Meaning and Relevance of History

Meaning and Relevance of History  In the study of Philippine history, sources are

called batis which also means stream or a

 a documented record of man and his society.
spring. A batis therefore is the spring speech,
 field of study: study of man and his
achievements from the beginning of written Types of Sources
records to the present time (Gray, 1956 in De
 Primary sources are considered as the lifeblood
Viana, 2015)
of history.
 everything that has happened or occurred from
 De Viana (2015): directly talks about the subject
the beginning of the time to the last instance.
matter. Accounts of people who are direct
 record: a documented history of man and his
participants or eyewitness to an event are also
society.
primary sources.
 literature: an effective presentation of the
 Examples: minutes of meeting, diaries and
unfolding of events.
journals, autobiographies, speeches, receipts,
 Abbot in De Viana (2015): the historian has the
essays written by a person expressing his views,
ability to depict the unravelling of fateful events
laws, letters of instructions, decrees, letters,
and to portray the rise and deterioration of
eyewitnesses accounts, official reports,
character of events, ranking it with novels and
newsletter articles reporting directly about the
epic poetry.
event, editorials or books containing direct
 De Viana (2015): record of events: shows the quotation of events.
evolution of man and his society and from the
age of barbarism to what he is today.
 Secondary sources are documents or works
 students of history: record of the past showing made by individuals who are not directly
his development and improvement throughout involved to the events or made by people who
the ages and how he met his various challenges obtained the information from somebody else or
through time. from primary sources.
 is not merely a chronology, i.e., a list of events  Examples: textbooks, encyclopedia entries,
as they happen, but this should show a pattern newspapers, accounts of a meeting, magazine
on how man and his society has evolved from articles about a subject or teachers' reports on
the primitive form to the present; showing his student behavior as reported by school
ability to cope with obstacles and challenges that counselors.
he himself or nature has placed throughout his
existence. External and Internal Criticism
Sources of History  Historical sources exist independent of the

research study since they were not written or
 Sources are very important, in the study of developed for use of research. Thus, while they
history. They are the originators of information serve their purpose well for which they are
and data. created, they may not solely serve the
 Abott places sources with documents, written researchers' purpose.
materials that says something about historical  All sources of historical data must be subjected
events. to rigorous scientific analysis to determine both
 Documents can be letters, receipts, copies of their authenticity and their accuracy.
eyewitness accounts, narrations, or books. These Furthermore, historical data are subjected to
are some of the sources and are NOT the only rigorous scientific analysis through external and
sources of history. internal criticism (Gottchalk, 1969).
 not written: such as relics, fossils, remains, and
memorabilia.  External criticism is the establishment of
 alive: living eyewitnesses. When the researcher authenticity.
uses them in his research, they are always
known as respondents or informants.
 Its purpose to ensure that, the documents are not 9. Personal Account
mere forgeries or inventions. 10. NEWSPAPERS
 If the researcher is dealing with a problem for 11. Magazines
which source are relatively old, and for which 12. Legislative Journals
authenticity is not necessarily a given, there are 13. Court Records
a number of scientific techniques available such 14. Speeches
as the physical and chemical tests. 15. Personal Letters
16. On line databases
 Internal criticism, on the other hand, is the 17. Blogs
establishment of accuracy. Its purpose is to 18. Documentary Films
evaluate the accuracy and the worth of the data. 19. Recorded Interviews
 In determining the accuracy of the data, four
factors are to be considered, namely: (a) author's
knowledge and competence, (b) time delay, (c)
motives and biases of the author, and (d)
consistency of the data. The verified facts were
then presented as objectively as possible, into a
narrative form following the stated framework
for interpretation and analysis.
 The analysis involved in historical research data
was logical analysis rather than statistical
analysis.
Repositories of Primary Sources

1. National Archives of the Philippines
2. National Library of the Philippines
3. National Historical Commission of the
Philippines
4. National Museum of the Philippines
5. U.P. Main Library
6. ADMU Rizal Library
7. DLSU Library
8. UST Library
9. Library of Congress
10. National Archives and Records Administration
11. Archivo General de Indias
12. Archivo General de la Nacion
13. American Historical Collection
14. Lopez Memorial Museum
15. Ayala Museum
Kinds of Primary Sources

1. Human fossils
2. Artifacts
3. Royal Decrees& Laws
4. Official Reports
5. Chronicles
6. Friar accounts
7. Maps
8. Memoirs

Meaning and Relevance of History

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Meaning and Relevance of History  In the study of Philippine history, sources are

called batis which also means stream or a

Sources of History  Historical sources exist independent of the

Repositories of Primary Sources

Kinds of Primary Sources

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