DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES social philosophies are depicted.

(Dela Cruz,
QUARTER 2 LECTURE 2016)

LESSON 4: Key Concepts and Ideas of Filipino Thinkers 6. Renato Constantino (Nationalist)
in the Social Sciences  He defined Nationalism as an expression of
reality that “we have a country of our own,
The Filipino Social Thinkers which must be kept our own.”
1. Jose Rizal (Reformist)  He suggested a “bottom-up” economic
 One of the most renowned social thinkers is our approach instead of a “trickle-down” approach,
national hero Jose Rizal, he dedicated his life that will give freedom to the small and medium
through his writings the Noli Me Tangere and El enterprises to boost their capacity in investing
Filibusterismo and social teachings found in his in the industrial growth.
writings and depositions. 7. Camilo Osias
 Using his skill in writing through the La Liga  He advocated that the educational system must
Filipina he encouraged every Filipino not to be contribute towards the achievement of the
enslaved but to believe in sovereignty in their goals of education by inculcating in the minds
own country and raise consciousness from and hearts of the youth the value of preserving
fanaticism, docility, inferiority, and the patrimony of the country, promoting the
hopelessness towards freedom. general welfare of the people.
2. Andres Bonifacio (Revolutionist) 8. Rafael Palma
 Founder of the revolutionary society.  He believes in Academic Freedom and
 He authored essay such as “Ang Dapat Mabatid advocated that “Education must produce
ng mga Tagalog” and poem “Pag-ibig sa individuals who are both useful to themselves
Tinubuang Lupa”, these literary works and to society.”
encourage Filipinos to show patriotism and love 9. Jorge Bocobo
for country.  In his philosophy - Filipino culture and tradition
3. Emilio Jacinto (Revolutionist) should be the basis of a truly Filipino education,
 Also known as a Revolutionist, patronized the he equated education with patriotism and
ideals “free reign of reason, of the freedom to nationalism and believed that education is
think and do”. means of preparing the individual for a
 Jacinto was committed to the ideals of the democratic way of life.
liberty, equality, and brotherhood. (Dela Cruz, 10. R. Esquivel Embuscado
2016)  Known for his “art of dissectionism.”
4. Manuel L. Quezón (Political Philosopher)  In his paintings, Embuscado does not dwell on
 Believed in the democratization of education glorifying the present but emphasizes the
for all social classes – a free education from projection of the movements of present hidden
elementary to high school. reality towards the open future.
 Envisioned a government that exercise equality 11. Isabelo delos Reyes
of wealth.  He was known as the “Father of Filipino
5. Apolinario Mabini (Political Philosopher) Socialism”.
 Known as "The Sublime Paralytic" and "The  He pioneered research into the customs and
Brains of the Revolution” traditions of the Filipino people, compiling them
 A brilliant thinker who used his pen in the into El Folk-Lore Filipino. His two-volume work
service of the Filipino people's struggle for laid the foundations for studies on Philippine
freedom. culture, touching on topics as diverse as pre-
 In his political writings “El Verdadero colonial religion, customs and practices, origin
Decalogo”, “Ordenanzas de la Revucion” and myths, and other pieces of lore from all over the
the “Programa de la Republica Filipina”, his country. The reason he was also known as the
Father of Philippine Folklore. (Umali, 2019)
12. Lourdes Quisumbing  Academic Scientific Psychology or Akademiko-
 Her tenure [as DECS secretary] marked the siyentipikal na Sikolohiya: This follows the
expansion of free public education to the Western tradition of Wilhelm Wundt on 1876,
secondary level, an increase in the share of and is essentially the American-oriented
education in the national budget, rationalization Western Psychology being studied in the
of higher education, and an emphasis on values Philippines.
education.  Academic Philosophic Psychology or
 “Believes that education must strengthen the Akademiko-pilosopiya na Sikolohiya: This was
dignity of the learner as a human person. As started by priest-professors in the University of
such, the various dimensions of man’s Santo Tomas during the 17th century Spanish
personhood have to be fully developed by the era. This tradition originally came from the
school system through an effective and writings of the preachers and monks in
systematized values education” philosophy and "pre-scientific" Spanish elites
and would later join with the American-oriented
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
scientific psychology. This tradition is mainly
In the year 1970s, a concerted effort to address focused on what is called 'Rational psychology'.
colonial psychology in the form of Filipino Psychology  Ethnic Psychology or Taal na Sikolohiya: This is
took place. Filipino Psychology, along with advances in the tradition in which Philippine Psychology is
Filipinology and similarly History’s Pantayong primarily based. This refers to the indigenous
Pananaw, was led by Virgilio Enriquez, Prospero Covar, concepts that are studied using indigenous
and Zeus A. Salazar in the indigenization movement of psychological orientations and methodologies.
their respective fields.  Psycho-medical Religious Psychology
or Sikolohiyang Siko-medikal: The tradition that
Sikolohiyang Pilipino or Filipino psychology, fuses native healing techniques and explains it
refers to a psychology based on the Filipino’s true in an indigenous religious context, this includes
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors deriving from the faith healing practices of the babaylan and
indigenous Filipino sources, language, and methods. It the katalonan.
was formalized in 1975 by the Pambansang Samahan
sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National Association for Basic Values
Filipino Psychology) under the leadership of Virgilio 1. Core Value: Kapwa Psychology
Enriquez, who is regarded by many as the father of  Kapwa, meaning 'togetherness', is the core
Filipino Psychology. construct of Filipino Psychology.
 Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao (other
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is also referred to people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (no other people).
Indigenous Psychology which is the scientific study of o Ibang Tao ("outsider"): There are five
the ethnicity, society and culture of a people and the
domains in this construct:
application to psychological practice of indigenous
 Pakikitungo: civility
knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage and
 Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing
consciousness.
 Pakikilahok: act of joining
The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino  Pakikibagay: conformity
is to foster national identity and consciousness, social  Pakikisama: being united with
involvement and psychology of language and culture. the group
Hence, it has concerns with the proper applications to o Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-us"): There
health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion and other are three domains in this construct:
aspects of people’s everyday life.  Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act
of mutual trust
In 1985, historian Zeus A. Salazar identified four  Pakikisangkot: act of joining
different traditions upon which Philippine psychology other
can be traced:  Pakikipagkaisa: being one with
others
2. Linking socio-personal value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity). (Pe-
 Kagandahang-Loob: Shared humanity. This Pua, 2000
refers to being able to help other people in dire
need due to a perception of being together as a
part of one Filipino humanity Pantayong Pananaw
3. Accommodative surface values
 Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness' by most The Filipino language has two forms for the English
Western psychologists, hiya is actually 'sense of word “we/us”: “tayo” and “kami”.
propriety’.  “Tayo,” which is described as the inclusive form
 Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are of “we,” refers to a collectivity composed of
expected by their neighbors to return favors— both the speakers and the listeners in a
whether these were asked for or not—when it communication context.
is needed or wanted.  “Kami,” which is described as the exclusive form
 Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth of “we,” refers to a collectivity composed only
Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by of those who are speaking and does not include
Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily the receivers of the message.
guided by conformity with the majority.
4. Confrontative surface values The word “Pantayo” was formed by the
 Bahala na: Bahala Na translates literally as combination of the root word “tayo” and the prefix
"leave it up to God (Bathala)" and it is used as “pan-.” (Probably the first incidence of this term was as
an expression, almost universally, in Filipino “pangtayo,” used as the translation of
culture. Filipinos engage in the bahala na pronombre/pronoun in the grammar book Balarilang
attitude as a culture-influenced adaptive coping Tagalog, published in 1910). The whole word “pantayo”
strategy when faced with challenging situations. could roughly be interpreted to mean “from-us-for-us.”
 Lakas ng loob: This attitude is characterized by The conceptual contradictory of “pantayo” is
being courageous in the midst of problems and the concept “pangkami,” which was formed from the
uncertainties. root-word “kami” and the prefix “pang-”/ “pam-.”
 Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it “Pangkami” roughly means “from-us-for-you.”
means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability The other half of the phrase, “pananaw” means
of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and “perspective.” So “pantayong pananaw” would be
uprisings against a common enemy. equivalent to the “We” perspective, while “pangkaming
5. Societal values pananaw” would mean the “This is us” perspective.
 Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this “Pantayong Pananaw” (The “We” Perspective)
actually refers to what other people see in a is defined as a method of acknowledging the history and
person and how they use that information to development of the nation based on the “internal
make a stand or judge about his/her worth. interconnectedness and linking of characteristics,
 Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to values, knowledge, wisdom, aspirations, practices,
how other people judge a person of his/her behavior, and experiences as a unified whole” — a unity
worth. This compels a common Filipino to that is framed by and expressed in a single language;
conform to social norms, regardless how that is, within an autonomous, self-directed discourse of
obsolete they are. progress and civilization. This is a reality within any
 Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer ethno-linguistic group, among us or anywhere in the
to how a person judges his own worth. world, with a singular wholeness and identity.
 Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this The pantayong pananaw (also called Bagong
actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a Kasaysayan, or New History) is currently the most
person. theoretically elaborate articulation of an indigenized
 Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this social science perspective that offers a viable alternative
may clash with the less important value to (Western) positivist social science.
The pantayong pananaw is the brainchild of
Prof. Zeus Salazar, a historian who spent most of his
teaching career at the Department of History at the
University of the Philippines-Diliman; in the course of
his advocacy, Salazar was able to gather a number of
historians who shared his call for a more culturally-
sensitive historiography in the teaching of Philippine
history. At present, the pantayong pananaw has
become an established perspective in Philippine
historiography and has spread outside the University’s
own Department of History. (Guillermo, 2009)

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