the following statements.
1. Structures of the outermost tunic of the eye are the _____________________ and _____________________.
2. The middle tunic of the eye has three structures; they are the _____________________,
_____________________, and _____________________.
3. Focusing on near or far objects is referred to as _____________________.
4. The part of the eye that gives it color is the _____________________.
5. _____________________ change the shape of the crystalline lens by the process of accommodation.
6. The _____________________ is a transparent, semigelatinous substance in the posterior chamber of the eye.
7. We actually “see” in our _____________________.
8. The soft membrane covering of the eye is the _____________________.
9. There are muscles that hold the eye in place _____________________.
10. The innermost tunic of the eye is the _____________________.
11. Visual impulses are carried to the brain by the _____________________.
12. The rounded opening in the center of the iris is the _____________________.
13. The area near the center of the retina where everything we see comes to focus is the __________________.
14. Clear, water fluid that circulates in both chambers of the eye is called _____________________.
15. The part of the eye that maintains the shape of the eyelid is the _____________________ plate.
49
MATCHING
• Page 645
• Page 648
50
WORD ELEMENT
51
WORD ELEMENT
52
WORD ELEMENT
53
WORD ELEMENT
54
EXERCISES - COMBINING FORMS
55
EXERCISES - COMBINING FORMS:
STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS
DROOPING
56
PARALYSIS
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
TERMINOLOGY
• -GRAM/ -GRAPH/ -GRAPHY • -OPIA (HYPER/ MYO/
• -SCOPE/ -SCOPY PRESBY-)
• -METRY • -OTOMY
• -ITIS • -OSTOMY
• -EDEMA • -THERAPY
• -OMA • -PATHY
• -PATHY • -PTOSIS
• ELECTRO-
• -PLASTY
68
THE EAR
69
THE EAR – THE INTRODUCTION
READ “THE INTRODUCTION” – PAGE 666
• Receptor cells
• Experience
• The senses of balance
• Specialize
• Disorders
• Otolaryngologist
• Otorhinolaryngologist
• Specialty
70
THE EAR – THE INTRODUCTION
• The ear, nose, and throat contain receptor cells and structures
that allow us to experience the senses of hearing, balance,
smell, and taste.
• Physicians who specialize in the treatment of diseases and
disorders of these organs and adjacent structures of the head
and neck are called otolaryngologists (or
otorhinolaryngologists).
• Head and neck surgery has recently been added to this
specialty.
71
THE EAR – LOCATION, ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES & COMPOSITION
• The external ear • The auditory canal

• The middle ear • Cartilage
• The inner (internal) ear • The external auditory canal
• Auricle/ Pinna • Cerumen
• The acoustic meatus • The tympanic membrane
72
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE
• READING:
73
VOCABULARY
74
VOCABULARY
75
WORD ELEMENT REVIEW
76
The ear is divided into three parts—the external ear, the middle
ear, and the inner (internal) ear.
EXTERNAL EAR
The external ear has two parts—the auricle and the acoustic
meatus, or opening that leads into the auditory canal.
The auricle, or pinna is the outermost portion of the ear. It is
composed of an elastic cartilage that is covered with skin and a
lobe that extends from the lower portion of the auricle.
77
• The external portion of the ear directs sound waves into the external
auditory canal.
• This canal serves a double purpose. First, it guides sound waves to
the tympanic membrane (eardrum); second it protects the internal
structure of the ear.
• The fine hairs and cerumen in the canal assist in the protective
function. Cerumen (referred to as earwax) is secreted by modified
sebaceous glands. When sound waves reach the eardrum through
the auditory canal, they are picked up by the tympanic membrane
and the bones of the middle ear and transmitted to the inner ear.
78
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE
79
• The temporal bone • The round window

• The mucous membranes • The malleus
• Infection • The stapes
• Cavity • The incus
• The eustachian tube • The ossicles
• The oval window
80
MIDDLE EAR
The middle ear is an irregularly shaped, air-filled cavity within the temporal
bone and is lined with mucous membranes. These mucous membranes are
continuous with those that line the throat, which is why infections spread
so readily to the middle ear. The air in the cavity comes from the nasal part
of the pharynx through the auditory or eustachian tube. In this way, air
pressure on both sides of the eardrum is equalized.
At one end of the cavity is the tympanic membrane (eardrum), and on the
other end is a bone wall. This bone wall has two small membrane-covered
openings called the oval window (5) and round window (10).
81
MIDDLE EAR
There are also three small bones or ossicles (6) in the middle ear.
These are the malleus (hammer) (8), incus (anvil) (7), and stapes
(stirrup) (9). These three ossicles form a flexible bridge across the
middle ear chamber and transmit sound waves to the internal ear in
the following way.
Since the malleus and the eardrum are in contact, a sound that sets
the eardrum into motion is immediately transferred to the malleus.
The motion of the malleus then moves the incus, which in turn moves
the stapes. The vibrations of the footplate of the stapes are
transmitted to the flexible membrane covering the oval window
opening to the inner ear.
82
• The labyrinth • The ampulla

• The cochlea • The perilymph
• The semicircular canal • The saccule
• The vestibule • The utricle
• The vestibulocochlear nerve • The endolymph
83
INNER EAR
The inner ear is the most complex structure of the ear. This structure, also called the
labyrinth, is divided into three fluid-filled areas—the cochlea, the semicircular
canals, and the vestibule.
Delicate membranes lining the inner ear enable us to hear and maintain our balance.
As was stated above, when the ear receives a sound, the stapes strikes against the
oval window (8), which creates vibrations. The vibrations set off wavelike movements
in the fluid of the inner ear. These fluid waves are cushioned and dampened by the
round window.
Waves in the inner ear travel through the cochlea (a snail-shaped structure), where
the organ of Corti is located. The organ of Corti contains the receptors for hearing—
more than 20,000 sensory hair cells with additional supporting cells.
84
As the waves travel through the cochlea, the hair cells vibrate.
This stimulates the sensory fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve,
which transmits the information to the brain.
The inner ear also controls the body’s equilibrium. Near the
cochlea are three semicircular canals, each containing a
semicircular duct. Each duct contains an enlargement called an
ampulla, which in turn contains sensory cells that provide
directional information about the body’s position.
For example, as the head is turned, the fluid in the ducts flows to
or from the ampulla, stimulating the sensory cells and telling the
brain which way the head is moving.
85
The vestibule is a chamber between the cochlea and semicircular
canals and separated from the middle ear by the oval window.
This chamber is filled with a fluid called perilymph and separates
the walls of the membranous labyrinth and the osseous labyrinth.
The vestibule contains two membranous labyrinth enlargements
called the saccule and utricle. These, along with the
semicircular canals, are structures of equilibrium. The
membranous labyrinth is filled with a fluid called endolymph.
This entire complicated structure called the ear gives us the
ability to hear sounds and to maintain our balance and
equilibrium.
86
DIAGRAM
• Write down the structure
87
TERMINOLOGY
88
TERMINOLOGY
89
TERMINOLOGY
90
TERMINOLOGY
91
TERMINOLOGY
92
COMPLETION
1. instrument to examine the ear: ______________________scope
2. removal of the third bone of the middle ear:
______________________ectomy
3. pertaining to the auditory tube and throat:
______________________pharyngeal
4. flow of pus from the ear: oto______________________
5. instrument to measure hearing: ______________________meter
6. incision of the eardrum: ______________________tomy
7. surgical repair of the eardrum: ______________________plasty
8. deafness due to old age: ______________________cusis
9. small ear: micr______________________
10. inflammation of the middle ear: ot______________________
93
Circle the correct term(s) to complete
each sentence
1. Dr. Jones specializes in pediatric ophthalmology. His examination of children
with poor vision often leads to the diagnosis of (cataract, amblyopia, glaucoma), or
lazy eye.
2. Stella’s near vision became progressively worse as she aged. Her physician told
her that she had a common condition called (presbyopia, detached retina,
anisocoria), which often develops beginning in middle age.
3. Matthew rubbed his itchy eyes constantly and thus spread his “pinkeye” or
(conjunctivitis, blepharitis, myringitis) from one eye to the other. Dr. Chang
prescribed antibiotics for this common condition, because Matthew had a purulent
discharge suggestive of an infection.
4. As Paul’s (mastoiditis, otitis media, tinnitus) became progressively worse, his
doctor worried that this ringing in his ears might be caused by a benign brain tumor,
a/an (cholesteatoma, acoustic neuroma, glaucoma).
94
each sentence
5. Before her second birthday, Sally had so many episodes of (vertigo, otosclerosis,
suppurative otitis media) that Dr. Sills recommended the placement of PE tubes.
6. Sixty-eight-year-old Bob experienced blurred vision in the central portion of his
visual field. After careful examination of his (cornea, sclera, retina), his
(ophthalmologist, optician, optometrist) diagnosed his condition as (glaucoma, iritis,
macular degeneration). The doctor explained that the form of this condition was
atrophic or (dry, wet), causing photoreceptor rods and cones to die.
7. If Bob’s condition had been diagnosed as the (dry, wet) form, it might have been
treated with (cryotherapy, intraocular lenses, laser photocoagulation) to seal leaky
blood vessels.
95
each sentence
8. Sarah suddenly experienced bright flashes of light in her right eye. She also told her
physician that she had a sensation of a curtain being pulled over part of the visual field in
that eye. Her doctor examined her eye with (keratoplasty, ophthalmoscopy, tonometry) and
determined that she had (retinal refraction, retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy).
Corrective surgery, known as (enucleation, vitrectomy, scleral buckling), was recommended.
9. Carol awakened with a sensation of dizziness or (vertigo, tinnitus, presbycusis) as she

tried to get out of bed. She was totally incapacitated for several days and noticed hearing
loss in her left ear. Her physician explained that fluid called (pus, endolymph, mucus) had
accumulated in her (auditory tube, middle ear, cochlea) and her condition was (otosclerosis,
cholesteatoma, Meniere disease). He prescribed drugs to control her dizziness and nausea.
10. Patients with conductive hearing loss are helped by reconstruction of the (labyrinth,
tympanic membrane, auditory tube), a procedure known as (myringoplasty, audiometry,
otoscopy). Patients with sensorineural hearing loss may be helped by a (hearing aid,
cochlear implant, stapedectomy).
96
THE NOSE AND THROAT
97
COMPONENTS OF
THE NOSE AND THROAT
• The closely related senses of olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste)
are located in the nasal and mouth area. The nose is composed of
an external nose, a nasal cavity, and nasal sinuses.
EXTERNAL NOSE
The nose takes outside air as cold as -30°F and warms it to 98°F by
the time it reaches the upper part of the throat. The bridge of the
nose is formed of bone; the tip is built of cartilage and connective
tissue. The septum separates the nostrils into two cavities running
from the floor of the skull to the base of the nasal cavity.
The septum is made mostly of cartilage.
98
• NASAL CAVITY
The main cavity of the nose rests between the floor of the brain cavity and
the roof of the mouth.
• The nasal conchae are three scroll-shaped bones forming the nasal
sidewall. The conchae are covered with moist membranes forming the
turbinates. Essentially, these are the air conditioners of the nose because
they provide moisture and warmth before the air reaches the lungs.
Beneath the shelves formed by the turbinates (1) are recesses called the
superior (not shown), middle (13), and inferior (12) meatus.
The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the bony hard palate(11)
anteriorly and the muscular soft palate (4) posteriorly.
• Together the hard and soft palates separate the nasal cavity from the
mouth. The membranes in the nasal passage continuously secrete mucus
and fluids. Coarse and fine hairs inside the nasal vestibule trap foreign
particles, as does the sticky mucus of the internal nose.
99
• NASAL SINUSES
Surrounding the nasal cavity within the skull is a series of air-filled spaces
called sinuses. There are four major pairs of sinuses—frontal (14),
sphenoid (2), maxillary (not shown), and ethmoidal (not shown). There is
one of each pair on either side of the face. The sinuses serve as
resonating chambers for the voice.
MOUTH
The tongue forms the floor of the mouth and is covered with numerous tiny
projections called papillae. These are often referred to as taste buds. Four
tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, and sour) are identified in specific regions of the
tongue, as shown in Figure 23-4. The receptor cells of the taste buds are
in contact with the sensory nerve fibers, which run to the brain through the
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves.
Posterior and inferior to the mouth, the pharynx and larynx provide
passages for food and air.
100
• PHARYNX
The hard palate, or roof of the mouth, merges with the soft palate
and a small peninsula of tissue called the uvula (5), as shown in
Figure 23-3. If the tonsils (6) are still intact, they can be seen as
small rounded masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the
passageway into the throat. Saclike cavities called crypts are
present on the mucous membrane covering of the exposed surface
of the tonsil.
Technically the pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the
larynx (8). The pharynx is a common passageway for food from the
mouth and for air from the nose. It consists of three sections—the
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx (laryngopharynx).
101
• The nasopharynx (3) is the area that lies above the level of the soft
palate and is covered by mucous membrane. It has five openings:
two posterior nares or choanae (inner openings of the nostrils), two
openings leading through the eustachian tubes to the middle ears
(tori), and the downward opening to the oropharynx. On the posterior
wall of the nasopharynx there is a localized accumulation of
lymphoid tissue called the adenoid.
The oropharynx (10) extends from the soft palate to the upper
border of the epiglottis (9).
The oropharynx has openings to the oral cavity, the nasopharynx,
and the hypopharynx (7). The hypopharynx lies below the epiglottis
and also has three openings—one from the oropharynx, one to the
esophagus, and one to the larynx.
102
• LARYNX
The larynx (8) connects the laryngopharyngeal section with the trachea
and is used for conduction of air to and from the lungs and speech and
airway protection during swallowing. It is framed by nine cartilages—three
paired and three unpaired. The cartilages are held together by ligaments
and muscles. The most familiar one is the epiglottis (9). It acts as a lid to
prevent solids and fluids from entering the larynx, directing them
instead to the esophagus. The opening through which air enters the larynx
is the glottis, which consists of two mobile vocal cords. Air passing
through the glottis causes the vocal cords to vibrate and produce sounds,
which become the voice. If the mucous membrane of the glottis becomes
irritated or inflamed, the ability of the vocal cords to vibrate is inhibited, and
hoarseness may result.
103
READING
Reading 670-671
1. What are the components of the nose? List them all.
2. What is the septum made of?
3. What is the function of the septum?
4. What are the functions of the nasal conchae?
5. What do you know about nasal sinuses?
6. How many taste can we recognize? What are they?
7. Decribe the structure of the pharynx.
8. What are the functions of the larynx?
104
TERMINOLOGY
105
TERMINOLOGY
106
TERMINOLOGY
107
TERMINOLOGY
108
109
THANK YOU
110

Sensory Organs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sensory Organs

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sensory Organs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals 1 This material is of:

Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm. Clinical Pharmacology

Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm. Clinical Pharmacology

• The organ of sight • Diagnosis

• The external ear • The auditory canal

• The temporal bone • The round window

• The labyrinth • The ampulla

9. Carol awakened with a sensation of dizziness or (vertigo, tinnitus, presbycusis) as she

You might also like