ANATOMY
OF SKIN
INTRODCTION OF SKIN
SKIN IS THE LARGEST ORGAN OF THE BODY.
ANATOMICALLY SKIN IS KNOWN AS THE INTEGUMENT.
IT COVERS THE BODY ENTIRE EXTERNAL SURFACE.
THE SKIN IS MAKING UP 12~15%OF BODY WEIGHT
&WITH A SURFACE AREA COVERED IS 1~2m2.
HUMAN SKIN IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF MOST OF THE
MAMMALS ,THOUGH NEARLY ALL HUMAN SKIN IS
COVERED BY HAIR FOLLICLES.
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
LAYERS OF SKIN
SKIN IS COMPOSED OF
THREE LAYERS.
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
[Link]
THE EPIDERMIS IS THE MOST SUPERFICIAL
LAYER OF THE SKIN.
PROVIDES THE FIRST BARRIER OF PROTECTION
FROM INVASION OF SUBSTANCES INTO THE
BODY.
IT PROTECTS YOUR BODY FROM HARM,KEEPS
YOUR BODY HYDRATED.
PRODUCES NEW SKIN CELLS AND CONTAINS
MELANIN,WHICH DETERMINES THE COLOR OF
SKIN.
EPIDERMIS LAYER IS
AGAIN SUBDIVIDED
INTO FIVE LAYERS.
1. Stratum Basale
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum
5. Stratum Corneum
1. STRATUM BASALE:
LOCATION : it is the deepest layer of the
epidermis.
FUNCTION:
These cells undergo mitotic off cells (new
skin cells develops)is called keratinocytes.
Keratin helps to form nails and hair.
[Link] SPINOSUM:
LOCATION: between the stratum basale
layer and the stratum granulosum layer.
FUNCTION: it helps to make skin flexible and
strong.
It consists of several layers of polygonal
keratinocytes these appear to have a number
of “SPINES”
[Link] GRANULOSUM:
it consists of 1~5 layers of flattened
cells containing deeply staining granules
in their cytoplasm. The granules consists
of protein called KERATOHYALIN
[Link] LUCIDUM:
It is a thin transparent layer
keratinocytes that are becoming less
round and have a flatter shape
They appear clear homogenous,with
distinct cell boundaries.
[Link] CORNEUM :
it is the most superficial layer of the
epidermis, in this keratinocytes
become corneocytes (dead and strong
keratinocytes)
They protect from harm(abrasions ,
light , heat and pathogens)
This layers is consists of lipid fat that
acts like waterproof.
Example: in palms and soles where the
skin is subject to maximum friction the
stratum corneum thick and such skin
is called THICK SKIN
CELLS OF EPIDERMIS
IT ALSO DIVIDED INTO TWO
TYPES :
[Link]
[Link] KERATINOCYTES
KERATINOCYTES:
THEY ARE PREDOMINT
[Link] ARE FORM FROM
STEM CELLS PRESENT IN THE
BASAL LAYER.
NON KERATINOCYTES:
IT INCLUDES :[Link]
[Link]
CELLS
Melanocytes makes you skin pigment
known as melanin. They present in
the deep layer between the
epidermis and dermis.
Langerhans cells and dendritic cells
prevent things from the getting into
our skin.
[Link]
This layer is made up of connective
tissues
In this dermis capillary loops tactile
corpuscles,collagen fibers,elastic
fibers,adipose tissues and nerve plexuses
Again divided into 2 layers :
[Link] (or)superficial layer.
[Link] (or)deep layer.
[Link] layer:
Lies directly beneath epidermis it has
nerve endings that provides with sense
of touch, pain, heat, cold, are pressure.
[Link] layer:
It contain fat cells , blood and lymph
vessels , oil and sweat gland , hair
follicles.
[Link]
It is also know as subcutaneous tissue it is
the inner most layer of the skin in our
body.
It connection between the dermis, muscle
and bones.
Protect us from cold and produces sweat.
Regulate our body temperature, and it
stores energy in fat cells (adipocytes)
BLOOD SUPPLY TO
SKIN
Skin is a highly vascular organ
arterial blood supply from number
of plexuses
1 plexuses(connecting or
interlacing ) present over the deep
fascia(surrounds bone , muscles,
nerves and blood vessels)
another plexus just below the
dermis is called reticular plexus
the papillary plexus lies just
below the dermal papillia
capillary loops arising from this
plexus pass into each dermal papilla
NERVE SUPPLY TO SKIN
[Link] skin is richly supplies with sensory
nerves.
2. Nerve fibers are seen in the
superficial parts of the dermis.
[Link] nerves end in relation to
various types of specialized terminals
like free nerve endings(i,e)
meissner’corpuscles, pacinian
corpuscles and ruffini’s corpuscles.
FUNCTIONS OF
SKIN
There are 7 important function:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] d synthesis
[Link] resistance
[Link]:one of the main function of the
skin protection from invasion by
microbes,chemicals,physical agent.
[Link] function:free nerve ending on the
skin are sensitve to pain,touch,heat ,cold
resulting either voluntary or reflex activites.
[Link] of body temperature:it helps to
maintain body temperature at about 36.9*c
[Link]:certain substances can be
absorbed through the skin,such as
medications and treatment.
Excretion: sweat
glands in the skin help excrete , waste
products from body , Including water, urea,
and electrolytes.
Formation of vit D:
When skin is exposed to sunlight it absorb
the synthesis of vitamin D it is an essential
nutrient that helps to regulate calcium
metabolism and promotes bone health(7-
dehydrocholesterol is convt to vit d)
Water resistance:the skin acts as
water resistance barrier so
essential are not washed out of the
body through.
APPENDAGES OF SKIN
They are 4 types of appendages of skin:
[Link]
[Link] GLAND
[Link] GLAND
[Link]
[Link]:Hair are present on the skin covering almost all parts of
the body,the sites where hairs are absent are
palms,soles,sides of the fingers and some parts of the
external genitalia.
The length,texture and distribution of hairs are different in
males and females.
THE MUSCLE ATTACHED TO HAIR IS ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE
SEBACEOUS GLAND : The sebaceous
gland is situated between the hair
follicles and the arrector pili
muscle when the muscle contracts,
it squeezes the gland,which
facilitates the discharge of its
secretions into the hair follicle.
The secretions of sebaceous gland is called
SEBUM
ITS OILY NATURE HELPS THE SKIN AND HAIR SOFT
IT PREVENTS DRYING OF SKIN
SWEAT GLAND:it produces sweat or perspiration
they are 2 types of sweat gland in the body.
[Link] SWEAT GLAND: IT PRESENT IN PALM AND SOLES
HAVE THE LARGEST NUMBER OF SWEAT GLANDS
[Link] SWEAT GLAND: These are found in
axilla,nipple&areola,perianal region,glans pennis,some
parts of extenal genitalia.
The secretions of atypical glands are odorless, but due to
bacterial decomposition they give off body odors.
NAILS: THEY FORM A
PROTECTIVE COVERING ON THE
DORSAL SURFACE OF FINGERS
AND TOES.
IMPLICATIONS OF NURSING
Skin care is a range of practices that support skin integrity.
its appearance, and relieve skin conditions.
They can include nutrition, avoidance of excessive sun exposure, and
appropriate use of emollients.
Practices that enhance appearance include the use of cosmetics.
Skin care is a routine daily procedure in many settings, such as skin that is
either too dry or too moist, and prevention of dermatitis and prevention
of skin injuries.
Skin care is a part of the treatment ofwound healing radiation therapy and
some medications.
THANK
YOU
