Chap 6 - Challenges to Spanish Authority

Facts :
How the Spanish govt put a stop to revolts inspite of the 1. The Dutch are freedom loving people but
very small number of Spaniards in the country? revolted against Spain and proclaimed their
independence in 1579.
1. The revolts lacked coordination
2. The Filipinos had no leader of great ability 2. Spain however refused to recognize the
3. Filipino rebels had insufficient arms to equal the independence but finally recognize the same
Spaniards with the conclusion of the Treaty of Westphalia
4. No feeling of unity and nationalism among the in 1648.
Filipinos
5. Many Filipinos were loyal to the Spaniards 3. Spain closed the port of Lisbon to the Dutch to
especially to the friars than to their countrymen discourage them from trading with the
Portuguese. This forced the Dutch to send their
Spanish colonial officials ships to the East. They were able to colonize
Friar curates policy of “Divide and Rule” Malaya in the process. Malaya is now called
Indonesia
- In all the revolts, the Spaniards used Filipinos
against Filipinos. 4. IN 1597, Holland sent an expedition to the East
- It was the Filipinos soldiers who stopped the under the command of Admiral Oliver Van
numerous revolts and uprisings not the Noort.
Spaniards.
a. They reach Manila de Bay and Van Noort
Portuguese and Dutch threats seized Filipino and Chinese vessels
b. Spanish squadron under Antonio de Morga
Facts: Portuguese engaged the Dutch in a battle

1. The Portuguese refused to acknowledge c. The 1st battle in Marivelles- Van Noort was
Legazpi’s presence in Cebu as legal because of defeated
reason of the Treaty of Zaragoza
d. 2nddutch attack in 1610 when they tried to
2. In 1566 and 1568 – Portuguese ships under Gen land in Cuyo island, the Filipinos drove
Gonzalo Pereira anchored in Cebu without them out
Legazpi’s permission and on both occasions
asked Legazpi to leave. e. The 2nd battle in Mariveles– when Dutch
fleet blockaded Manila and the Spaniards
3. Legazpi refused and the Portuguese blocked aided by Filipinos fought their best. In This
Cebu to starve the Spaniards but Legazpi and his battle , the Dutch were badly beaten.
men held their ground and forced the Portuguese
to leave instead.

4. In 1570- Pereira returned but again failed to

dislodge the Spaniards f. In 1616, another Dutch fleet appeared in
Manila de Bay and began to plunder vessels
5. Portuguese cease their claim over the Phils when carrying foodstuffs from the provinces to
Portugal became a part of the Spanish empire in Manila.
1580.

Dutch threats.
g. The Audencia sent a fleet against the Dutch a. Feelings of hostility towards the Spaniards
and in the Battle of Playa Honda in 1617, b. Hostility was ignited by love of freedom
the Dutch were again defeated. c. Called the “ 1stKatipunan”
d. Composed of Lakandula son Magat Salamat,
h. There were more Dutch attacks but were Agustin de Legazpi, Juan Banal, Pedro
defeated by the Spaniards with the help of Balingit.
Filipinos. e. The plot spread throughout Central Luzon,
Cuyo island and Borneo
i. The last attack in 1647, tried to capture f. They even ask assistance from Japan
Cavite and Bataan but was driven off. g. However, the Spaniards discovered the plan
even before the group could make their first
j. After this, the Dutch never again made a step.
serious attempt to contest the Spanish h. Immediately, the leaders were arrested and
sovereignty in the Philippines executed and those implicated were
banished to Mexico

Early resistance in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao

3. The revolt of Magalat
1. The attempted revolt of Lakandula
a. In Cagayan
a. Lakandula was one of those who supported b. Although it was quelled, the rebels
Legazpi continued their opposition to the Spaniards.
b. To return the kindness, Legazpi exempt c. The Spaniards failed to defeat Magalat.
Lakandula and his relatives in paying d. The Spanish authorities hired a Filipino
tributes and other colonial impositions assassin to murder Magalat and succeeded.

c. Legazpi died and his successor Gov Gen 4. Ladia’s conspiracy

Guido de Lavezares did not honor the
exemption of Lakandula and his relatives. a. In Malols, Bulacan.
b. Led by Pedro Ladia – a native of Borneo
d. In 1574, during the attack on Manila by who came to Bulacan to lead an armed
Chinese adventurer Limahong, Lakandula uprising against the Spaniards
led a revolt against the Spaniards.
c. If he will succeed he will be proclaimed
e. Lakandula was able to kill some Spanish “King of the Tagalogs”
soldiers and retreated to what is now d. The friar-curate notified the Spanish
Navotas, Rizal authorities of Ladia’s activities. He was
arrested, sent to Manila and was executed.
f. Legazpi’s grandson, Juan de Salcedo and Fr.
Geronimo Martin persuaded Lakandula to 5. The revolt of Maniago
lay down arms with a promise that he will
be exempt from tribute and his relatives a. In Central Luzon.
b. By Francisco Maniago
g. Lakandula believed and ordered his men to c. To destroy Spanish power and to declare
return to their homes in peace. that the people of Central Luzon were free
and independent.

2. The Tondo conspiracy

d. Revolt was caused by the abuses of the d. The revolt spread to the whole province and
Spanish officials who refused to pay the many Spaniards including the ProvGov was
food that they had taken from the Filipinos. killed.

e. Attempts by friar-curates to lay down their e. So successful that he proclaimed himself

arms failed. “ King of Pangasinan”
f. With this royal title , he appointed himself
f. Maniago appealed to the people of officials under him
Pangasinan and Ilocos provinces to join g. At the same time, he also urged the people
them in the battle for freedom. of the Ilocos province, Zambales and
Cagayan to take up arms against the
g. The GG fearing other towns might follow Spaniards without knowing that this will
Maniago conferred with the chief of Arayat, weaken his position.
Juan Macapagal, who promised to help the
Spaniards quell the revolt. h. The govt forces pursued Malong and was
defeated and captured. He was later
h. Maniago’s caused weakened with executed for being a traitor to Spain
Macapagal’s intention to side with the
Spaniards. 7. Juan dela CruzPalaris
a. Also in Pangasinan
i. Maniago made peace with the GG and made b. Led a revolt against the imposition of tribute
these demands: c. Lasted for a year

a. For the GG to pardon all those who 8. Revolt of Bancao

participated in the revolt; a. In Leyte
b. Kampangpangan’s receive the sum of b. Intolerance of the friars
P200,000 as payment for the rice which c. It was Legazpi who befriend Bancao when
the Spaniards seized from their he arrived in Limasawa.
baranggays d. He converted Bancao to Catholicism but
c. The Kapangpangan’s to continue to cut Bancao returned to the religion of his
timber, as required by the law onforced forefathers
labor, but they will be given sufficient e. The friar curate hated him for he was able to
time to perform their duties at home; convince natives to go back to their original
faith;
j. The GG accepted these demands and f. The ProvGov of Cebu sent troops to Leyte
satisfied, Maniago laid down his arms. and defeated Bancao who died fighting
k. The revolt was a success in the sense that
Maniago was able to air his people’s
grievances and get what they wanted. 9. The revolt of Sumuroy

a. In Palapag ,Samar led by Agustin Sumuroy

b. In accordance with forced labor, the GG
6. The revolt of Malong ordered the ProvGov in the Visayas
provinces to send workers to Cavite
a. In Pangasinan shipyard
b. The maltreatment of the people by the c. Workers resented leaving their homes and
Spanish officials with regards to the Polo be separated from their families
c. Under the leadership of Andres Malong d. The friar-curate of Palapag was killed
e. The revolt spread to Mindanao particularly - The interior mountains were hard to penetrate
Zambaonga, Camiguin, Cebu, Masbate and - The people lived a life separate and distant tribal
Camaris and Albay communities
f. This alarmed the GG - Attempts by the Spaniards to send expeditions to
g. Sumuroy won in several skirmishes using the region failed due to the fierce resistance of
the mountains as a natural fortress the taongbundok.

h. In 1650, the govt sent a strong army

contingent in the battle in the mountains - Their ancient beliefs and way of life were less
i. Sumuroy was defeated, captured and exposed to the outside world made them more
executed; resistant to colonization whether by the
Spaniards then late by the Americans and
10. Tapar Japanese
a. In Oton, Panay - Dangerous bec confrontations practically
b. Wanted to return to the religion of his reduced to headhunting for the lumads.
ancestors
Moro wars in the South
11. Dagohoy Facts:
a. The longest rebellion in history. 1. It was the longest and bloodiest attempt by the
b. Dagohoy set up his own “government “ in Spaniards in Mindanao
the mountains with some 20,000 followers 2. The Muslims in the country remained
obeying his orders and practicing their own unconquered and unconverted until the end of
faith. the Spanish rule
3. First encounter with the Moro
- Took place in Cebu
More rebellions in Luzon( economic in nature) - Between Martin di Goiti and a group of Bornean
Facts:
traders
a. 1700s friar estates and hacienda system has
4. Manila was never a Muslim Kingdom
expanded due to the demand of the galleon trade
- The connection between the Islamized Brunei
for agricultural products;
and Manila was more of ties in marriage and
b. Many inhabitants lose their lands along with
economic or commercial transactions. Not
rights over communal rivers and forests
religious. Therefore no sultanate in Manila or
Visayas.
c. Diego and Gabriela Silang
- Led a revolt in Ilcos Sur
- Islam however penetrated early and spread in
- Reason of the revolt : The right to engage in
Mindanao with 2 sultanates: Sulu and
galleon trade by non Spaniards or indios
Maguindanao

d. Basi revolt
- The ties continued between Brunie and the
- In Ilocos Norte
sultanates despite of the conquest of Manila.
- Over the issue of govt monopoly on the
production, pricing and sale of Basi ( favorite - The new govtin Manila has to send troops to
local wine of the Ilocanos)
Borneo 3 times and to put an end to their trading
activities and military aid in manila but this
e. Maingel
usually results in bloody encounter.
- A warrior leader and expert in headhunting
- This is in the Cordillera region - Under the capable leadership of Sultan Kudarat,
- It is rich in gold , forest products and trees for Maguindanao and Sulu united as a confeserate.
logs
This forced the Spaniards to finally withdraw
from the place and focus instead in Luzon. The Chinese presence

- After Sulatan Kudarat’s death, the 2 sultanates Facts:

engaged in each other over the issue of trade and 1. The Chinese were the most constant and steady
supremacy in the area. visitors
2. To the Spaniards, the Chinese were Sangleys
- This made Spain come back in steamboats and “ traders who came and went”
powerful cannons 3. The Chinese had no intention of conquest and
colonization
- Their victory only allowed them to get Iligan 4. The Spaniards started to be alarmed when
and Cagayan de Oro famous Chinese commander Limahong came
with his ships and bombarded Intramuros and
- They also brought along Jesuits for mission the nearby Malate
work in Mindanao 5. Martin di Goiti lost his life in this attack
6. The combined forces of Lakandula and the
- Face with these developments, the Moro Spanirds forced Limahong to escape
leadership entered into a treaty with GG 7. Despite the Chinese threat on the Spaniards, the
Urbiztondo = it was more of a compromise but Chinese merchants remained inside the
no actual surrender of territory within the realm Intramuros
to the sultanate. The moros continued to resist
the Spaniards

- Brief British occupation ( 1762 to 1764 ) – the

Moros were forced to give up part of Palawan 8. Thus the Sangleys grew rapidly and the Spanish
and Sabah on a lease basis authorities were forced to relocate them within a
Reasons why the Moros were successful in their limited space called parian. ( comes from
resistance to Spain: Chinese palienor “ union “ or “federation” )

1. The Spanish force lack the number and military 9. Parian

capacity to break through the morokuta a. Originally infront of the Sto Domingo
2. Mindanao is far from manila Church
3. Spaniards were more pre occupied with wars b. Then they were moved to the outside of
against the Portuguese, Dutch and the various Intramuros
provinces in Luzon and Visayas
4. Islam provided the Spaniards an identifiable 10. The govt also made laws allowing the Chinese
enemy called “moros” thus forcing all followers to live in the provinces in an effort to spread
of Islam to resist as one despite ethnic them out.
differences among them
11. Taxes were impose on the Chinese which in
Reasons for the general failure of revolts: course of time became abusive

1. Spaniards possessed superior weapons 12. Chinese uprising

2. People remain divided and lacked unity
3. Giving of positions and powers to the chieftains a. By Eng Kang
and their families
4. People were separated into many ethnolinguistic the reason of the revolt : massive and abusive
groups and geographically into more than 7000 imposition of taxes.
island - In Tondo and Quiapo
- This was easily quelled by the Spanish-filipino
forces
- Their leader Eng Kang was beheaded and head
put on public display o scare the Chinese.

b. Other Chinese revolts spread in Manila and

Makati, Taytay, Antipolo and the provinces
c. But combined forces stopped these
rebellions
d. Several decrees were passed for their
expulsion but failed because the Chinese
controlled the source livelihood and the
daily needs of Spaniards and Filipinos.
Their presence had become a necessity for
everyone’s comfort and convenience.