Pedagogy of Sets

MANDAR EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

LT. SHASHIKANT GAWDE COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION, PEDHAMBE.
SUBJECT: PEDAGOGY OF SCHOOL SUBJECT:

MATHEMATICS
ASSIGNMENT: For any one selected topic, prepare

pedagogical Analysis Plan
TEACHER TO BE SUBMITTED: Mr Gaikwad
Submitted By : Farhat A.J Shaikh

S.Y.B.ED.
Roll No: 35
Introduction
Pedagogy
Pedagogy is the science of teaching. It the scientific and artistic planning of instruction
for a formal situation. Primarily, pedagogy explains effective teaching methods and strategies.
Effective teachers may make use many teaching strategies (pedagogic approaches) in classroom
because there is no single, universal approach. A method may not be suitable for all contents or
all situations.
The word pedagogy is derived from two Greek word paidagogos or paidagogia, in which
paida means 'child' and gogos means 'lead.' Paidagogos literally means 'to lead the child' or 'to
guide the child'.
Pedagogical approaches
Pedagogical approaches are different based on its characters.
Teacher-Centred Pedagogy:
Teacher designs the pedagogic transactions. Teacher is the hero in this approach.
Teacher-centred pedagogy positions the teacher at the centre of the learning process. The
methods may be lecture, rote memorization, and the like in this approach. This approach is often
criticized, especially when students complete only lower-order tasks and are afraid of the
teacher.
Learner-Centred Pedagogy:
It is giving importance to student cantered methods like constructivist, participatory,

activity oriented etc. learners are given active role in the learning process. The teacher facilitates
this process, but also creates and structures the conditions for learning.
Learning-Centred Pedagogy:
“Learning-centred pedagogy” gives importance to the learners’ place, region, culture and
local resources. It is the typical form of culturally relevant pedagogy.
Pedagogic Analysis
Pedagogic analysis means analysing the teaching content (the content to teach) with
pedagogic vision. Pedagogic analysis is the selection of appropriate objectives and strategies in
instructional situations to access the appropriate teaching to transact a content. It is the
comprehensive vision of required tasks, strategies for realization of specific goals that facilitates
effective teaching. It is also explained that Pedagogic Analysis is the logical and systematically carried out
breaking up of the teaching content (content to teach) from the point of view of a pedagogue (teacher) for
the purpose of effective transaction.
Pedagogical analysis is related to the methodology or process of instruction. It focuses on

the teaching aspect instead of the effective learning. The word analysis stands for process of
breaking or separating a thing into its smaller parts, elements, or constituents.
4E Strategy:
Steps of Pedagogical Analysis
Step 1: Content Analysis

Unit Name: SETS Class: 9th
Sr.
Sub-unit Period
No.
1 Meaning and definition of term set 1
2 Set Notation (writing sets in its symbolic language) 1
3 Classifications of Sets 2
4 Fundamental operations on sets (binary operation) 2
Total 06
Step 2: Analysis of Sub-Units
1. Meaning and definition of term set

i. Examples of collection of objects
ii. Examples of well- defined collection of objects
iii. Definition of term set.
2. Set Notation (writing sets in its symbolic language)
i. Listing method or Roster method
ii. Rule method
3. Classification of sets
i. Empty set
ii. Singleton
iii. Double ton
iv. Sets of Numbers (Natural, Integer, Rational, Irrational and Complex
Numbers)
v. Equal Sets
vi. Sub-set
vii. Power set
viii. Universal Set
ix. Complement Set
x. Disjoint Set
xi. Finite and Infinite Sets
4. Fundamental operations on sets (Binary Operations)

i. Union of Sets
ii. Intersection of Sets
iii. Representation of Operations on sets through Venn Diagram
Step 3: Previous Knowledge

1. Students should have an understanding of what is meant by collections.
2. Students should know different types of numbers such as whole numbers, natural
numbers, Integers etc.
Step 4: Objectives Formulation

Students of the class 9th after going through the teaching of the contents related to the
topic “Sets” are expected to demonstrate the following types of behavioural outcomes
i. Define the term set
ii. Provide example of sets from their environmental surroundings.
iii. Distinguish between the collection of objects to be named or not to be named
as sets.
iv. Name the two different modes of writing or describing the sets
v. Provide examples of sets by listing or roster method
vi. Provide example of sets by rule method.
vii. Give example of equal, equivalent, compliment and disjoint sets
viii. Provide definition of the operation ‘Union’ of the sets
ix. Provide definition of the operation ‘intersection’ of the sets
Step 5: Teaching Strategies

1. Methods and devices used:
Inductive method, narration and explanation devices, demonstration strategy, etc.
2. Activities and Materials
 Inviting/providing examples of collection of objects-through verbal description, concrete
objects and graphic aids.
 Providing verbal as well as non-verbal illustrations of defined collection of objects for
defining the term set.
 demonstrating the writing of sets through listing as well as rule method with the use of
blackboard, graphic material or slides and overhead projector.
 helping the students to acquire the skill of writing sets through their symbolic language.
 providing examples of different type of sets empty, singleton, equal, equivalent etc.
through the use of blackboard, graphic aid material or slides and overhead projector etc.
 helping the students to provide examples of different type of sets by writing their answers
on the black board.
 Exhibiting a chart with the examples of different types of sets for helping the students in
the recognition and differentiation among different type of sets.
 Demonstrating the concept and skill of making Venn diagrams for representing sets and
their operations.
 Explaining the concept of union and intersection of sets with the use of blackboard and
exhibiting Venn diagrams through graphic aids and transparencies.
3. Board Work:
Sets:
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.
Sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C, ....., etc.
Elements of the set are represented by small letters a, b, c, ....., etc.
If ‘a’ is an element of set A, then we say that ‘a’ belongs to A. We denote the phrase ‘belongs to’
by the Greek symbol ‘∈‘ (epsilon). Thus, we say that a ∈ A.
If ‘b’ is an element which does not belong to A, we represent this as b ∉ A.
Some important sets used in mathematics are
N: the set of all natural numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, .....}

Z: the set of all integers = {....., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .....}
Q: the set of all rational numbers
R: the set of all real numbers
W: the set of all whole numbers
4. Probing questions and answer:

a. Define the term set by giving at least three examples from your day-to-day life.
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.
Examples:
 Even natural numbers less than 20, i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18.
 Vowels in the English alphabet, i.e., a, e, i, o, u.
 Prime factors of 30 i.e. 2, 3, 5.
b. Give one example of Equal Sets.

A = {p, q, r, s}
B = {p, s, r, q}
Therefore, A = B
5. Worksheet
Step 6: Suitable Examples
1. Let A = {x : x is a natural number and a factor of 18} and B = {x : x is a natural number and less
than 6}. Find A ∪ B.
Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Therefore, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 18}
2. If P = {multiples of 3 between 1 and 20} and Q = {even natural numbers upto 15}. Find the
intersection of the two given set P and set Q.
Solution:
P = {multiples of 3 between 1 and 20}
So, P = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
Q = {even natural numbers upto 15}
So, Q = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}
Therefore, intersection of P and Q is the largest set containing only those elements which are
common to both the given sets P and Q
Hence, P ∩ Q = {6, 12}.
3. In a group of 60 people, 27 like cold drinks and 42 like hot drinks and each person likes at least
one of the two drinks. How many like both coffee and tea?
Solution:
Let A = Set of people who like cold drinks.
B = Set of people who like hot drinks.
Given
(A ∪ B) = 60 n(A) = 27 n(B) = 42 then;
n(A ∩ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∪ B)
= 27 + 42 - 60
= 69 - 60 = 9
=9
Therefore, 9 people like both tea and coffee.: Suitable Examples
Step7: Test Item
Conclusion:
So, pedagogical analysis offers enormous potential for improving the delivery of information
in all form of education. It involves various logical steps to arrive at logical inference. It also
helps the students to understand concepts, principles or phenomena. The learning environment
created accordingly enables to- Relate individual fragment of knowledge to real experience in
life and work. Develop skills and relates facts as a part of larger organized completely.
Realization of specific goals facilitated by a detail planning in effective learning. The science
of teaching pedagogy is found to serve the following two main objectives in the scheduled task
of a teacher’s teaching. Teaching should be carried out as smoothly as possible. It should result
into the maximum output in terms of the expected better teaching outcomes.
References:
Websites
https://www.math-only-math.com/set-theory.html
Books
Pedagogy of Mathematics by Dr. Bharathi Y. Khasnis

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MANDAR EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

LT. SHASHIKANT GAWDE COLLEGE OF

SUBJECT: PEDAGOGY OF SCHOOL SUBJECT:

ASSIGNMENT: For any one selected topic, prepare

TEACHER TO BE SUBMITTED: Mr Gaikwad

Submitted By : Farhat A.J Shaikh

Pedagogical approaches are different based on its characters.

It is giving importance to student cantered methods like constructivist, participatory,

Pedagogical analysis is related to the methodology or process of instruction. It focuses on

Steps of Pedagogical Analysis

Step 1: Content Analysis

1. Meaning and definition of term set

4. Fundamental operations on sets (Binary Operations)

Step 3: Previous Knowledge

Step 4: Objectives Formulation

Step 5: Teaching Strategies

A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.

Sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C, ....., etc.

Elements of the set are represented by small letters a, b, c, ....., etc.

Some important sets used in mathematics are

N: the set of all natural numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, .....}

4. Probing questions and answer:

b. Give one example of Equal Sets.

Therefore, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 18}

P = {multiples of 3 between 1 and 20}

So, P = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}

Q = {even natural numbers upto 15}

So, Q = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}

Hence, P ∩ Q = {6, 12}.

Let A = Set of people who like cold drinks.

B = Set of people who like hot drinks.

(A ∪ B) = 60 n(A) = 27 n(B) = 42 then;

n(A ∩ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∪ B)

Pedagogy of Mathematics by Dr. Bharathi Y. Khasnis

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