Project I-REVIEW: Enhancing Social Science Learning

SUBJECT : Discipline and Ideas in the Social Science

2ND QUARTER

WEEK 1 : FILIPINO SOCIAL THINKERS

• OVERVIEW •
• Influences on these thinkers included Rizal's ideas from Spanish influence, de los Reyes' focus
on worker welfare, Recto's push for industrialization, and Mabini's emphasis on governance.
• Social thinkers are individuals regarded as Forefronts or Visionaries for social advancements
• The term "Indolence of the Filipinos" refers to the decline of Filipinos during the Spanish
period despite their earlier advancements.
• Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas work revealed that many
historical sources about the Philippines were incorrect, prejudicial, and unscientific.

✧⁠*⁠。KEY FIGURES ✧⁠*⁠。

✧ Dr. Jose Rizal

• First systematic social thinker in Southeast Asia.
• Advocated for education, rights, and propaganda to inform about the Philippines.
• Rizal's "Letter to the Young Women of Malolos" emphasizes women's rights and the
importance of education, courage, and independence
• Notable works: La Solidaridad(1889) - Propaganda Publication,Filipinas dentro de cien anos
(1889),Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos(1890) - The Indolence of the Filipinos.
✧Apolinario Mabini
• Emphasized citizenship rights and the need for radical societal changes.
• Argued for moral education and effective governance.
• Mabini's "El Verdadero Decalogo" relates to God's love and is similar to the Ten
Commandments.
• Key writings: El Verdadero Decalogo. Ordenanzas de la Revolucion

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Christian University Senior High School (PCU-SHS) students. It has been created strictly for learning
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✧Andres Bonifacio
• Promoted Nationalism and Armed resistance against Colonization.
• Believed in prioritizing the nation over personal interests.
• Important works: Ang Dekalogo, Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
✧Isabelo de los Reyes
• Founded the first labor union in the Philippines.
• Advocated for workers' rights and introduced socialism.
• Significant contributions include: El Ilocano,Islas Visayas en la Epoca de la Conquista
(1887-1889), La Expedicion de Li-Mahong contra Filipinas en 1574 (1888), El Folkore Filipino
✧Claro M. Recto
• President of the Constitutional convention that drafted the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution.
• Advocated for Economic Independence and Nationalism.
WEEK 2: INDIGENIZING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
• OVERVIEW •
• Indigenous Social Sciences Focuses on ethnicity, society, culture, and their historical and
psychological implications using indigenous knowledge rooted in Filipino heritage.
KEY CONCEPTS
✧⁠*⁠。Sikolohiyang Pilipino ✧⁠*。 ⁠
Founded by:Virgilio G. Enriquez.
• Aims to develop an indigenous Filipino psychology.
• Emphasizes the concept of Pakikipagkapwa o kapwa .
• Opposes colonial influences in psychology and promote the development of Philippine
psychological thoughts.
• The three major areas of protest against the colonial background of Filipino psychology
include: - Sikolohiyang malaya (liberated psychology), Sikolohiyang pangkabuhayan
(economic/livelihood psychology), and Sikolohiyang mapagpalaya (psychology opposing
exploitation).
• Kinagisnang sikolohiya refers to traditional psychology studied by Salazar, highlighting the
importance of indigenous frameworks in understanding Filipino identity and experience

Disclaimer:The SIBOL REVIEWER is intended exclusively for the educational use of Philippine
Christian University Senior High School (PCU-SHS) students. It has been created strictly for learning
purposes to support PCU SHS students in their studies. Unauthorized distribution, reproduction, or use of
this material outside of its intended educational purpose is strictly prohibited. Any form of theft or misuse
of this content will be subject to disciplinary action and applicable legal consequences. Please respect the
efforts of those who contributed to this resource by adhering to these guidelines.
✧⁠*⁠。Pilipinolohiya ✧⁠*⁠。
Developed by:Prospero Covar.
• Systematic study of the Filipino psyche, culture, and society.
• Emphasizes the importance of language in understanding Filipino identity.
• Freud’s psychoanalysis does not apply to the Filipino psyche because it fails to illuminate
Filipino behavior.
• Indo-European-based theories are unsuitable for analyzing Filipino language due to its roots in
the Malayo-Polynesian language family.
•The use of the English alphabet in Filipino is problematic as it does not suit a capitalist,
democratic, and republican society like the Philippines
✧⁠*⁠。Pantayong Pananaw ✧⁠*。 ⁠
Created by:Dr. Zeus Salazar.
• A response to Western perspective of Filipino history and historiography.
• Encourages national discourse and seeks to unify elite and marginalized voices in society.
• Emphasize to narrow the gap between the “Great Cultural Divide” by constructing national
consensus or to produce a “shared framework for differently making sense of the past.”
• Ladino class include the Filipino propagandists who sought reform from Spain.
Note:Ladino means latin

WEEK 3 - SIGNIFICANCE OF FILIPINO SOCIAL IDEAS TO NATIONAL

DEVELOPMENT

Pambansang Photobomber
​ The building near Jose Rizal's monument in Luneta Park, Manila is called the
"Pambansang Photobomber" because it distracts from the iconic site. This raises
questions about maintaining national dignity and heritage. The irony is that Jose Rizal, a
symbol of Filipino honor, is now at the center of a controversy due to the building's
impact on the historic site. The issue prompts reflection on respecting national heroes and
history
​
​
Disclaimer:The SIBOL REVIEWER is intended exclusively for the educational use of Philippine
Christian University Senior High School (PCU-SHS) students. It has been created strictly for learning
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this material outside of its intended educational purpose is strictly prohibited. Any form of theft or misuse
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PHILIPPINE SOCIAL SCIENCE OR “INDIGENIZED SCIENCE”
Indigenization is a process where foreign academic concepts are interpreted and translated into
the context of a specific group of people. This process involves accepting and understanding
these foreign ideas in a way that makes them relevant to a culture different from their origin. It is
a complex and lengthy process that requires the ideas to be refashioned to fit the cultural, social,
and psychological background of the group. While importing ideas is not inherently negative
, it is crucial to translate them into one's own cultural framework. This involves not just finding
direct translations but also identifying parallels in one's own culture. By adapting and refining
imported ideas, a group can make them valuable and applicable to their own needs, contributing
their unique perspective to the global pool of social concepts.
THREE STRANDS OF AGHAM PANLIPUNANG PILIPINO (FILIPINO SOCIAL
SCIENCE)
The three strands of Filipino Social Sciences, Pantayong Pananaw/Bagong Kasaysayan,
Pilipinolohiya, and Sikolohiyang Pilipino, have made significant contributions to the Philippine
academe and are now firmly entrenched in Philippine intellectual history. Spearheaded by Zeus
Salazar, Prospero Covar, and Virgilio Enriquez, each discipline represents a unique indigenized
form and structure of academic social science, not only contributing to Filipino social inquiry but
also to the global field of social sciences. These scholars, who hail from the University of the
Philippines, emerged during the intellectual ferment of the 1970s.
Through their contextualized and culturally sensitive theorizing and methodology, they have
sought to explain the Filipino identity beyond Western frameworks, attracting like-minded
intellectuals and shaping social thought in the Philippines. Today, these disciplines are
established schools of thought taught in various universities and colleges in the country and are
actively discussed in international academic circles.
1. Pantayong Pananaw
​ It challenges the Western approach to history by emphasizing the importance of finding
meaning in past events, not just recording them. This is reflected in the indigenous
concept of kasaysayan, which focuses on the idea of saysay or meaning. Salazar suggests
a new approach to periodizing Philippine history called Bagong Kasaysayan, which is based on
the internal logic of historical events rather than traditional colonial parameters.

Disclaimer:The SIBOL REVIEWER is intended exclusively for the educational use of Philippine
Christian University Senior High School (PCU-SHS) students. It has been created strictly for learning
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this material outside of its intended educational purpose is strictly prohibited. Any form of theft or misuse
of this content will be subject to disciplinary action and applicable legal consequences. Please respect the
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2. Pilipinolohiya (or Philippine Studies)
​ Emphasizes the importance of studying the Philippines and Filipinos using
methodologies rooted in Filipino culture. Language, such as in Pantayong Pananaw and
Bagong Kasaysayan, is crucial for creating intellectual discussions among Filipino
scholars and the public
​ This intellectual project has spread to various countries, including the US, Europe, Japan,
China, and Korea, aiming to understand the Philippines for their benefit, not solely for
the Filipinos.
3. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (or Filipino Psychology)
​ Aligns with Pantayong Pananaw and Pilipinohiya by questioning the relevance of
Western psychological models in understanding the Filipino psyche. Enriquez advocated
for a culturally sensitive approach that begins with concepts like pakapakapa,
pakikipagpalagayang-loob, pakikisangkot, and pakikiisa.
​ These ideas emphasize understanding loob and kapwa, which shape interactions within
Filipino society. Such research focuses on the depth of relationships and connections
within the community, highlighting the importance of pakikipagkapwa as a way to
engage with others, viewing them as extensions of oneself. This approach prioritizes a
holistic understanding of individuals and their social environment.
WEEK 4: CONCEPT OF SOCIAL PROBLEM
Social Problem - Issues within the society that affects large number of people, sometimes
groups/institution
Individual Problem - One which is felt by only one person or a small group of people.
Definition of Social Problem according to:
FULLER & MYERS (1941)
- It is a threat to their values and deviation (lumilihis) from social norms.
REINHARDT
- It inflicts injurious consequences that should be handled collectively.
RAOB & SEIZNICT (1959)
- Problem of human relationship that threatens society/ impedes aspirations

Disclaimer:The SIBOL REVIEWER is intended exclusively for the educational use of Philippine
Christian University Senior High School (PCU-SHS) students. It has been created strictly for learning
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MERTON & NISHBET CHARACTERISTICS
- Considered as violation to accepted and 1. Significant numbers of people don’t accept.
approved norm. 2. Undesirable because of injurious
WALSH & FURFEY
consequences.
- It can be solved through group effort.
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL PROBLEM 3. Correction through collective action.
4. Deviate (Lumilihis) from accepted norms.
1. Objective Condition 5. Not static but change through time and
It can be observed and verified. space.
(Nakikita at naoobserved ‘yung problema) TYPES OF SOCIAL PROBLEM
Ex. Poverty and Crime 1. PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
2. Subjective Definition
It is when values are involved • Society produces the problem itself
(Different values and understanding comes) • System defined behavior
Ex. Arranged Marriage. Ex. Discrimination
2. PROBLEM OF DEVIANCE
• Adjusment of people to conventional way of
living
• Deviate from norms of society
(In simple terms: Mas nangingibabaw ang
desire) Ex. Drug addiction

WEEK 5: INTERSECTIONS
• Social problems are complex and require more than a single method or field of knowledge to
solve.

• Unlike Natural Sciences and Social Sciences need a holistic approach, merging scientific
rigor with cultural understanding.

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Christian University Senior High School (PCU-SHS) students. It has been created strictly for learning
purposes to support PCU SHS students in their studies. Unauthorized distribution, reproduction, or use of
this material outside of its intended educational purpose is strictly prohibited. Any form of theft or misuse
of this content will be subject to disciplinary action and applicable legal consequences. Please respect the
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Interdisciplinary Approach:
Combines knowledge and methods from two or more disciplines to address problems.
• Focuses on synthesis creating new solutions.
Example:Cultural Studies, Sustainability, Gender Studies.

Multidisciplinary Approach:
Involves different disciplines separately on the same problem, and contributes their own
perspective.
• Findings are supplementary.
• Good for understanding complex issues.
• Importance of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Approach in Social Sciences
• Social problems are structural and multilayered and require a multifaceted approach.
• Policy solutions are more effective when they draw from their perspective.
Example: Disaster - A multidisciplinary approach is vital for understanding disaster impacts.

• Different disciplines contribute:

1. ECONOMIC - Economic losses, impacts on various sectors.

2. HISTORY - Past disasters, patterns and lesson learned.
3. SOCIOLOGY - Social organization and community impacts.
4. PSYCHOLOGY - Mental health of survivors, resilience.
5. ANTHROPOLOGY - Cultural traditions and indigenous knowledge.
6. GEOGRAPHY - Mapping hazards, risk assessment.
7. POLITICAL SCIENCE - Policies, regulations and disaster response.
• Both interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches are valuable for tackling complex
social issues.
• These approaches are essential for the social sciences to effectively address real-world
challenges.

Disclaimer: The SIBOL REVIEWER is intended exclusively for the educational use of Philippine
Christian University Senior High School (PCU-SHS) students. It has been created strictly for learning
purposes to support PCU SHS students in their studies. Unauthorized distribution, reproduction, or use of
this material outside of its intended educational purpose is strictly prohibited. Any form of theft or misuse
of this content will be subject to disciplinary action and applicable legal consequences. Please respect the
efforts of those who contributed to this resource by adhering to these guidelines.
WEEK 6: SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE REAL WORLD (PART III) – THREE
APPROACHES TO SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH

​ Critical - This refers to a careful and thorough analysis of something, often looking at
both its strengths (merits) and weaknesses (faults). It's a common term used in literary
analysis, art criticism, or even evaluating a piece of music.
​ Interpretive - This means to explain the meaning or significance of something. It's about
understanding the intent behind a work, the ideas it conveys, or how it affects the
audience.
​ Positive - This means to have a characteristic or quality, rather than lacking it. For
example, something "positive" is generally thought to have a good effect.
​ Social Change - This is the PROCESS of how societies transform over time. It can
involve changes in culture, behaviors, laws, institutions, or social structures.
​ Social Research - This is the systematic investigation of social phenomena. It aims to
understand how individuals interact, how societies are organized, and how social
problems develop.
Three Approaches to Social Science Research:
Positivist Approach -
* Focuses on studying social phenomena objectively, often through quantitative data.
Researchers strive for value-neutrality, aiming to observe rather than influence.
* An approach that assumes that the social world, like the natural world, is
characterized by laws that can be identified through research and used to predict and control
human affairs.
* A positivist approach usually looks at quantitative data and uses the language of
variables in their analyses.
Example: A researcher surveys 1,000 people to find if there’s a link between income level and
education. They analyze the data statistically, looking for patterns or correlations.

Disclaimer:The SIBOL REVIEWER is intended exclusively for the educational use of Philippine
Christian University Senior High School (PCU-SHS) students. It has been created strictly for learning
purposes to support PCU SHS students in their studies. Unauthorized distribution, reproduction, or use of
this material outside of its intended educational purpose is strictly prohibited. Any form of theft or misuse
of this content will be subject to disciplinary action and applicable legal consequences. Please respect the
efforts of those who contributed to this resource by adhering to these guidelines.
Interpretive Approach:
* Seeks to understand the meanings individuals assign to their social world, using qualitative
methods and often fostering empathy and understanding.
* This social science approach does the opposite of a positivist approach.
* Focuses on an understanding of the meaning that people ascribe to their social world.
* Seek to uncover patterns in the ways people make meaning of their social worlds
* The method requires close contact with the people in a study, an approach used by Max Weber,
who argued for using verstehen – a German word that means "to understand” – in social
research.
Example: A researcher interviews individuals in a small town to understand how they feel about
their changing community. They look for themes in the personal stories to interpret what
"community" means to them.
Critical Approach:
*Aims to foster social change by highlighting issues of power and inequality. It values social
equality and freedom, often embracing value-laden research.
* This one is different from the two approaches above because Critical researchers do not focus
solely on understanding society; rather, they are interested in understanding society in order to
improve it in some way.
* They are interested in understanding society in order to improve it in some way.
Example: A researcher studies labor practices in a factory, highlighting how workers are
impacted by unfair wages and lack of rights. They aim to raise awareness and support policy
changes for better working conditions.
"The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point, however, is
to change it.”
-A famous line from Karl Marx:
Prepared by:
- Salvador, Mikaela Joy, R.
- Cureg, Shannel Jhyne, B.
- Batayola, Kryshna Cielo, G.
- Pangilinan, Rose Benneth, L.
- Faderagao, Althea Raven, N.

Disclaimer:The SIBOL REVIEWER is intended exclusively for the educational use of Philippine
Christian University Senior High School (PCU-SHS) students. It has been created strictly for learning
purposes to support PCU SHS students in their studies. Unauthorized distribution, reproduction, or use of
this material outside of its intended educational purpose is strictly prohibited. Any form of theft or misuse
of this content will be subject to disciplinary action and applicable legal consequences. Please respect the
efforts of those who contributed to this resource by adhering to these guidelines.