GLOBAL
POPULATION AND
C
MOBILITY
Unit VI
Unit VI: GLOBAL POPULATION
AND MOBILITY
Lesson 23: Global Migration: Basic
Concepts
Lesson 24: Global Migration: Overseas
Filipino Employment
Lesson 23: Global Migration: Basic
Concepts
GLOBAL MIGRATION
• It is a complex phenomenon that tackles on a
multiplicity of economic, social, security, and
several aspects affecting our daily lives in a rapidly
interconnecting world.
• On the other hand, migration encompasses large
variety of movements and situations involving
people.
• Since the earliest times, humanity
has been on the move.
• Some people move in search of
labor or economic opportunities, to
join family or to study.
• However, not all migration happens
in positive circumstances.
• Today, more people than ever
before live in a country other than
the one in which they were born.
• In 2017, the number of migrants
reached 258 million, compared to
about 173 million in 2000.
MIGRATION AN THE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• Migration is one of the defining features of the 21st
century.
• The 2030 Agenda is well placed to reflect and exploit
the links between migration and development for two
reasons.
• First, the 2030 Agenda is the first international
development framework to include and recognize
migration as a dimension of development
• Second, migration interacts with all
dimensions of development.
• The multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral
nature of the 2030 Agenda is a useful
platform to assess the impact of migration
and human mobility on a range of
development issues.
MIGRANTS
• According to the International Organization for
Migration (IOM), a migrant is: any person who is moving
or has moved across an international border or within a
State away from his/her habitual place of residence,
regardless of:
1. The person’s legal status.
[Link] the movement is voluntary or involuntary.
[Link] the causes for the movement are.
[Link] the length of the stay is.
From this definition, two categories
of migrants can defined:
[Link] (or economic) migrants (and
family reunification)
[Link] migrants (asylum seekers and
refugees)
Forced migrants
• Are those who are compelled to
migrate due to adverse circumstances
beyond their control (i.e., war,
persecution, etc.).
Asylum seeker
• It is a person who seeks safety from
persecution or serious harm in a country
other than his/her own and awaits a
decision on the application for refugee
status under relevant international and
national instruments.
Refugee
• It is a person who, owing to a well-founded
fear of persecution for reasons of race,
religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinions, is
outside the country of his/her nationality
and is unable or, owing to such fear, is
unwilling to avail himself/herself of the
protection of that country.
DRIVERS OF MIGRATION
• Drivers of migration are forces which lead
to the inception of migration and to the
perpetuation of movement.
• People may migrate to access better
economic employment and educational
opportunities for themselves and their
families.
Some of the drivers of migration
are as follows:
[Link] and demographic drivers
[Link] drivers
[Link]-made crises
1. Economic and
demographic drivers
• Economic opportunities, demographics, and poverty/food
insecurity are prime influencers in the migration decision-
making process and interact to greater or lesser degrees,
depending on the specific context, to drive migration.
• The informal economy accounts for 33-90 percent of
total employment, which often means low pay, hazardous
working conditions, and limited access to legal and social
protection and resources, driving people toward
opportunities abroad.
2. Environmental
drivers
• A number of countries identified as ‘climate
vulnerable’ tend to experience high rates of
emigration, so it is critical to consider
existing environment and climate-related
evidence when analyzing current migration
patterns and estimating future flows.
3. Human-made crises
• Are among the primary root causes of migration
and have an important impact on population
movements more generally.
• Countries where there is a high perception of
corruption to be ‘net-emigration’ countries, while
countries where there lower perceptions of
corruption tend to be ‘net-immigration’ countries.
Lesson 24: Global Migration:
Overseas Filipino Employment
HISTORY OF OVERSEAS FILIPINO EMPLOYMENT
• Organized labor migration from the Philippines has been
in existence for at least 400 years based on historical
accounts dating as far back as the Spanish colonial period
(1521-18980.
• Thereafter, there were several notable movements
mostly to the US, facilitated by the special colonial
relationship between the two countries.
• It then became a tradition that the Middle
East, followed by the rest of Asia, has been
the destination of migrant workers.
• At present, the number OFW’s who worked
abroad at anytime during the period of April
to September 2018 was estimated at 2.3
million.
COMMON REASONS WHY
FILIPINOS WORK ABROAD
[Link]
[Link] and Low Wages
[Link] of Professional Skills
[Link]
1. Poverty
• Poverty is an issue for a country like the
Philippines. Its effects drive many Filipinos to
find opportunities for employment abroad.
• Because of these ill conditions, Filipinos were
left with no choice but to go abroad, leaving
their families the hopes of having better
situations.
2. Unemployment and Low
Wages
• These are prevalent in the Philippines. This predicament is
being carried even by a college graduate in the country, more
so, by those who failed to finish their education.
• In-demand jobs that normally should have a fair
compensation, such as nurses, engineers, accountants, and
other professionals, are inadequately paid, as compared with
the compensation that are waiting for these professionals
abroad.
• New graduates face the problems of high unemployment rate
and less job opportunities as well as low average salary and
benefits offered by local employers in the country.
3. Enhancement of
professional Skills
• Filipinos are also go abroad for their professional
development.
• Abroad, Filipinos deal with different people from
different religions, races, and cultures, and this gives
them a unique advantage.
• This reinforces the findings of Natividad (2012) that
Filipinos go abroad because of the enhancement of career
and professional marketability globally wherein it is stated
that nowadays.
4. Curiosity
• According to Natividad (2012), one of the
reasons why Filipinos work abroad is to have
the experience to travel and experience
abroad.
• Filipinos personal ambitions or goals since
childhood can be also drawn out as a reason
why did they choose to work abroad.
COMMON RISKS/COSTS OF
OVERSEAS FILIPINO EMPLOMENT
[Link] and Violence
[Link] Family Ties
1. Abuse and Violence
• Both male and female OFW’s are at risk of the
possibility of violence, abuse, trafficking, and false
accusation.
• The tendency of foreigners to treat Filipinos as lowly
contribute to the set of fears of the OFW’s
• The most common work fears Overseas Filipino Worker
are the possibilities of abuse and violence that can lead
to severe physical injuries and even death.
2. Weakened Family Ties
• Children who are left behind are usually not guided
properly.
• Often times, both parents are working abroad and the
children would only be left under the guidance of their
grandparents and relatives.
• In addition, the marital relationship between the
parents are put at risk.
• Abroad, several extra-marital relations can result due to
the distance brought about by overseas employment.
SOME RELEVANT LAWS
COVERING OFW’S
I. Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act of
1995 (R.A No. 8042)
[Link] Implementing Rules of the Migrant
Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (R.A
No. 8042)
[Link] Workers’ Investment (OWI) Fund Act
(R.A No. 7111)
END OF LESSON…
Thank you for listening!
