Gec 2 Chapter 2 1

MODULE 2 IN GEC 2

(READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY)

MODULE 2– CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSES OF SELECTED PRIMARY

SOURCES, IDENTIFICATION OF THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE TEXT
AND EXAMINATION OF THE AUTHORS’ MAIN ARGUMENT AND POINT OF VIEW
1. FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
2. CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS
3. KARTILLA OF KATIPUNAN
4. ACT OF DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
5. PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE THE US CONGRESS
6. RAIDERS OF THE SULU SEA
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
Historical sources are written by various authors with different perspectives as they
witness the event and in fact important in writing history. However, different authors wrote their
accounts with varied opinions and statements on that single event. Thus, reading the historical
event from the point of views of all sides will enable us to form our own analysis and
understanding about the said events. Finally, this chapter will discuss the different events in
Philippine history using different primary sources.
VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION
Understanding Filipino culture
LESSON 1 – FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
INTRODUCTION:
This lesson entails the account of Antonio Pigafetta during the Ferdinand Magellan’s
voyage in 1519 to 1521 in the Philippines which was published in Italy on 1536. The account
further highlighted their experiences particularly the culture of the natives. Pigafetta’s
travelogue contributed immensely to the enrichment of Philippine
1|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

historiography which provided a glimpsed of the political, economic, and social conditions of the
islands of the Visayan region during the 16th century. He clearly described the physical
appearance, social life, religious beliefs, and cultural practices of the people they encountered in
the islands of Samar, Leyte, and Cebu. Moreover, data about economic activities of the local
folks and goods they offered for trade which information taken through the help of Magellan’s
slave/interpreter, Enrique de Malacca (Torres, 2018).
INTENDED OUTCOME/LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
1. Analyze the content, context, and perspective of different kinds of primary sources.
2. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding
Philippine history.
STIMULATING LEARNING (MOTIVATION)

Do you know who Antonio Pigafetta is? What contributions do Pigafetta had in
Philippine History? How did Pigafetta describe the Philippines?
INCULCATING CONCEPTS (Input/Lesson Proper)

About the Author
 born around 1491 in Vicenza, Republic of Venice (Italy)
 belonged to a rich family of Vicenza. In his youth he studied astronomy, geography,
and cartography.
 (c. 1491 – c. 1531) was an Italian scholar and explorer from the Republic of
Venice.
 Served on board the ships of the Knights of Rhodes at the beginning of the 16th century.
 travelled with the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew by order of King
Charles I of Spain on their voyage to the Indies.

 during the expedition, he served as Magellan's assistant and kept an accurate journal of
the first voyage.
 was one of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522, out of the approximately 240 who
set out three years earlier.
Historical Background of the Document

 The desire for Spices
 In the West, spices were in demand to improve insipid European foods and to
preserve meat during wintertime. Exposure to food spices grown in the East
changed the Westerners’ taste preferences. Desire for spices became a major
motivation for early Portuguese and Spanish explorations to the East.
 The Fall of Constantinople (1453)
 On May 29, 1453, the city of Constantinople which played a vital role in the
trade of Europe with the East, fell into the hands of Sultan Mohammed II and his
Ottoman warriors.
 As a result of this conquest, the trade routes to the East were blocked. Hence the
discovery of new routes to Asia became an imperative necessity.
 The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494
 This treaty divided non-Christian lands into two spheres: one for Spain and one
for Portugal.
 Demarcation line is set 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands. All lands already
discovered and still to be discovered, east of the line belonged to Portugal, and
those wests of the line, to Spain.
 This influenced Magellan to sail westward, and in the end, led him to rediscover
the Philippines.
 Magellan left the port of San Lucar de Barrameda, Spain, on September 20, 1519
with five ships namely: Trinidad, Conception, Santiago, San Antonio, and Victoria
together with about 270 men.
 The expedition was intended to circumnavigate the earth in the service of Spain.
Accompanying him were Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (fleet chaplain), Antonio

Pigafetta (chronicler of the expedition), Duarte Barbosa, and his Malay slave Enrique
of Malacca (acting as interpreter).
Excerpts of the Document

 Saturday, 16 March 1521- Magellan’s expedition sighted a high land named Zamal
(Samar) which some 300 leagues westward of the Ladrones (now Marianas) Islands.
 Sunday, March 17- The following day after sighting Zamal Island, they landed on another
island which was inhabited, and which lay to the right of the above- mentioned island
“Zamal”. (To the right here would mean on their on their starboard going south or
southwest). There they set up two tents for the sick members of the crew and had a sow
killed for them. The name of this island was Humunu (Homonhon) which was later called
as Acquada da li buoni Segnialli (Watering-place of good signs) since they discovered
two springs and possible existence of gold in the island.
 On that the same day (Sunday, March 17)- Magellan named the entire archipelago the
“Islands of Saint Lazarus” for the reason being that it was the Sunday in the Lenten
season when the Gospel assigned for the Mass and the liturgical office was eleventh
chapter of St. John, which tells of the raising of Lazarus from the dead.
 Monday, 18 March- In the afternoon of their second day on that island, they saw a boat
coming towards them with nine men in it. An exchange of gifts was effected. Magellan
asked for the supplies, and the men went away, promising to bring rice and other supplies
in four days.
 Friday, March 22- At noon, the natives returned. This time they were in two boats, and
they brought food supplies. Pigafetta described the people living near the island as:
“Their seignior was an old man who was painted [i.e., tattooed]. He wore two gold
earrings [schione] in his ears, and the other many golds armlets on their arm and kerchiefs
about [on] their heads. There are people living near the island who have holes [earrings]
in their ears so large that they can pass their arms though them. Those people are caphri,
that is to say, heathen.” “They go naked, with a soft cloth woven from the bark of a tree
about their privies, except

some of the chiefs who wear cotton cloth embroidered with silk at the ends by means of a
needle. They are dark, fat, and painted. They anoint themselves with cocoanut and with
beneseed oil, as a protection against the sun and wind. They have very black hair that
falls to the waist, and use daggers, knives, and fishing nets that resemble rizali [a fine
thickly woven net used for fishing]; and their boats are [just] like ours.”
 Monday, 25 March- In the afternoon, the expedition weighed anchor and left the island of
Homonhon. In the ecclesiastical calendar, this day (March 25) was the feast day of the
Incarnation, also called as the feast of the Annunciation and therefore “Our Lady’s Day”.
On this day, as they were about to weigh anchor, an accident happened to Pigafetta: he
fell into the water but was rescued. He attributed his narrow escape from death as a grace
obtained from through the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on her feast-day.
 The route taken by the expedition after leaving Homonhon was “toward the west
southwest, between four islands: namely Cenalo (probably the island of Leyte),
Hiunanglan (maybe part of the mainland Leyte but Pigafetta mistook it as another island)
and Hibuson which is an island east of Leyte’s southern tip. They continued southward,
then turning westward to “Mazaua”.
 Thursday, 28 March- In the morning of Holy Thursday, 28 March, they anchored off an
island where the previous night they had seen light or a bonfire. The island lies twenty-
five leagues from the Acquada (Homonhon) and is called “Mazaua” and they remained
seven days on this Island. A small boat (boloto) came with eight natives, to whom
Magellan threw some trinkets as presents. The natives paddled away, but two hours later,
two larger boats (balanghai) came, in one of which the native king sat under an
awning of mats. At Magellan’s expedition some of the natives went up the Spanish
ship, but the native king remained seated in his boat. An exchange of gifts was
effected. In the afternoon of that day, the Spanish ships weighed anchor and came
closer to shore, anchoring near the native king’s village.
 Friday, 29 March- Magellan sent his slave interpreter (Enrique de Malacca) ashore in a
small boat to ask the king if he could provide the expedition with food

supplies, and to say that they had come as friends and not as enemies. In reply, the king
himself came in a boat with six or eight men, and this time went up to Magellan’s ship
and the two men embraced. Another exchange of gifts was made. The native king and his
companions returned ashore, bringing with them two members of Magellan’s expedition
as guest for the night. One of them was Pigafetta.
 Saturday, 30 March- Pigafetta and his companion had spent the previous evening
feasting and drinking with the native king and his son. The following morning, Pigafetta
and his companion took leave of their hosts and returned to the ships.
 Sunday, March 31- Early in the morning, Magellan sent the priest ashore with some men
to prepare for the Mass. Later, Magellan landed with some 50 men and the mass was
celebrated, after which a cross was venerated. After the mass, they returned to the ship
for the noon-day meal and they returned ashore to plant the cross on the summit of the
highest hill. In the attendance were the king of Mazaua (Colambu) and king of Butuan
and Calagan (Siaui).
 Monday, 1 April- Magellan sent men ashore to help with the harvest, but no work was
done that day because the two kings were sleeping off their drinking bout the night
before.
 Tuesday, April 2 and Wednesday, April 3-Work on harvest was made.
 Thursday, 4 April- Magellan and his men left Mazaua, bound for Cebu.
 Sunday, 7 April- They entered the port of Zubu (Cebu).
 Sunday, 14 April- Mass baptism of the natives took place including the king of Cebu
Rajah Humabon (was named as Don Carlo) and his wife (was named as Johanna). A little
child Jesus (Sto. Nińo) was also given to her.
 Friday, 26 April- Zula, a chief of the island of Matan (Mactan), sent one of his sons to
present two goats to the captain-general, and to say that he would send him all that he had
promised, but that he had not been able to send it to him because of the other chief
Cilapulapu (Lapu-Lapu), who refused to obey the king of Spagnia.” Because of this,
Magellan promised to eliminate the “king” who would not recognize the superiority of
Spanish crown.

 Saturday, 27 April- Magellan fervently believed that his men were so superior to the
natives that he allowed 49 of his crew to face off against a force of 1,500 enraged natives.
He was so confident that he refused the help of his allies. Pigafetta writes: “The Christian
king [Humabon] would have aided us,” wrote Pigafetta, “but the captain told him before
we landed, not to leave his balanghai, but to stay to see how we fought.”
 According to Pigafetta, they arrived at the shores of Mactan three hours before sunrise.
Magellan sent a message to the natives saying that if they still refused to recognize the
Spanish king and pay them tribute, they would demonstrate how effective their swords
were at wounding people.
 In reply, Lapu-Lapu’s men told Magellan that although the Spaniards had lances, they,
too, were armed with bamboo and stakes hardened with fire. The natives requested
Magellan’s party to wait until morning before attacking so they could gather more
warriors, to which Magellan obliged.
 When the sun rose, Magellan, including his crew of 49 (11 remained on the ship)
witnessed how the natives were highly organized at warfare: “When we reached land,
those men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five
hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud
cries, two divisions on our flanks and the other on our front,” wrote Pigafetta.
 “When the natives saw that we were shooting our muskets to no purpose, they redoubled
their shouts. When our muskets were discharged, the natives would never stand still, but
leaped hither and thither, covering themselves with their shields,” wrote Pigafetta.
 “They shot so many arrows at us and hurled so many bamboo spears (some of them
tipped with iron) at the captain-general, besides pointed stakes hardened with fire, stones,
and mud, that we could scarcely defend ourselves.”
 Realizing that they were no match for the natives they so underestimated, Magellan
became desperate, so he ordered some of his crew to distract the natives by burning their
houses.

 “When they saw their houses burning, they were roused to greater fury,” described
Pigafetta. “Two of our men were killed near the houses, while we burned twenty or thirty
houses. So many of them charged down upon us that they shot the captain through the
right leg with a poisoned arrow.”
 The wounded Magellan ordered his men to retreat more slowly, but the enraged natives
were relentless at the pursuit.
 resistance... We continued to retire from the shore always fighting up to our knees in the
water. The natives continued to pursue us, and picking up the same spear four or six
times, hurled it at us again and again.”
 According to Pigafetta, it was not Lapu-Lapu who slayed Ferdinand Magellan, but many
natives—probably battle-hardened, evidenced by their proficiency with spears and very
large bolos. This was something that Magellan and his company did not expect.
 “Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his
head twice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight, together with some others.
Thus, did we fight for more than one hour, refusing to retire farther.”
 “One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a
scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when
immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses,
until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.”
USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)

Write an Essay regarding the importance of the document written by Antonio Pigafetta in
understanding Philippine history.
1) What does the document describe?
2) Why is the document important for the student to understand?

UPGRADING COMPETENCE AND EXPANDING INSIGHTS (enrichment phase)
1. Create your own timetable or draw a cartoon showing how you coped from traditional
learning instruction to on-line/modular learning this pandemic from March to August
2020. Choose only one activity: timetable or cartoon showing how you and your family
coped with the pandemic.
REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION

1. John Lee P. Candelaria and Veronica C. Alporha. Readings in Philippine History. 856
Nicanor Reyes Sr., St., Sampaloc, Manila. 2018
2. Evelyn J. Grey, Ph.D. and Ryan D. Biong, M.A. Ed. “Readings in Philippine History.”
Malones Printing Press and Publishing House. Door 32, Zerrudo Commercial Complez,
E. Lopez St., Jaro , Iloilo, Philippines. Copyright 2017.
3. Jose Victor Torres. “BATIS: Sources in Philippine History.” C and E Publishing, Inc.
839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City, 2018.

LESSON 2 – CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS BY JUAN DE PLASENCIA
Understanding Filipino culture
INTRODUCTION:
Fray Juan de Plasencia (Joan de Portocarrero, real name) was a member of the Franciscan
Order who came together with the first batch of missionaries to the Philippines in 1578. He and
his fellow Franciscan, fray Diego de Oropesa were assigned to do mission works in Southern
Tagalog area and helped in founding and organizing numerous towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal,
and Bulacan. His continuous interaction with the people he converted to Christianity enabled him
to write a book entitled, Relacion de las Custombres de los Tagalogs (Customs of the
Tagalog, 1589) where he clearly described the political, social, economic, and cultural
practices of the early Filipinos before they were Christianized.
As a missionary, he was not bound only to administer sacraments and baptized new
converts or explaining the basic tenets of Catholic faith but his biggest challenged at that time
was how to make the articles of faith comprehensible to the people who have never heard of
Christ or the Catholic faith. He later wrote the Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espaňola y
Tagala which later became the first printed book in the Philippines in 1593 and used it as
reading materials for those Filipinos who wish to deepen their faith in the newly-accepted
religion. Plasencia died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590 (Torres, 2018).
The original document of Customs of the Tagalogs is currently kept in the Archivo
General de Indias in Seville, Spain and an English translation appeared in Volume VII of the
Blair and Robertson’s The Philippine Islands.

1. examine the context, and perspective of the document;
2. explain the relationship among the members of the barangay;
10 | G E C 2 ( R e a d i n g s i n P h i l i p p i n e H i s t o r y )
3. discuss the religious and spiritual practices and beliefs of the early Filipinos;
4. determine the significance of the document in understanding Philippine history.
STIMULATING LEARNING (Motivation)

1. Have you already read or study different Filipino beliefs and practices?
2. Why is there a need for us to know the different Filipino culture?
3. Do you know who Juan de Plasencia is? What contributions did Juan de Plasencia have in
Philippine History?
4. How did Juan de Plasencia describe the Philippine culture?

About the Author
 Born in the early 16th century as Juan Portocarrero in Plasencia, Extremadura, Spain
 Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order
 He is believed to have arrived in the Philippines in 1578, after a stopover in
Mexico.
 With Fray Diego de Oropesa, they preached around Laguna de Bay and Tayabas,
Quezon, where they founded several towns.
 They are also credited to have founded large towns in Bulacan, Laguna, and Rizal
(e.g. Meycauayan, Lucban, and Antipolo)
 He is the author of what is believed to be the first book printed in the Philippines, the
Doctrina Christiana

 Much of what has been written about the Philippines, particularly its history, has been
produced either by outsiders, or for outsiders—using their categories, their languages,
their terms and often informed by their own agenda, specifically economic and/or
political.
 The myth of the barangay had its genesis in a single source: Las costumbres de los indios
Tagalos de Filipinas, submitted in 1589 by the Franciscan Juan de Plasencia.
 Commissioned by Spanish civil authorities, the report was based on Plasencia’s apparent
attempts to collect and analyze information regarding the Tagalogs.
 The influence of Plasencia’s report cannot be overstated. This report became the
basis for Spanish laws and policies in the Philippines, allowing the Spaniards to not only
govern, but also to reconfigure and reconstruct Philippine society.
 And it has continued to serve as the basis for historical reconstructions of Tagalog
society.
 As John Phelan noted: “The overwhelming bulk of our knowledge about the character of
preconquest Tagalog society comes from a study of Tagalog customs composed by a
Franciscan friar, Juan de Plasencia.
Excerpts of the Document

 Nature of the “barangay”
 a family of parents and children, relations, and slaves
 did not settle far from one another.
 not subject to one another, except in friendship and relationship
 Social structure/class
 Dato
 Chief of the barangay
 Captain in their wars
 Rules over 30-100 households
 Three castes
 Nobles
 Commoners
 Slaves
 Maharlica
 Nobles and free born
 Do not pay tax or tribute to the dato, but must accompany him in war,
at their own expense
 Some would pay annually to the dato a hundred of gantas of rice
 After marriage, they could not move from one barangay to another
without paying a certain fine in gold
 Aliping namamahay
 Commoners
 Can marry
 Serve their master, whether he be a dato or not, with half of their
cultivated lands
 They accompany their master whenever he went beyond the island, and
rowed for him
 They live in their own houses, and are lords of their property and gold
 Their children can inherit their parents’ properties
 Their children can enjoy the rank of their fathers, and they cannot be
made slaves (sa guiguilir) nor can either parents or children be sold
 Aliping sa guiguilir
 Slaves
 They serve their master on his house and on his cultivated lands
 May be sold by their master
 Can ransom himself and become a namamahay through payment of at
least five taels of gold
 Interclass marriage
 If a maharlica marries a slave, whether namamahay or sa guiguilir, the
children were divided: the first, third, fifth, and so on, whether male or females,
belongs to the father; the second, fourth, sixth, and so on, belongs to the mother
 If the parent is a free born, all those who belonged to him/her are free; if he/she is
a slave, then the children are also slave
 Those who became slaves fell under the category of servitude which was their
parent’s
 Sentence and punishment
 Investigations made and sentences passed by the dato must take place in the
presence of those of his barangay.
 An arbiter can be invited from another barangay if any of the litigants felt
aggrieved.
 There is a death penalty imposed for those who insult the child of a dato
 They condemned no one to slavery, unless he merited the death penalty
 All other offenses were punished by fines in gold, which, if not paid with
promptness, exposed the culprit to serve, until the payment should be made
 Dowry and inheritance
 The legitimate children inherited equally, except in the case where the father and
mother showed a slight partiality by such gifts as two or three gold taels, or
perhaps a jewel.
 Adopted children inherit the double of what was paid for their adoption
 Dowries are given by the men to women’s parents
 If the wife has no parents or grandparents, she enjoys her dowry
 Unmarried women can own no property, in land or dowry, for the result of their
labors accrues to their parents
 In the case of a divorce before birth of children, if the wife left the husband and
marry another man, all her dowry fell to the husband.
 If the woman left but did not marry, the dowry was returned.
 When the husband left his wife, he lost half of the dowry and the other half was
returned to him.
 If he possessed children at the time of his divorce, the whole dowry and the fine
went to the children.
 Upon the death of the wife in a year’s time they had no children, the parents
returned one-half of the dowry to the husband.
 Upon the death of the husband, one-half of the dowry was returned to the
relatives of the husband.
 Place of worship
 The simbahan, which means a temple or place of adoration, is being constructed
for the purpose of sheltering the assembled people during a feast
 Nagaanitos- a feast celebrated and lasted for four days in which the whole
barangay, or family, united and joined in the worship.
 Idol-worship
 Bathala – “all powerful” or “maker of all things”
 Dianmasalanta – patron of lovers and of generation
 Lacapati & Idianale – patrons of the cultivated lands and of husbandry
 They also worshipped the sun, the moon, the stars
 They possessed many idols called lic-ha, which were images of different
shapes
 They also adore some dead men who were brave in war and endowed with
special faculties
 They paid reverence to buaya (crocodile) from fear of being harmed by them
 Auguries and superstitions
 Belief in good and bad omens brought by particular animals (e.g. serpent, rat,
birds, etc.)
 Practice of divination to see whether weapons were to be useful or lucky for
their possessor
 Rituals and sacrifice
 Practice of rituals and sacrifices led by a catolonan to heal sick person,
prosperous voyage, good harvest, victorious wars, etc.
 “devil-worshipping”
 Priests of the devil”
 There is a distinction among the “priests of the devil”
 Catolonan
 Either a man or a woman
 An honorable position held by people of rank
 Mangagauay
 Witches who deceived by pretending to heal the sick
 They induced maladies by their charms which can cause death
 Manyisalat
 Same as mangagauay
 They had the power of applying remedies to lovers that they
would abandon and despise their own wives
 Mancocolam
 Emits fire that cannot be extinguished from himself at night, once
or oftener each month
 Hocloban
 Another kind of witch of greater efficacy than the
mangagauay
 Without the use of medicine, they can kill or heal whom they
chose
 Silagan
 They kill anyone clothed in white by tearing out and eating the
liver of the victim
 Magtatanggal
 His purpose was to show himself at night to many persons,
without his head or entrails
 Osuang
 Equivalent to “sorcerer”
 They fly, murder men, and eat their flesh
 This was only among the Visayas Islands; among the Tagalogs
these did not exist
 Mangagayoma
 Another class of witches that make charms for lovers out of herbs,
stones, and wood, which would infuse the heart with love
 Sonat
 Equivalent to “preacher”
 They help people to die, at which time they predict the salvation
or condemnation of the soul
 Held by people of high rank
 Pangatahojan
 A soothsayer and predicts the future
 Bayoguin
 A “cotquean”, a man whose nature inclined toward that of a
woman
 Burial practice
 The deceased are buried beside his house; and if he was a chief, he was placed
beneath a little house or porch which they constructed for this purpose
 They lay the deceased on a boat which served as a coffin or bier, and guarded by a
slave
 Various animals, both male and female, were placed within the boat (e.g. two
goats)
 If the deceased is a warrior, a living slave is tied beneath his body until the latter
dies
 For many days, the relatives bewailed the dead, singing dirges, and praises of his
good qualities.
 The mourning is accompanied by eating and drinking.
 For the Negrillos (Negritos), they dug a deep, perpendicular hole and placed the
deceased within it, leaving him upright with head or crown unburied, on top of
which they put half a coconut which was to serve him as a shield
 They then kill another person in retribution for the one who died.
 Life after death
 Maca
 paradise or village of rest
 Place of the just, the valiant, and those who lived good, or who
possessed moral virtues
 Casanaan
 Place of punishment, grief, and affliction
 Place of the wicked and being dwelt by demons, called sitan
 They believe that no one would go to heaven, where there dwelt only
Bathala
 They also believe in vibit (ghosts) and tigbalaang (phantoms)
 They also believe in patianac, that if any woman died in childbirth, she and the
child suffered punishment.

Identify at least one urban legend in your place and research about people’s stories
related to them. Establish if there is a resemblance of these stories to the supernatural beliefs
documented by Fr. Plasencia. How similar or different were they?

Read the research article of the prominent Visayan anthropologist Dr. Alicia Magos titled
“The Concept of Mari-it (Dangerous Zones) in Panaynon Worldview and Its Impact on
Sustainable Human Development.” Do you think that the concept of mari-it persist until today?
Why or why not?
LESSON 3 – THE KARTILYA OF KATIPUNAN
Patriotism and Nationalism
INTRODUCTION:
Katipunan or KKK was a secret movement organized by Andres Bonifacio and all
teachings of Katipunan are contained in Kartilya. The kartilya was a primer of the movement
written by Emilio Jacinto which became an important document in indoctrinating the members
of Katipunan in its ideals. The word Kartilya came from the Spanish word “cartilla,” which
means a primer for grade school students during Spanish period. It is composed of “fourteen”
teachings which members of the society should follow. The teachings are expected from the
members even after the attainment of freedom from the Spaniards.
Moreover, the Kartilya was not just a document for the Katipunan, its importance today is
predicated on the teachings that embodied the moral and nationalistic principles of a nation that
fought for independence but also relevant in holding the cultural and historical values of the
Filipinos amidst the threat posed by foreign influences brought about by today’s globalization.

1. examine the context, and perspective of the document.
2. determine the main teachings and guiding principles of the Kartilya.
3. identify the importance of Kartilya to the past and today’s society.

1. Have you heard the word Kartilya ng Katipunan?
2. Who wrote this guiding principle of Katipunan?
3. How important was this document in the 19th century?
4. Do you have an idea about the content and the teachings embedded in Kartilya?
About the Author
 Emilio Jacinto was born to Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizonin Tondo on
December 15, 1875.
 Attended San Juan de Letran College and University of St. Tomas
 The one who made the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
 He was Katipunan publication named “Kalayaan” (freedom)
 Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness)
 Pahayag(manifesto)
 Sa mga Kababayan (to my Countrymen)
 Emilio Jacinto “The Brains of the Katipunan”
 At the age of 18 he became a member of Katipunan (he was the youngest
member)
 Wrote propaganda passage in vernacular so that the masses could easily
understand.
 Realizing the importance of a primer to indoctrinate the members of the society in its
ideals, Jacinto prepared one which he called Kartilya, a word adopted from the Spanish
cartilla which at the time meant a primer for grade school students.
 The Kartilya is consisted of thirteen "teachings" which the members of the society were
expected to follow.
 Before the Kartilya, there was Decalogue of the Katipunan.
 Originally titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B. (Duties of the Sons of the
People).
 It was never published because Bonifacio believed that Jacinto's Kartilya was
superior to what he had made.
 Decalogue of the Katipunan
• Love God with all your heart.
• Bear always in mind that the love of God is also the love of country, and this,
too, is love of one's fellowmen.
• Engrave in your heart that the true measure of honor and happiness is to die for
the freedom of your country.
• All your good wishes will be crowned with success if you have serenity,
constancy, reason, and faith in all your acts and endeavor.
• Guard the mandates and aims of the K.K.K. as you guard your honor.
• It is the duty of all to deliver, at the risk of their own lives and wealth, anyone
who runs great risks in the performance of his duty.
• Our responsibility to ourselves and the performance of our duties will be the
example set for our fellowmen to follow.
• Insofar as it is within your power, share your means with the poor and the
unfortunate.
• Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to you is the true basis of love—love
for yourself, for your wife and children, for your brothers and countrymen.
• Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all good work. Believe, likewise, that
the aims of the K.K.K. are God-given, for the will of the people is also the will of
God.
Excerpts of the Documents

The Katipunan Code of Conduct
1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a
shade, if not a poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's
conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge,
wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the
guide leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion
who will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase
thy interest in her and she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared
thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers, and sisters, that do
not unto the wife, children, brothers, and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his
color white, not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high
prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven
and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who
does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his
fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall
rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse
everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of
those who have gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If
he who desires to enter (the Katipunan) has informed himself of all this and believes
he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for
admission.

Choose one question below and answer it in not more than 10 sentences.
1. As a student, how will you embody the teachings and guiding principles of the
Kartilya? Cite a specific line/s from the document.
2. Why is Kartilya considered timeless and relevant even in today’s globalizing world?
1. Make an essay. Cite one (1) principle from the Kartilya of the Katipunan which you think
is best for you as well as other millennials to ponder upon. Explain your answer.

LESSON 4 – THE ACT OF PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE FILIPINO
PEOPLE
Patriotism and Nationalism; freedom and independence
INTRODUCTION:
This topic discusses about, “The Act of Proclamation of Philippine Independence of the
Filipino” delivered by President Emilio Aguinaldo at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. This
document manifests the end of 333 years of Spanish colonial rule.
The Declaration was short 2,000-word document which summarized the reason behind
the revolution against Spain, the war for independence, and the future of the new republic
under Emilio Aguinaldo.

1. examine the context, and perspective of the document.
2. explain how the Philippines achieved its independence from Spanish colonial rule.
3. examine the state of Philippine independence today.

Why do we commemorate every year the date June 12? Do you think this event is a significant
turning point in the history of our country? Why? Do you know who Emilio Aguinaldo and
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista are? What did they contribute to the Declaration of the Philippine
Independence?

About the Author
 Ambrosio Bautista was born in Biñan, Laguna to Gregorio Enriquez and Bautista
Silvestra Altamira.
 He attended preparatory school in Biñan and studied law at the University of Santo
Tomas (UST), obtaining a degree in 1865.
 He then practiced law in Manila and offered free legal services to poor clients.
 While practicing law, Bautista, on his way to Malolos, Bulacan, was captured by a group
of bandits, who subsequently learned that he had saved many of their friends as a
defender of the poor in court cases against rich Filipinos and Spaniards. The bandits
apologized to Bautista and set him free.
 He solicited funds to finance a campaign for reforms in the Philippines, later becoming a
member of the La Liga Filipina, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Propaganda.
 In 1896, the Spaniards arrested and imprisoned him at Fort Santiago, as he was suspected
of being involved in the Philippine Revolution; Bautista elected to defend himself and
was later released from prison.
 In 1898, Bautista became the first adviser to President Emilio Aguinaldo and
subsequently wrote the Declaration of Philippine Independence.
 He died on November 4, 1903 at the age of 72.

 After the exile of Emilio Aguinaldo in Hong Kong as he returned to the Philippines, he
established a Dictatorial Government through the recommendation of American Consul
Wildman.
 He installed himself as dictator, declared Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 in
Kawit, Cavite.
 The Filipino revolutionary forces under him witnessed and proclaimed the sovereignty
and independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule after they were defeated
in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 during Spanish American war.
 This historic event was declared as a national holiday and was witnessed by thousands of
people who gathered at Kawit to witness the declaration.
 The Act of Declaration of Independence was prepared and written by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista in Spanish, who also read the said declaration. Furthermore,
the Declaration was signed by ninety-eight persons which signified that the Filipinos
have the right to be free and independent.
 The Philippine National Flag hoisted was designed by Emilio Aguinaldo, and sewn by
Marcela Agoncillo, and assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herbosa.
 The Marcha Filipina Magdalo (now Lupang Hinirang) composed by Julian Felipe was
played by the San Francisco de Malabon Band.

Before me, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counselor and Special Delegate
designated to proclaim and solemnize this Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial
Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a Decree issued by the Egregious
Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy.
The undersigned assemblage of military chief and others of the army who could not
attend, as well as the representatives of the various towns,
Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing the
ominous yoke of Spanish domination,
Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in
connivance with and even under the express orders of their superior officers who at times would
order the shooting of those placed under arrest under the pretext that they attempted to escape in
violation of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses were left unpunished, and because of
unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those decreed by General Blanco at the
instigation of the Archbishop and the friars interested in keeping them in ignorance for egoistic
and selfish ends, which deportations were carried out through processes more execrable than
those of the Inquisition which every civilized nation repudiates as a trial without hearing.
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and
sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi who, continuing the course followed by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who
landed on the shores of Cebu and occupied said Island by means of a Pact of Friendship with
Chief Tupas, although he was killed in
battle that took place in said shores to which battle he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako of
Mactan who suspected his evil designs, landed on the Island of Bohol by entering also into a
Blood compact with is Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later taking by force the island of
Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he went to Manila, the
capital winning likewise the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking
possession of the city and the whole Archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of
King Phillip II, and with these historical precedents and because in international law the
prescription established by law to legalize the vicious acquisition of private property is not
recognized, the legitimacy of such revolution cannot be put in doubt which was calmed but not
completely stifled by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio
Aguinaldo as President of the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and accepted by Governor-
General Don Fernando Primo de Rivera under terms, both written and oral, among them
being a general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons; that by reason of the non-
fulfillment of some of the terms, after the destruction of the Spanish Squadron by the North
American Navy, and bombardment of the plaza of Cavite, Don Emilio Aguinaldo returned in
order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had he given the order to rise on the 31st of last
month when several tows anticipating the revolution, rose in revolt on the 28th, such that a
Spanish contingent of 178 men, between Imus and Cavite Viejo, under the command of a major
of the Marine Infantry capitulated, the revolutionary movement spreading like wild fire to other
towns of Cavite and the other provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and
Morong, some of them with seaports and such was the success of the victory of our arms, truly
marvelous and without equal in the history of colonial revolutions that in the first mentioned
province only the Detachments had been wiped out; in the third, the resistance of the Spanish
forces was localized in the town of San Fernando where the greater part of them are
concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoa, and Guagua; in the fourth, in the town of
Lipa; in the fifth, in the capital and in Calumpit and in the last two remaining provinces, only in
their respective capitals, and the city of Manila will soon be besieged by our forces as well as the
provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, Zambales, and some others in the
Visayas where the revolution at the time of
the pacification and others even before, so that the independence of our country and the
revindication of our sovereignty is assured.
And having the witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the
Universe, and under the protection of the Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, the United States
of America, we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the name and by the authority of the
people of theses Philippine Islands,
That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have
any allegiance to the Crown of Spain; that all political ties between are and should be completely
severed and annulled; and that, like other free and independent States, they enjoy the full power
to make War and Peace, conclude commercial treatise, enter into new alliances, regulate
commerce, and do all other acts and things which an Independent State has the right to do,
And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind
ourselves to support this Declaration with our lives, with our fortunes, and with our most sacred
possession, our Honor.
We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, The
Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom revere as the Supreme Head of this
Nation, which today begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the
instrument of God, in spite of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this unfortunate
country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal I his magnificent verses which he composed in his
prison cell prior to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish domination,
And in the punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned the
commission of abuses by its officials, and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who were
sacrificed in order to please the insatiable friars in their hydropical thirst for vengeance against
and extermination of all those who oppose their Machiavellian ends, trampling upon the Penal
Code of these Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by the Chiefs of Detachments at
the instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance of trial and without any spiritual aid
of our Sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same ends, eminent Filipino priests, Doctor
Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora were hanged whose
innocent
blood shed due to the intrigues of these so-called Religious corporations which made the
authorities to believe that the military uprising at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of
January 1, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino martyrs, thereby impeding the execution of the
decree-sentence issued by the Council of State in the appeal in the administrative case
inter[posed by the secular clergy against the Royal Orders that directed that the parishes under
them within the jurisdiction of this Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for
those controlled by the in Mindanao which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking
them completely and ordering the return of those parishes, all of which proceedings are on file
with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which they are sent last month of last year for the
issuance of the proper Royal Decree which, in turn, caused by the growth of the tree of liberty in
this our dear land that grew more and more through the iniquitous measures of oppression, until
the last drop from our chalice of suffering having been drained, the first spark of revolution
broke out in Caloocan, spread out to Santa Mesa and continued its course to the adjoining
regions of the province where the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought a one-sided battle
against the superior forces of General Blanco and General Polavieja for a period of months,
without proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed bamboos, and arrows.
Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers
necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of
granting pardon and amnesty,
And, lastly, it was resolved unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as
of this day, must use the same flag which up to now is being used, whose design and colors are
found described in the attached drawing, the write triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of
the famous Society of the “Katipunan” which by means of its blood compact inspired the masses
to rise in revolution; the three stars, signifying the three principal Islands of the Archipelago-
Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where this revolutionary movement started; the sun representing
the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country along the paths of Progress and Civilization;
the eight rays, signifying the eight provinces-Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas- which declared themselves in a state of war as soon as
the first revolt was initiated; and the colors of Blue, Red, and White commemorating the flag of
the United States of North America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this
Great Nation for its disinterested protection which lent us and continues lending us.
Write a poem about the importance of independence or freedom to one’s
country.

Make a comparison between the US declaration of independence and the
Philippine declaration of independence using the table below.
Points U.S. Philippines

Origin (date)
Proponent
Place of declaration
Content (Important details)
Relevance to the history of the
Country

LESSON 5 – SPEECH OF PRESIDENT CORAZON C. AQUINO BEFORE THE JOINT
SESSION OF THE U.S. CONGRESS, SEPTEMBER 18, 1986
Diplomacy and amity
INTRODUCTION:
Corazon C. Aquino is known as the symbol of restoring democracy and overthrowing
Ferdinand E. Marcos dictatorship in 1986. She was installed as the 11 th and the 1st woman
president of the country after EDSA Revolution.
On September 18, 1986, she delivered a speech before the joint session of United States
Congress at the US Capitol, Washington D.C., U.S.A.

1. Analyze the historical context and perspective of the document;
2. Examine the content of the document;
3. Relate the speech to the country’s current socio-economic-political condition today.
1. Who was Corazon “Cory” Aquino? How did Cory Aquino become the president of the
Philippines?
2. Do you have an idea about what EDSA (1) Revolution was? Was EDSA (1) Revolution a
significant event in Philippine history?

About the Author
 First Female President of the Philippines
 “Best remembered as an ‘Icon of Democracy’ during 1986 EDSA People Power
Revolution, which toppled the authoritarian regime of the late strongman Ferdinand
Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines.”
 Born on January 25, 1933 to Jose Cojuangco of Tarlac, a wealthy Chinese Filipino and
Demetria Sumulong of Antipolo, Rizal, an ethnic Filipina who belongs to a politically
influential clan.
 Married to late Sen. Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino.
 The couple produced five offsprings, four girls and one boy, namely: Maria Elena
(Ballsy), Aurora Corazon (Pinky), Benigno Simeon III (NoyNoy), Victoria Eliza (Viel)
and Kristina Bernadette (Kris).
 Seven major coup attempts occurred between July 1986 and December of 1989 against
her administration.
 November 1986 and August 1987 led by the Reform the Armed Forces Movement
(RAM).
 Four were attempts of high-ranking military still loyal to President Marcos.
 The last major effort to depose Aquino was in December 1989 and was a result of a
joint effort of the RAM and the Marcos loyalists.

 The downfall of the dictatorial regime President Marcos began with the assassination of
his political rival, former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. on August 21, 1983 when
he returned after exile in the United States.
 The death of Ninoy causes series of events that destabilized the Marcos Administration
that pushed him to hold a snap election.
 The Marcos-Tolentino contender was the widow of Ninoy Aquino, who was Cory
Aquino together with Salvador Laurel. However, the snap election was fraudulent
wherein Marcos and Tolentino won in the election as declared by the Batasang
Pambansa.
 As a result, anti-Marcos groups continue to protest. But on February 22, 1986 Marcos
Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Vice-Chief of Staff announced their defection
from the Marcos government which led to a four-day people power revolution where
civilians faced tanks and soldiers to protect the soldiers who defied Marcos regime.
 The People Power revolution installed Cory as the 11th and the 1st woman president of the
Republic of the Philippines. Subsequently, on September 18, 1986, Cory Aquino went on
a State visit to the United States where she spoke before the U.S. Congress to ask for
financial aid to the Philippines conferred with, by President Ronald Reagan. Finally, the
nine-day visit was deemed a success, for she was able to convince some U.S.
businessmen to invest and US Congress to aid financial assistance.

Mr. Speaker, Senator Thurmond, distinguished members of Congress. Three years ago, I
left America in grief to bury my husband, Ninoy Aquino. I thought I had left it also to lay to rest
his restless dream of the Philippine freedom. Today, I had returned as the president of a free
people.
In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him. By the brave and selfless act of giving
honor, a nation in shame recovered its own. A country that had lost faith in its future found it in a
faithless and brazen act of murder. So, in giving, we receive, in losing we find, and out of defeat,
we snatched our victory.
For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their prayers for
freedom. For myself and our children, Ninoy was a loving husband and father. His loss, three
times in our lives, was always deep and painful one.
Fourteen years ago, this month was the first time we lost him. A president- turned-
dictator, and traitor to his oath, suspended the Constitution and shut down the Congress that was
much like this one before which I am honored to speak. He detained my husband along with
thousands of others- senators, publishers and anyone who had spoken up for the democracy as its
end drew near. But for Ninoy, a long and cruel ordeal was reserved. The dictator already knew
that Ninoy was not a body merely to be imprisoned but a spirit he must break. For even as the
dictatorship demolished one by one the institutions of democracy- the press, the Congress, the
independence of the judiciary, the protection of the Bill of Rights- Ninoy kept their spirit alive in
himself.
The government sought to break him by indignities and terror. They locked him up in a
tiny, nearly airless cell in a military camp in the north. They stripped him naked
and held the threat of sudden midnight execution over his head. Ninoy held up manfully- all of it.
I barely did as well. For 43 days, the authorities would not tell me what had happened to him.
This was the first time my children and I felt we had lost him.
When that didn’t work, they put him on trial for subversion, murder, and a host of other
crimes before a military commission. Ninoy challenged its authority and went on a fast. If he
survived it, then, he felt, God intended him for another fate. We had lost him again. For nothing
would hold him back from his determination to see his fast through to the end. He stopped only
when it dawned on him that would keep his body alive after the fast had destroyed his brain.
And so, with barely any life in his body, he called off the fast on the fortieth day. God meant
him for other things, he felt. He did not know that an earthly death would still be his fate, that
only the timing was wrong.
At any time during his long ordeal, Ninoy could have made a separate peace with the
dictatorship, as so many of his countrymen had done. But the spirit of democracy that inheres in
our race and animates this chamber could not allowed to die. He held out, in the loneliness of
his cell and the frustration of exile, the democratic alternative to the insatiable greed and
mindless cruelty of the right and the purging holocaust of the left.
And then, we lost him, irrevocably and painfully than in the past. The news came to us in
Boston. It had to be after that three happiest years of our lives together. But his death was my
country’s resurrection in the courage and faith by which alone they could be free again. The
dictator had called him a nobody. Two million people threw aside their passivity and escorted
him to his grave. And so, began the revolution that has brought me to democracy’s most famous
home, the Congress of the United States.
That task had fallen on my shoulders to continue offering the democratic alternative to
our people. Archibald Macleish had said that democracy must be defended by arms when it is
attacked by arms and by truth when it is attacked by lies. He failed to say how it shall be won.
I held fast to Ninoy’s conviction that it must be by the ways of democracy. I held out for
participation in the 1984 election the dictatorship called, even if I knew it would rigged. I was
warned by the lawyers of the opposition that I ran the grave risk of
legitimizing the foregone results of the elections that were clearly going to be fraudulent. But I
was not fighting for the lawyers but for the people whose intelligence I had implicit faith. By the
exercise of democracy, even in a dictatorship, they would be prepared for democracy when it
came. And then, also, it was the only way I knew by which we could measure our power even in
the terms dictated by the dictatorship.
The people vindicated me in an election shamefully marked by government thuggery and
fraud. The opposition swept the elections, garnering a clear majority of the votes, even if they
ended up, thanks to a corrupt Commission on Elections, with barely a third of the seats in
parliament. Now, I knew our power.
Last year, in an excess of arrogance, the dictatorship called for its doom in a snap
election. The people obliged. With over a million signatures, they drafted me to challenge the
dictatorship. And I obliged them. The rest of the history that dramatically unfolded on your
television screen and across the front pages of your newspapers.
You saw a nation, armed with courage and integrity, stand fast by democracy against
threats and corruption. You saw women poll watchers break out in tears and goons crashed the
polling places to steal the ballots but, just the same, they tied themselves to the ballot boxes. You
saw a people so committed to the ways of democracy that they were prepared to give their lives
for its pale imitation. At the end of the day, before another wave of fraud could distort the results,
I announced the people’s victory.
The distinguished co-chairman of the United States observer team in his report to your President
described that victory: “I was witness to an extraordinary manifestation of democracy on the
part of the Filipino people. The ultimate result was the election of Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino
as President and Mr. Salvador P. Laurel as Vice-President of the Philippines.”
Many of you here today placed a part in changing the policy of your country towards us.
We Filipinos, thank each of you for what you did: for balancing America’s strategic interest
against human concerns, illuminates the American vision of the world.
When a subservient parliament announced my opponent’s victory, the people turned out I
the streets and proclaimed me President. And true to their word, when a handful military leaders
declared themselves against the dictatorship, the people rallied
to their protection. Surely, the people take care of their own. It is on that faith and the obligation
it entails, that I assumed the presidency.
As I came to power peacefully, so shall I keep it. That is my contract with my people and
my commitment to God. He had willed that the blood drawn with the lash shall not, in my
country, be paid by blood drawn by the sword but by the tearful joy of reconciliation.
We have swept away absolute power by a limited revolution that respected the life and
freedom of every Filipino. Now, we are restoring full constitutional government. Again, as we
restored democracy by the ways of democracy, so are we completing the constitutional structures
of our new democracy under a constitution that already gives full of respect to the Bill of
Rights. A jealously independent Constitutional Commission is completing its draft which will be
submitted later this year to a popular referendum. When it is approved, there will be
congressional elections. So within about a year from peaceful but national upheaval that
overturned the dictatorship, we shall have returned to full constitutional government. Given the
polarization and breakdown inherited, this is so small achievement.
My predecessor set aside democracy to save it from a communist insurgency that
numbered less than 500. Unhampered by respect of human rights, he went ai it hammers and
tongs. By the time he fled, that insurgency had grown to more than 16,
0. I think there is a lesson here to be learned about trying to stifle a thing with the means by
which it grows.
I don’t think anybody, in or outside our country, concerned for a democratic and open
Philippines, doubts what must be done. Trough political initiatives and local reintegration
programs, we must seek to bring the insurgents down form the hills and, by economic progress
and justice, show them that for which the best intentioned among the fight.
As President, I will not betray the cause of peace by which I came to power. Yet equally,
and again no friend Filipino democracy will change this, I will not stand and allow, and
insurgent leadership spurn our offer of peace and kill our young soldiers, threaten our new
freedom.
Yet, I must explore the path of peace to the utmost for at its end, whatever
disappointment I meet there, is the moral basis for laying down the olive branch of peace and
taking up the sword of war. Still, should it come to that, I will not waver from the course laid
down by your great liberator: “With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in
the rights as God gives us to see the rights, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the
nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his
orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and
with all nations.”
Like Lincoln, I understand that force may be necessary before mercy. Like Lincoln, I
don’t relish it. Yet, I will do whatever it takes to defend the integrity and freedom of my country.
Finally, may I turn to that other slavery: our $26 billion foreign debt. I have said that we
shall honor it. Yet must the means by which we shall be able to do so be kept from us? Many
conditions imposed on the previous government that stole this debt continue to be imposed on us
who never benefited from it. And no assistance or liberality commensurate with the calamity
that was visited on us has been extended. Yet ours must have been the cheapest revolution ever.
With little help from others, we Filipinos fulfilled the first and most difficult conditions of the
debt negotiation the full restoration of democracy and responsible government. Elsewhere, and in
other times of more stringent world economic conditions, Marshall Plans and their like were felt
to be necessary companions of returning democracy.
When I met with President Reagan yesterday, we began an important dialogue about
cooperation and strengthening of the friendship between our two countries. That meeting was
both a confirmation and a new beginning and should lead to positive results in all areas of
common concern.
Today, we face the aspirations of a people who had known so much poverty and massive
unemployment for the past 14 years and yet offered their lives for the abstraction of democracy.
Wherever I went in the campaign, slum area or impoverished village, they came to me with one
cry: democracy! Not food, although they clearly needed it but democracy. Not work, although
they surely wanted it, but democracy. Not money, for they gave what little they had to my
campaign. They didn’t expect me to
work a miracle that would instantly put food into their mouths, clothes on their back, education
in their children, and work that will put dignity in their lives. But I feel the pressing obligation to
respond quickly as the leader of a people so deserving of all these things.
We face a communist insurgency that feeds on economic deterioration, even as we carry
a great share of the free world defenses in the Pacific. These are only two of the many burdens
my people carry even as they try to build a worthy and enduring house for their new democracy
that may serve as well as a redoubt for freedom in Asia. Yet, no sooner is one stone laid than two
are taken away. Half our export earnings, $2 billion out of $4 billion, which was all we could
earn in the restrictive markets of the world, went to pay just the interest on a debt whose benefit
the Filipino people never received.
Still, we fought honor, and, if only for honor, we shall pay. And yet, should we have to
wring the payments from the sweat of our men’s faces and sink all the wealth piled up by the
bondsman’s two hundred fifty years of unrequited toil?
Yet to all Americans, as the leader of a proud and free people, I address this question: has
there been greater test of national commitment to the ideals you hold dear than that my people
have gone through? You have spent many lives and much treasure to bring freedom to many
lands that were reluctant to receive it. And ere you have a people who won it by themselves and
need only the help to preserve it.
Three years ago, I said thank you, America, for the haven from oppression, and the home
you gave Ninoy, myself and our children, and for the three happiest years of our lives together.
Today, I say, join us, America, as we build a new home for democracy, another haven for the
oppressed, so it may stand as a shining testament of our nation’s commitment to freedom.

Write a reaction paper about the speech of President Corazon Aquino (What are the
points in her speech that you agree and disagree with? Why?
1. Watch the last State of the Nation Address (SONA) of President Rodrigo Duterte and
critique its impact on the different sectors of the society (i.e. women, youth, labor sector,
etc.). How did the SONA address the issues and problems confronted by the different
sectors?

LESSON 6 – RAIDERS OF THE SULU SEA
Patriotism and valuing culture
INTRODUCTION:
Throughout the three and half centuries of conflicts between the Spaniards and the
Muslims of Southern Philippines, maritime raiding played a key role not only for accumulating
wealth and slaves but also a means of warfare and an anti-colonial warfare.
The Spaniards established their colony on the southern tip of Mindanao in Zamboanga
and constructed a fortress as their base, the Fort Pilar. The fort has a 10- meter-high wall
fortification around which was the base of the Spaniards for their trade. Zamboanga is very close
to Basilan, Tawi-tawi and Sulu groups of islands, and Maguindanao.
The three tribes were known as Balangingi-Samal, Ilanuns and the Tausugs of the
Sultanate of Sulu who were excellent warriors. The three tribes were not really considered as
“pirates” during the time, they were plying their trade of capturing people and selling them as
slaves.

1. Examine the context and perspective of the document.
2. Identify facilities used by the Muslim groups on their raiding and slave trading
activity.
3. Examine the importance of the Muslim raiding groups in the context of Philippine
history.

1. Have you watched the documentary film “Raiders of Sulu” before?
2. What was the movie all about?
3. Who were the raiders of Sulu Sea? Were they really pirates?
NARRATIVES
“Raiders of the Sulu Sea” is a historiography a Documentary film focusing on
Zamboanga City depicting how the Spaniards defended the city with the Fort Pilar as Spain’s last
stronghold and bastion of defense and economic expansion in the South of the Philippines. It
depicts the Southeast Asian flourishing free trading in the area and the adverse effects and
repercussions when Europeans such as the English, Dutch, and Spanish who wanted to control
the economy as well as to colonize and Christianize.
CONTENT:
The Spanish established their colony on the southern tip of Mindanao in Zamboanga.
Fort Pilar was constructed with ten (10) meter-high wall fortification all around. This was the
base of the Spaniards to facilitate their trade. Zamboanga is very close to Basilan, the Tawi-tawi
and Sulu group of islands and the Maguindanao area where there were three different tribes of
seafaring Filipino. The three tribes were known as Balangingi-Samal, Ilanuns and Sultanate of
Sulu, all which were employing Taosugs who were excellent warriors
(https://www.Zamboanga.com).
The three tribes are not really pirates during the times they were plying their trade of
capturing people and selling them as slaves. Slave trading was a business then and they were not
raiding ships in high seas. What they did was go and land in different shores posing as fishermen
(Ibid).
Without any warning, draw their 1-meter long swords and take as many slaves as they
can. Once captured, the slaves’ palms are punctured and tied to each other. The slaves are loaded
in their 25-27 meter by 6-meter boats that has 30-34 oarsmen and sails. It was said that their
boats are the fastest that Spanish Galleons could not even chase.
The history documentary focused on how the trines were able to organize a flotilla of a
hundred ships or more with more than 3,000 men. This happened when the three tribes connived
to raid Fort Pilar. The Spanish were stricken with fear when they see the number of boats and the
army they were to face. How were the hundred or more boats gathered? Well, the three tribes
have some sort of a pact on how to go about their business and employing Taosugs as their
warriors.
One tribe could set out to sea with a few boats then drop-by each of the several bases of
the tribes along the shores. They would call all the available seafarers to join the expedition. As
they go along, their numbers grow.
The slavery trade of the three tribes ended only when the Spaniards ordered three
steamboats from England. The steamboats were faster, easier to navigate and have various
armaments to take on the tribes. Spaniards were now able to chase and follow the boats to their
bases and conduct raids. It was aid that the conflict between the tribes and the Spaniards did not
stem from business or trade but was more on belief, religious beliefs.
THREE MUSLIM TRIBES
1. Samal Balangingi- is a distinct ethno-linguistic group dispersed throughout the greater
Sulu Archipelago and southern and western coastal regions of Zamboanga, Peninsula in
Mindanao.
2. Illanun- are Moro ethnic group native to Mindanao, Philippines, and the west coast of
Sabah. Also called “Iranun” which
means Maranao people or “people of the lake.
3. Tausug- is a combination of tau (person) and
suug (). They are the dominant tribe in Sulu
archipelago because of their political and
religious institutions.
MARITIME VESSELS
1. Lanong- large outrigger warships used by the
Iranun and the Banguingui people specialized for
naval battles. It is prominently used for piracy and slave raids from the mid-18th century to the
early 19th century in most of Southeast Asia.
2. Garay- traditional native warships of the

Banguingui people in the Philippines. Used for piracy
by the Banguingui and Iranun people against unarmed
trading ships and raids on coastal
settlements in the regions surrounding the Sulu Sea.
3. Salisipan- auxiliary vessels usually part of fleets

with larger motherships like pangajava, garay, or
lanong warships. Among Malays, this type of boat is
used as a boat of war or passenger boat
TOOLS OF WAR
1. Moro Kris- weapon of warfare and ceremony. This
are not only carried by slave raiders into battles but also
by nobles and high ranking officials of the Southern
Sultanate. Double edged with either smooth or wavy
blades.
2. Kampilan- longest sword, used by the Ilanuns.

Heavy single edged sword often adorned with hair to make it look even intimidating.
3. Barong- deadly weapon sword used by the Taosug

warriors with single-edged leaf blade made of thick
tempered steel.
4. Kalis - Used by nobles and high ranking Sultanates; 2.2 in length
1. Write a short essay regarding the importance of the documentary film “Raiders of the Sulu
Sea” in the study of Philippine History. How important was the role played by the Muslims in
Mindanao during Spanish period?

Choose one activity.
1. Make an essay that tells how Christians respect the culture and beliefs of our Muslim
brothers.
2. Make a poem showing how we respect the culture and beliefs of our Muslim
brothers.

1. https://tubitv.com
2. https://www.zamboanga.com

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MODULE 2 IN GEC 2

(READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY)

MODULE 2– CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSES OF SELECTED PRIMARY

LESSON 1 – FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

1|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

INTENDED OUTCOME/LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

STIMULATING LEARNING (MOTIVATION)

INCULCATING CONCEPTS (Input/Lesson Proper)

2|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

Historical Background of the Document

3|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

Excerpts of the Document

4|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

5|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

6|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

7|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)

8|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION

9|GEC 2 (Readings in Philippine History)

INTENDED OUTCOME/LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

STIMULATING LEARNING (Motivation)

INCULCATING CONCEPTS (Input/Lesson Proper)

Historical Background of the Document

Excerpts of the Document

USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)

UPGRADING COMPETENCE AND EXPANDING INSIGHTS (enrichment phase)

INTENDED OUTCOME/LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

STIMULATING LEARNING (Motivation)

Excerpts of the Documents

USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)

REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION

INTENDED OUTCOME/LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

STIMULATING LEARNING (Motivation)

INCULCATING CONCEPTS (Input/Lesson Proper)

Historical Background of the Document

Excerpts of the Documents

UPGRADING COMPETENCE AND EXPANDING INSIGHTS (enrichment phase)

Points U.S. Philippines

REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION

INTENDED OUTCOME/LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

INCULCATING CONCEPTS (Input/Lesson Proper)

Historical Background of the Document

Excerpts of the Documents

USING/APPLYING KNOWLEDGE (application/integration)

REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION

INTENDED OUTCOME/LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

STIMULATING LEARNING (Motivation)

INCULCATING CONCEPTS (Input/Lesson Proper)

2. Garay- traditional native warships of the

3. Salisipan- auxiliary vessels usually part of fleets

2. Kampilan- longest sword, used by the Ilanuns.

3. Barong- deadly weapon sword used by the Taosug

4. Kalis - Used by nobles and high ranking Sultanates; 2.2 in length

UPGRADING COMPETENCE AND EXPANDING INSIGHTS (enrichment phase)

REFERENCE TO/REFLECTION ON VALUE/THRUSTS INTEGRATION

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