PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

1. Composition & physical states of matter

Intermolecular forces & their impact on the state of the matter.
Various physical properties of matter, dipole moment, dielectric
constant, Van Der Waal’s equation & critical phenomenon,
liquefaction of gases, aerosols.
2. Colligative Properties
The liquid state, vapor pressure, ideal & real solutions. Raoult’s
law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point,
osmotic pressure, determination of molecular weight based on
colligative properties.
3. Thermodynamics
First, second & third law of thermodynamics. Thermochemical
laws, isothermic & adiabatic processes, reversible processes,
work of expansion, heat content, enthalpy, heat capacity.
Gibb’s & Helmholtz equation & chemical potential.
4. Refractive index
Refractive index, specific refractivity, molar refractivity,
refractometers.
5. Solutions
Solubility, factors affecting solubility, solubility curves. Types
of solutions, effect of co-solvency, pH & other factors on
solubility. Solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, &
solids in liquids, critical solution temperature, law of
partitioning & its applications. Solute-solvent interactions.
Expression of the concentration of pharmaceutical solutions &
calculations. Molarity, molality, mole fraction & percentage
expressions.
6. Electrochemistry
Properties of electrolyte solutions, electrolysis. Faraday’s law of
electrolysis, electron transport, electrical cell, single electrode
potential, concentration cells, half-cells & half-cell potential,
types of half cells, sign convention, Nernst equation, salt bridge,
electromotive series, standard potential, SHE. Measuring the
relative voltage of half cells, Calculation of standard potential.
Reference & indicator electrodes. Standard oxidation-reduction
potential.
7. Ionic equilibrium
Theory of conductivity, equivalent conductance, mobility of
ions, specific conductance.
8. Kinetics
Order of reactions, derivation & internal form of rate laws,
molarities of reaction,
derivation of rate constants.

PHYSICAL PHARMACY

1. Matter, properties of matter

States of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heat and
vapor pressure, sublimationcritical point, eutectic mixtures,
gases, aerosols- inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes,
liquid crystals, glasses state, solid crystalline and amorphous
polymorphism.
2. Micromeritics and powder rheology
Particle size and distribution, average particle size number and
weight distribution, particle number, methods of determining
particle size and volume, optical microscopy, sieving,
sedimentation, determining surface areas, permeability,
adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing
arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow properties.
3. Surface and interfacial phenomenon
Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free
energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tension,
spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface
active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency,
absorption at solid interfaces, solid gas and solid-liquid
interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interfaces.
4. Viscosity and rheology
Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of
temperature, non- Newtonian systems, pseudoplastics, dilatant,
plastic, thixotropy in formulations, determination of viscosity
and thixotropy by capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometer,
application of theology in pharmacy
5. Dispersion systems
a. Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids,
protective colloids, application of colloids in pharmacy.
b. Suspensions and emulsions: Interfacial properties of
suspended particles settling in suspension, theory of
sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation of
flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of
particles, significance of electrical properties in dispersions,
controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles,
rheological considerations, emulsions: types, theories, physical
stability.
6. Complexation
Classification of complexes, methods of preparations and
analysis, applications.
7. Buffer
Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general. Buffers in
pharmaceutical systems, preparations and stability, buffered
isotonic solutions. Measurements of tonicity calculations
and methods of adjusting isotonicity.
8. Solubility
a. Miscibility-influence of foreign substances three component
systems; dielectric constant and solubility, solubility of solids in
liquids ideal and non-ideal solutions solvation and association in
solutions solubility of salts in water solubility of slightly soluble
and weak electrolyte calculating solubility of weak electrolytes
as influenced by pH, influence of solvents on the solubility of
drugs combined effect of pH and solvents, distribution of solutes
between immiscible solvents, effect of ionic dissociation and
molecular association on partition, extraction, preservatives
action of weak acids in emulsions, drug action and distribution
coefficient.
b. Concepts of dissolution and diffusion.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. General principles
A brief review of classification & sources of organic ompounds,
sp3, sp2, sp hybridization, sigma & pi- bonds, bond lengths, bond
angles & bond energies along with their significance in
reactions should be carried out. An overview of bond
polarization, hydrogen bonds, inductive effects, resonance, and
hyperconjugation be taken. Concept of homolytic & heterolytic
bond fission, acidity & basicity with different theories should be
covered briefly. Ease of formation & order of stabilities of
electron deficient & electron rich species along with the reasons
for the same should be covered. Relationships between energy
content, stability, reactivity & their importance in chemical
reactions should be covered. Calculations for determining
empirical & molecular formula should be covered.
2. Different classes of compounds
The following classes of compounds should be taught in detail
with respect to their IUPAC / systematic nomenclature,
industrial [wherever applicable] & laboratory methods of
preparations, physical properties & chemical reactions with
emphasis on reaction mechanisms [arrow based] &
stereochemistry [wherever applicable].
• Alkanes [including cyclic compounds]
• Alkenes [including cyclic compounds]
• Alkynes [only open-chain compounds]
• Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds
• Alkyl halides
• Aldehydes & Ketones
• Carboxylic acids
• All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids.
3. Protection & deprotection of groups
Introduction to protection & deprotection of functional groups.
Two examples each for amino, hydroxyl, & carbonyl groups.
The significance of these in syntheses should be explained.
4. Aromaticity & chemistry of aromatic compounds
Concept of aromaticity, Huckel’s rule & its use in determining
the aromatic/non-aromatic character of a compound. A brief
coverage of structure of benzene. Detailed coverage of
electrophilic & nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Reactivity & orientation in these reactions. Reactivity &
orientation in mono- & disubstituted benzenes. Benzyne
mechanism.
5. Different aromatic classes of compounds
The following classes of compounds with respect to their
IUPAC / systematic nomenclature, industrial [wherever
applicable] & laboratory methods of preparations,
physical properties & chemical reactions with emphasis on
reaction mechanisms [arrow based] & stereochemistry
[wherever applicable]. Aromatic hydrocarbons.
Phenolic compounds. Aromatic & aliphatic amines.
Diazonium salts. Aromatic nitro- compounds, aryl halides, &
ethers.
6. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Syntheses & reactions with mechanisms of bi & tricyclic fused
carbocyclic rings like naphthalene, anthracene, & phenanthrene.
7. Carbonyl Chemistry
Carbonyl chemistry involving group conversions & their
reaction mechanisms along with stereochemistry wherever
applicable.
a. Wolf-Kishner reduction & Huang-Minlong modification.
b. Reduction of arylsulfonyl hydrazine/hydrazones to alkanes.
c. Bamford Steven reaction.
d. DCC Oxidation of alcohol.
e. Michael addition / 1,4-addition / conjugate addition.
f. Mannich condensation / reaction.
g. Robinson annulation.
h. Stobbe condensation.
i. Darzen’s glycidic ester synthesis.
j. Beckmann rearrangement.
k. Baeyer Villiger rearrangement.
l. Curtius, Wolff, & Lossen rearrangements.
m. Willgerodt rearrangement.
n. Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.
o. Methylene transfer reactions. Use of diazomethane & 7richop
ylides in the same.
p. Mono- & dialkylations in 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
q. Formation & use of enol ethers, enol acetates & enamines as
protective groups & in
regiospecific alkylations.
8. Heterocyclic Chemistry
IUPAC Nomenclature of heterocyclic rings [3-10 membered]
containing O, S, & N atoms. Nomenclature of above rings
containing mono-, di-, & multiple [same or different]
heteroatoms should also be covered. Nomenclature of 2 & 3
fused rings containing mono-, di-, & multiple
heteroatoms [same or different] should also be covered.
Syntheses & reactions of three to sixmembered
rings in detail. Syntheses of five & six-membered rings
containing mono- or any diheteroatoms [O, S, & N]. Syntheses
of quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, &
benzimidazole, benzotriazole, and benzothiazole.
9. Bridged rings
Bridged ring systems & their nomenclature.C8, C9, C11 bridged
bicyclic alkanes. Chemistry of hexamine, morphan, biperiden,
amantadine, diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane
10. Kinetic & thermodynamic control
Kinetic & thermodynamic control of sulfonation, enolate anion
formation & alkylation of enamine reactions.
11. Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry. Chirality & asymmetry [introduction of the
same to S, P, & N]. Definition & classification [different types
of isomerisms]. Enantiomers, diastereomers. Enantiomerism &
diastereomerism. Meso compounds & their optical activity.
Stereochemistry in acyclic compounds. Newman projection
formulae & their significance. Conformational analysis of
nbutane. Absolute & relative configuration. Assigning R & S
configuration based on Cahn Ingold & Prelog system. Racemic
mixture- its definition & resolution. Definitions of terms
stereoselective, stereospecific, Enantiomeric excess &
diastereomeric excess. Stereochemistry in cyclic systems.
Conformations of cyclohexane. Cis-trans relationship in
cyclohexane. Prediction of stability of different conformations
of 1, 2- 1,3- & 1,4- disubstituted cyclohexanes. Effect of
multiple substitutions on the stability of cyclohexane
conformations. Chair conformations of cis-, & trans-decalins,
perhydrophenanthrenes, & a tetracyclic steroidal nucleus. An
introduction to atropisomerism.
12. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates. Definition & classification. D & L nomenclature
in sugars. Different ways of drawing / representing a sugar
molecule [including cyclic Structure], interconversion of these
representations. Anomers & epimers. Mutarotation. Reactions of
glucose. Chain extension & chain reduction of a sugar.
13. Amino acids & proteins
Amino acids & proteins. Definition & classification. D & L
Amino acids, natural, essential, & nonessential
amino acids. Denaturation, Strecker, Gabriel phthalimide
methods for the preparation
of amino acids. Peptide bond & its formation. Two protective
groups each, for -NH2 & -COOH functionalities during protein
synthesis. Sequencing of a protein by chemical & enzymatic
methods.
14. Pericyclic reactions
Pericyclic reactions. Concept of HOMO & LUMO. Drawing of
HOMO & LUMO of 1, 3-butadiene, allylic cation, radical &
anion, & 1, 3, 5-hexatriene, Diel’s-Alder & retro Diel’s Alder
reaction.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

1. Pharmaceutical Impurities
Impurities in pharmaceutical substances, sources, types &
effects of impurities. Limit tests for heavy metals like lead, iron,
arsenic, mercury & for chloride & sulphate as per Indian
Pharmacopoeia [I. P.].
2. Monographs
(a) Monograph & its importance, various tests included in
monographs as per I. P. A study of the following compounds
with respect to their methods of preparation, assay, &
pharmaceutical uses of sodium citrate, calcium carbonate,
copper sulphate, light & heavy kaolin, ammonium chloride &
ferrous gluconate.
3. Isotopes
Isotopes- stable & radioactive, mode & rate of decay. Types &
measurement of radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals & their
diagnostic & therapeutic applications in pharmacy & medicine
125 32 P ,51 Cr 59 99
such as I , , Fe, Tc − M . Radiocontrast media, use
of BaSO4 in medicine.
4. Dentifrices, desensitizing agents, & anticaries agents

II. Medicinal Chemistry

5. Therapeutic classes of drugs

The following topics should be dealt with covering
nomenclature [including stereochemical aspects], biological
activity [including side & toxic effects], mode of action,
structure-activity relationship [where ever applicable] &
syntheses of reasonable molecules.
1. General anesthetics.
2. Local anesthetics.
3. Diagnostic agents.
4. Coagulants, anticoagulants & plasma expanders.
5. Antiseptics, disinfectants, sterilants, & astringents.
6. Purgatives, laxatives & antidiarrhoeal agents.
6. Various classes of therapeutic agents
A detailed study of the following classes with respect to drug
nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode
of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR],
wherever applicable, synthesis of simple & prototype molecules,
drug metabolism, therapeutic uses & side effects. Drug
resistance, wherever applicable, should be covered in respective
classes of drugs.
a. Antimalarials
b. Antiamoebic agents.
c. Anthelmintic agents.
d. Antibacterial sulpha drugs [only].
e. Quinolone antibacterials.
f. Antimycobacterial drugs.
g. Antifungal agents.
g. Antiviral agents including HIV & anti-HIV drugs.
h. Thyroid & antithyroid drugs.
i. Antiallergic agents.
j. Antiulcer agents & Proton Pump Inhibitors.
k. Hypoglycemic agents.
7. Different classes of therapeutic drugs
A detailed study of the following classes with respect to drug
nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode
of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR],
wherever applicable, synthesis of simple & prototype molecules,
drug metabolism, therapeutic uses & side effects. Drug
resistance, wherever applicable, should be covered in respective
classes of drugs.
I. a. Sedative-hypnotics
b. Antiepileptic agents.
c. Neuroleptics.
d. Anti-anxiety drugs.
II. Antibiotics. Penicillins, cephalosporins & other beta-lactam
antibiotics like imipenem & aztreonam. Beta-lactamase
inhibitors such as clavulanic acid & sulbactam.
Chloramphenicol. Tetracyclines. Aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Macrolide antibiotics. Lincomycins. Polypeptide antibiotics.
Anticancer antibiotics.
III. Steroids. Corticosteroids [gluco- & mineralocorticoids] &
anti-inflammatory steroids. Sex steroids. Male & female
contraceptive agents. Anabolic steroids.
Anticancer agents.
8. Different classes of therapeutic drugs
A detailed study of the following classes with respect to drug
nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode
of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity
relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple &
prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses & side
effects. Drug resistance, wherever applicable, in respective
classes of drugs.
I.Narcotic [centrally acting] analgesics [analgetics]. Morphine &
all its structural modifications [peripheral & nuclear]. Narcotic
agonists & antagonists [dual & pure]. Non-narcotic analgesics
[NSAIDS]. Difference between narcotic & non-narcotic agents.
II. Adrenergic drugs. Neurotransmitters & their role. General &
specific adrenergic agonists & antagonists [up to alpha-2 &
beta-2 only].
III. Cholinergic agents. Muscarinic & nicotinic cholinergic
agonists & antagonists [up to M2 & N2]. Neuronal [transmission]
blockers.
IV. Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders. Drugs used in the
treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Central & peripheral muscle
relaxants.
V. Hypertensive, antihypertensive, & antianginal agents.
VI. Diuretics.
VII. Eicosanoids. Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, &
thromboxanes. Their biochemical role, biosynthesis, &
inhibitors.
9. Introduction to quantitative structure-activity relationship.
[QSAR]. Linear free energy relationship. Hammett’s equation.
Use of substituent constants such as π, σ, Es, & physicochemical
parameters such as pKa, partition coefficient, Rm, chemical
shifts, molar refractivity, simple & valance molecular
connectivity to indicate electronic effects, lipophilic effects, &
steric effects. Introduction, methodology, advantages &
disadvantages/limitations of Hansch analysis.
10. Asymmetric synthesis. Chirality, chiral pool, sources of
various naturally available chiral compounds. Eutomers,
distomers, eudismic ratio. Enantioselectivity &
enantiospecificity. Enantiomeric & diastereomeric excess.
Prochiral molecules. Asymmetric synthesis of captopril &
propranolol.
11. Combinatorial chemistry. Introduction & basic terminology.
Databases & libraries. Solid phase synthesis technique. Types of
supports & linkers, Wang, Rink, & dihydropyran
derivatized linkers. Reactions involving these linkers. Manual
parallel & automated parallel synthesis. Houghton’s tea bag
method, micromanipulation, recursive deconvolution. Mix &
split method for the synthesis of tripeptides. Limitations of
combinatorial synthesis. Introduction to throughput screening.

PHARMACEUTICS

1.Pharmacy Profession & Introduction to Pharmaceuticals

Pharmacy as a career, evaluation of Pharmacy, earlier period
middle to modern ages. Definition, importance of
pharmaceuticals, areas concerned, scope of Pharmaceutics,
history and development of the profession of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical industry in India. A brief review of present
Indian Pharma. Industry in global perspective.
2. Introduction to dosage form
Definition of the drug. New drug and dosage form. The
desirable properties of a dosage form, the need of dosage form.
Ideas about the available type of dosage forms and new drug
delivery system.
3. Sources of drug information
Introduction to Pharmacopoeia with reference to IP, BP, USP
and International Pharmacopeia. Study of structure/features
(index) general notice and compartment of monographs of
excipients, drug and drug product. Other sources. Textbooks,
journals, internet (drug information system, online database,
patient/ consumer information and non- print material.
Classification of information, primary, secondary and tertiary.
Nomenclature of the drug.
4. Allopathic dosage form
Merits/demerits, importance, formulation development –
vehicles/excipients with examples for the dosage form: liquid
dosage form: monophasic liquid dosage form. Aromatic waters,
syrup, elixir, linctus, lotion, liniment, glycerites, solutions,
spirits, ENT preparations, mixtures, paints, mouthwash.
5. Crude extract
Infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, tincture and
extract. Methods of preparations of dry, soft and liquid extract.
6. Allergenic extract
Types of allergens, preparation of extract, testing and
standardization of extracts.
7. Biological products
Absorbable and non-absorbable material types, sutures and
ligatures, processing, manufacturing, sterilization, packing, QC
tests of materials like catgut and nylon.
8. Pharmaceutical Plant, location, layout
Plant location and layout of an industry. Various factors
affecting locational aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical
plants. The layout of plant building and importance of flow
sheet, the difference between scientific process and
technological process, the layout of various departments,
equipment, and product layout v/s process layout.
9. Dosage Form Necessities and Additives
Antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents
and diluting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents,
ointment bases, solvents, and others.
10. Powders
Advantages and limitations as dosage form, manufacturing
procedure and equipment, special care and problems in
manufacturing powders, powders of IP, effervescent granules
and salts.
11. Capsules
Hard gelatin capsules, shell formulation and manufacturing,
capsule sizes, storage, filing, cleaning process general
formulation contents and evaluation. Soft gelatin capsules, shell
formulation, formulation contents, filing, sealing and storage.
Microencapsulation, advantages, encapsulation materials,
methods of microencapsulation, I.P. formulations
12. Tablets
Types, ideal requirement, classification, granulation methods,
general formulation, compression machines, different types of
tooling’s, difficulties in tableting, troubleshooting
aspects, evaluation, sugar coating, compression coating, film
coating, problems in tablet coatings and their troubleshooting
aspects. IP formulations.
13. Parenterals – product requiring sterile packaging
Definition, types advantages and limitations, general
formulation, vehicles, production procedure, production
facilities, controls, tests, selected IP injections, sterile powders,
implants, emulsions, suspensions.
14. Suspensions
Formulation of deflocculated and flocculated suspension,
manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP suspensions.
15. Emulsions
Types, emulsifying agents, general formulation, manufacturing
procedure, evaluation methods, IP emulsions.
16. Suppositories
Ideal requirements, bases, manufacturing procedure, evaluation
methods, IP products.
17. Semisolids
Definitions, bases, general formulation, manufacturing
procedure, evaluation methods, IP products.
18. Liquids (solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, aromatic
water, liquid for external uses)
Definition, types, general formulation, manufacturing procedure,
evaluation methods, IP products.
19. Pharmaceutical Aerosols
Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing and
packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications. Impacts of
propellants on the environment.
20. Ophthalmic preparations
Requirement, formulation, methods of preparation, containers,
evaluation, IP products.
21. Preformulations
Consideration of Importance, physical properties, physical
forms, particle size, crystal forms, bulk control, solubility,
wetting, flow cohesiveness, compressibility, organoleptic
properties and its effect on final product consideration of
Chemical properties, hydrolysis, oxidation, trichophyte,
polymerization, isomerization, decarboxylation, enzymatic
decomposition, formulation additives, stabilizers, suspending
and dispersing agents dyes, solid excipients etc. and its effect on
quality of finished product.
22. Stability of formulated products
Requirements, drug regulatory aspects, pharmaceutical products
stability, shelf life, overages, containers, closures. Reaction rate
and order, acid-base catalysis, destabilization and accelerated
stability testing.
23. Prolonged Action Pharmaceuticals
Benefits, limitations, oral products, terminology, drug
elimination rate, types and construction of implants products,
product evaluation, parenteral products, absorption and
evaluation.
24. Novel Drug delivery system
Critical fluid technology, transdermal drug delivery system,
controlled drug delivery system, multiple emulsion,
nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery system, aerosols, inhalation
& new products reported etc.
25. GMP and Validation
Introduction to GMP, QC and QA. Concept and need of good
manufacturing practice guidelines. Elements of GMP covering
controls of area and processes and product. Regulations related
to GMP. Introduction of the validation process. Types of
validation. The brief methodology of
process, equipment and instrument validation.
26. Packaging Materials
Role and features of Pharmaceutical packing materials. Glass,
plastic, rubber, metal and paper as pharmaceutical packaging
material. General quality control of pharmaceutical packages.
Primary, secondary and tertiary packaging materials. Child
resistant and pilfer-proof packaging.
27. Cosmetics
Formulation and preparation of dentifrices, hair creams,
lipsticks, face powders, shaving preparations, skin creams,
shampoos, hair dyes, depilatories, manicure preparations etc.
28. Pilot plant scale-up techniques
Need, organization and layout, scale-up techniques for solid and
liquid dosage forms. Technology transfer.

PHARMACOLOGY

1.General Pharmacology
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, scope and source of
drugs, dosage forms and routes of drug administration.
Pharmacodynamics-Mechanism of drug action, Receptors,
classification and drug-receptor interactions, combined effects
of drugs, factors modifying drug actions. Pharmacokinetics-
Mechanism and principle of absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion of drugs. Principles of basic and clinical
pharmacokinetics. Pharmacogenetics. Adverse drug reactions.
Discovery and development of new drugs-Preclinical and
clinical studies.
Detailed pharmacology including classification, mechanism
of action and therapeutic uses
of following classes:
2. Nerohumoral transmission in autonomic and central
nervous system:
Neurohumoral transmission (Autonomic and somatic).
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S with special emphasis
on Pharmacology of various neurotransmitters. Nitric oxide:
Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its physiological role.
Therapeutic use of nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors. Clinical
condition in which nitric oxide may play a part.
Peptides and proteins as mediators:
General Principal of peptide pharmacology Biosynthesis and
regulation of peptides Peptide antagonists. Protein and peptide
as drugs.
3. Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system
Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, ympathomimetics,
Sympatholytics, Ganglionic stimulants and blockers.
Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants
(peripheral). Local anesthetic agents. Drugs used in Myasthenia
Gravis.
4. Pharmacology of central nervous System
General anesthetics. Alcohols and disulfiram. Sedatives,
hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants,
Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants,
antianxiety agents, anti-manics and hallucinogens.
Anti-epileptic drugs. Anti-parkinsonism drugs. Nootropics.
Narcotic analgesics, drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and
dependence.
5. Pharmacology of cardiovascular system
Introduction of hemodynamics and Electrophysiology of heart.
Anti-hypertensive drugs, Anti-anginal agents, Anti-arrhythmic
drugs. Drugs used in congestive heart failure. Anti-
hyperlipidemic drugs. Drugs used in the therapy of shock.
Haematinics, anticoagulants and haemostatic agents.
Fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs. Blood and plasma volume
expanders.
6. Drugs acting on urinary system
Diuretics and anti-diuretics.
7. Drugs acting on Respiratory system
Anti-asthmatic drugs, Mucolytics and nasal decongestants, Anti-
tussives and expectorants. Respiratory stimulants
8. Pharmacology of Endocrine system
Basic concepts in endocrine pharmacology. Hypothalamic and
pituitary hormones. Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs,
Parathormone, Calcitonin and vitamin-D. Insulin, oral
hypoglycemic agents and glucagon. ACTH and corticosteroids.
Androgens and anabolic steroids. Estrogens, progesterone and
oral contraceptives. Drugs acting on the uteru.
9. Chemotherapy
General principles of chemotherapy. Sulphonamides and co-
trimoxazole. Antibiotics- Penicillins, cephalosporins,
chloramphenicol, Macrolides, quinolones and
fluoroquinolons,. Tetracyclines. Aminoglycosides and
miscellaneous antibiotics. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis,
leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, AIDS, protozoal
diseases, worm infections, urinary tract infections and sexually
transmitted diseases. Chemotherapy of malignancy.
10. Autacoids and their Antagonists
Histamine, 5-HT and their agonsists and antagonists.
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. Pentagastrin,
cholecystokinin, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance
P.,Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout
drugs.
11. Pharmacology of drug acting on the gastrointestinal tract
Antacids, anti-secretary and antiulcer drugs. Laxatives and
antidiarrheal drugs. Appetite stimulants and suppressants.
Digestants and carminatives. Emetics and anti-emetics.
12. Chronopharmacology
Definition of rhythm and cycles. Biological clocks and their
significance leading to chronotherapy.
13. Immnopharmacology
Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants.
14. Vitamins & Minerals
Vitamin deficiency diseases and their management. Role of
minerals in health & diseases.
15. Principles of toxicology
Definition of poison. General principles of treatment of
Poisoning. Treatment of poisoning due to Heavy metals,
insecticides, opioids and other addict forming drugs. Study of
acute, sub acute and chronic toxicity as per OECD guidelines
(guidelines 420,423,425,407,408,451/452; only names and
significance, detailed procedures and minute details are not
expected).
PHARMACOGNOSY

1.Introductory Pharmacognosy
Historical development, modern concept and scope of
Pharmacognosy. The significance of Pharmacognosy in various
systems of medicine practiced in India viz: Ayurveda, Unani,
Homeopathic and Siddha.
2. Classification of crude drugs
Based on alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological,
chemical, taxonomical and chemotaxonomic methods: organized
and unorganized drugs: official and unofficial drugs.
Plants, animals and minerals: marine products: plant tissue
culture.
3. Factors influencing quality of crude drugs
Exogenous factors: temperature, rainfall, daylight, altitude and
soil. Endogenous factors:
Mutation, polyploidy, & hybridization in medicinal plants.
Production factors including collection, drying, storage and
transport methods. Study of morphological and histological
characters of crude drugs, Ergastic cell inclusions, anatomical
structures of both monocot and dicot stems, leaves and roots:
barks, fruits and seeds.
4. Techniques in microscopy
Details of mountants, clearing agents, chemomicroscopic
(microchemical) reagents.
5. Introduction to phytoconstituents
Definition, classification, chemical tests and pharmaceutical
importance of: carbohydrates and their derivatives, fats and
proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins,
tannins, resins, lipids and volatile oils.
6. Principles of plant classification
Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important
plants with special reference to:
Algae: Rhodophyceae (Agar, Alginic acid, Diatoms).
Fungi: Ergot, Yeast and penicillium.
Gymnosperm: Pinaceae (Turpentine, Colophony), Gnetaceae
(Ephedra).
Angiosperm: Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rubiaceae,
Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Leguminosae,
Papaveraceae, Acanthaceae and Apiaceae.
Pteridophytes: Male fern.
7. Pharmaceutical aids
Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants and uses
of: Starches, acacia gum, tragacanth, sterculia, guar gum, pectin,
arachis oil, castor oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, olive
oil, cotton, silk, wool, regenerated fibers, asbestos, kaolin,
prepared chalk, kieselguhr.
8. Animal products
Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants and uses
of: Shellac, cochineal, cantharides, woolfat, lard, beeswax,
honey, musk, lanolin, gelatin.
9. Plant products
Introduction to plant bitters, sweeteners, nutraceuticals,
cosmeceuticals and photosensitizing agents.
10. Toxic drugs
Study of allergens, hallucinogens, narcotics.
11. Enzymes
Biological sources, preparation, characters, and uses of: diastase,
papain bromelain, ficin, yeast, pancreatin, urokinase, pepsin,
trypsin, penicillinase, hyaluronidase and streptokinase.
12. Natural pesticides and insecticides
Introduction to herbicides, fungicides, fumigants and
rodenticides tobacco, pyrethrum, & neem.
13. Adulteration and evaluation of crude drugs
Different methods of adulteration: Evaluation of drugs by
organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological
methods. Deterioration of herbal drugs by insects.
14. Quantitative microscopy
Definition and determination of stomatal index, stomatal
number, palisade ratio, vein islet number, vein termination
number, lycopodium spore method. Micrometers and
measurement of microscopic characters.
15. Biogenetic pathways
Formation of primary and secondary metabolites. Study of
Calvin cycle, TCA cycle, Shikimic acid pathway, Embden-
Mayerhoff pathway, acetate hypothesis, isoprenoid pathway.
Biosynthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and volatile oils.
16. Carbohydrates & lipids
Biological sources, salient morphological features, chemical
constituents, and uses of: Plantago, bael, chaulmoogra oil, neem
oil, shark liver oil, cod liver oil, guggul lipids.
17. Tannins
Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents,
chemical test and uses of: Pale catechu, black catechu, nutgalls,
Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna.
18. Volatile oils
Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents,
adulterants and uses of: Black pepper, turpentine, mentha,
coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, cassia, lemon peel, orange
peel, lemongrass, citronella, cumin, caraway, dill, spearmint,
clove, anise, star anise, fennel, nutmeg, eucalyptus, trichophyte,
ajowan, sandalwood.
19. Resinous drugs
Classification, formation, sources, chemical constituents,
identification test, adulterants and uses of: benzoin, Peru balsam,
tolu balsam, colophony, myrrh, asafoetida, jalap, colocynth,
ginger, turmeric, capsicum, cannabis, podophyllum.
20. Glycosides
Nature and classification. Biological sources, morphology,
chemical constituents, adulterants and uses of: Digitalis,
strophanthus, squill, thevetia, oleander, cascara, aloe, rhubarb,
senna, quassia, dioscorea, quillaia, glycyrrhiza, ginseng, gentian,
wild cherry, withania, bitter almond. Biosynthesis of cardiac and
anthraquinone glycosides.
21. Alkaloids
Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical
constituents, adulterants and uses of: Areca nut, belladonna,
hyoscymous, stramonium, duboisea, coca, coffee, tea,
cinchona, opium, ipecac, nux vomica, ergot, rauwolfia, vinca,
kurchi, ephedra, colchicum, vasaca, pilocarpus, aconite,
Solanum xanthocarpum. Biosynthesis of tropane, cinchona and
opium alkaloids.
22. Extraction and Isolation Techniques
General methods used for the extraction, isolation and
identification of alkaloids, lipids, glycosides, flavonoids,
saponins, volatile oils and resins. Application of column, paper
and thin layer chromatographic techniques, for the isolation of
phytopharmaceuticals.
23. Phytopharmaceuticals
Isolation, identification and estimation of: caffeine, eugenol,
digoxin, piperine, tannic acid, diosgenin, hesperidin, berberine,
calcium sennosides, rutin, glycyrrhizin, menthol, ephedrine,
quinine, andrographolides and guggul lipids.
24. Quality control and Standardization of herbal drugs
Quality control of herbal drugs as per WHO, AYUSH and
Pharmacopoeial guidelines-Extractive values, ash values,
chromatographic techniques (TLC, HPTLC and HPLC) for
determination of chromatographic markers. Determination of
heavy metals, insecticides, pesticides and microbial load in
herbal preparations.
25. Herbal formulations
Principals involved in Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Chinese and
Homeopathic systems of medicines. Preparation of Ayurvedic
formulations like aristas, asava, ghutika, tailia, churna, avaleha,
ghrita and bhasmas: Unani formulations like majooms, Safoofs.
Determination of alcohol contents in arishtas & asavas.
26. Worldwide trade of crude drugs and volatile oils
Study of drugs having high commercial value and their
regulations pertaining to trade.
27. Herbal cosmetics
Importance of herbals as shampoos (soapnut), conditioners and
hair darkeners, (amla, henna, hibiscus, tea), skin care (aloe,
turmeric, lemon peel, vetiver).
28. Traditional herbal drugs
Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and
uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological and clinical uses of:
punarnava (Boerhaviadiffusa), shankhpushpi (Convolvulus
microphylla), lehsun (Allium sativum), guggul (Commiphora
mukul), kalmegh (Andrographis peniculata), tulsi (Ocimum
sanctum), valerian (Valerian officinalis), artemisia (Artemisia
annua), chirata (Swertia chirata), 27richo (Saraca indica).
29. Plants based industries and research institutes in India
Knowledge about the herbal products being manufactured by
premier herbal industries and thrust area of the institutes
involved in plant research.
30. Patents
Indian and International patent laws, proposed amendments as
applicable to herbal/natural products and processes: Intellectual
Property Rights with special reference to
phytoconstituents.
31. Ayurvedic system of medicine
Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, various branches of treatment
in 27richoph, types of the drug formulation in Ayurveda and
important Ayurvedic drugs and their uses, formulation of asavas,
arishtas, watika, churna, tailas, ghruta, lep.
32. Homeopathic system of medicine
Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, treatment, source of
homeopathic medicines and important homeopathic drugs and
their uses

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

1. Importance of quality control in pharmacy

2. Acid-base titrations
Definitions of acids & bases according to Arrhenius & Lewis
theory. Definitions of normality, molarity, molality, &
equivalent weight. Primary & secondary standards with
examples & differences between them. Standardization of strong
acids & bases using primary & secondary standards. Preparation
of standard solutions of & calculations of equivalent weights of
oxalic acid, potassium acid phthalate, calcium chloride
dihydrate, & sodium carbonate. Calculation of factors involved
in standardization of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, &
oxalic acid. Direct, back & differential titrations. Application of
direct & back titrations to preparations like boric
acid & borax in a mixture, ammoniated mercury, milk of
magnesia, & zinc oxide ointment. Law of mass action, acid-base
equilibria, pH scale, pH & hydronium ion concentrations in
aqueous systems, calculations of pH for weak acids & weak
bases. Use & applications of pH meter. Hydrolysis of salts.
Strengths of acids & bases, dissociation constant.
Theory of acid-base indicators. Neutralization [titration] curves.
Definition, different types of buffers [chemical & biological], &
their composition. Buffer capacity, buffered isotonic solutions.
Calculations involving preparation of various buffer
capacity solutions. Biological & pharmaceutical applications of
buffers.
3. Non-aqueous titrations
Acid-base definitions according to Lowry-Bronsted, Lewis &
Arrhenius concept. Factors affecting strengths of acids & bases.
Intrinsic structure & surrounding environment. Protophilic,
protogenic, amphiprotic & aprotic solvents. Acid-base equilibria
in non- aqueous media. Titrants & indicators used for the assay
of acidic & basic substances. Preparation of perchloric
acid, formation of onium ion. Assay of 1o, 2o, 3o amines &
amine hydrochlorides using perchloric acid & the reactions
involved in it. Standardization of sodium ethoxide solution.
Assay of phenols & phenobarbitone. General applications of
non-aqueous titrations
4. Oxidation-reduction titrations
Definition of oxidation, reduction, oxidizing & reducing agent.
Equivalent weight, the concept of
half reactions. Systematic balancing of half reactions with
respect to:
a. Oxalic acid-KmnO4,
b. FeSO4-ceric nitrate, &
c. I2-sodium thiosulphate solution titrations.
Calculation of equivalent weight of oxalic acid, KmnO4,
FeSO4, permanganate & I2 from halfreactions.
Calculation of factors for titrations mentioned in a, b & c.
a) Redox titrations:
KmnO4 as a self indicator, it’s preparation, standardization, &
use in the assay of ferrous gluconate tablets, H2O2, & NaNO2
solution.
b) Iodimetric & iodometric titrations. Definitions & difference
between iodimetry & iodometry. Preparation, standardization of
iodine solution. Assay of ascorbic acid & 29richop ointment by
iodimetry. Assay of copper sulphate & ferric chloride by
iodometry.
c) Bromometric titrations.
d) Iodate titrations. Definition. Preparation, standardization &
use of KIO3 in the assay ofascorbic acid & KI.
e) Cerimetric titrations. Preparation, standardization & use of
ceric solutions in the assay of paracetamol tablets. Its advantages
over permanganate solutions.
f) Bromine titrations. Preparation, standardization & use of
bromine solution in the assay of phenol & isoniazid tablets.
g) Potassium dichromate titrations. Preparation, standardization
& use of potassium dichromate solution in the assay of ferrous
ammonium sulphate.
5. Precipitation titrations
The principle of solubility product & sparingly soluble salts.
Titrants & indicators used in Mohr’s, Volhard’s, & Fajan’s
methods. Preparation & standardization of silver nitrate &
ammonium thiocyanate solutions. Assay of sodium chloride
by Mohr’s method, use of nitrobenzene in the assay of halides,
ammonium chloride, & thiourea by Volhard’s method.
Calculation of factors in argentometric titrations. Titration curve
method. General applications of precipitation titrations.
6. Complexometric titrations
Difference between double salts & co-ordinate compounds.
Definitions of coordination number of metal ions, ligands- uni-,
bi-, & multidentate. Complexing, chelating, & sequestering
agents with respective examples. Structure of complexes of
platinum with ammonia. Ethylenediamine tetraacetate [EDTA]
as a multidentate ligand in complexometry. Coordinate
compounds of EDTA with bi-, tri-, & tetravalent metal ions.
Stability of complexes & factors affecting it, use of
buffers in EDTA titrations. Selective analysis of ions based on
pH adjustments, use of masking & demasking agents, pM or
metal ion indicators. Standardization of EDTA solution, titration
curves, and examples of assays carried out by direct & back
titrations & by replacement of one complex by the other.
Applications of complexometry in the assays of calcium
gluconate, milk of magnesia, zinc undecenoate ointment, &
aluminium hydroxide gel. Assay of NaF by indirect
titration.
7. Gravimetry
Principles of gravimetry. Factors affecting precipitation,
formation, & properties of the precipitate. Colloidal state.
Impurities in the precipitate, conditions of precipitation.
Precipitation from homogenous solutions, washing, drying, &
ignition of the precipitate. Experimental techniques of drying &
ignition. Applications of gravimetry in pharmacy.
8. Extraction techniques
Liquid-liquid extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction.
Distribution law. Successive & multiple extraction [Craig
method], continuous counter- current extraction. Effect of
temperature & pH on extraction. Inert solute, associate ion pair
formation, emulsion problem in extractions. Applications in
pharmacy.
9. Potentiometry
Theory, ion-selective electrodes, measurement of potential, red-
ox titration curve, pH measurement, the relation of pH to
potential. Applications in pharmacy.
10. Miscellaneous methods of analysis
Diazotization titrations. Kjeldahl nitrogen estimation. Karl
Fisher titrations. Liquid gelenicals. Oxygen flask Determination
of alcohol content in liquid gelenicals. Oxygen flask combustion
method.
11. Calibration
Calibration of instruments.
12. General principles of spectroscopy
Wave-particle duality, wave properties, particulate properties.
Line & band spectrum. Electromagnetic spectrum. Absorption &
emission spectroscopy. Understanding of terms such
as absorbance, transmittance, absorptivities, molar absorptivity,
E 1cm 1%, λmax, the effect of solvent & pH on λmax.
13. Ultraviolet-visible Spectrometry
Different electronic transitions. Auxochromes & their effects,
auxochromic, bathochromic & hypsochromic shifts [red & blue
shifts]. Beer-Lambert law, its derivation, deviations in Beer’s
law. Single & double beam spectrophotometers covering sources
of radiations, different monochromators, detectors such as
barrier cell, photocell, photomultiplier tube. Photodiode
array detector. Applications of this technique in qualitative &
quantitative estimations giving emphasis on problem-solving.
Fieser-Woodward rules for calculations of theoretical λmax
values.
14. Spectrofluorimetry
Principle, definitions & types of luminescence. Mechanism of
fluorescence & phosphorescence. Singlet & triplet states &
intersystem crossing. Fluorescence yield & factors affecting it.
Quenching of fluorescence & fluorescence quenchers. Structure
& fluorescence. A brief discussion of instrumentation.
Applications of fluorimetry in pharmacy.
15. Flame photometry & atomic absorption spectrometry
Principle & instrumentation with emphasis on working &
importance of different components. Temperature, flame
absorption & emission profiles. Interferences & their
avoidance. Quantitative estimations & applications.
16. Infrared spectrometry
Infrared region in EM spectrum. The principle, different
stretching & bending vibrations. Components [& their working]
of a dispersive instrument. Fourier transform [FT] technique, FT
instruments & their comparison with dispersive instruments.
Sample handling techniques. Functional group & fingerprint
regions in the spectrum. Functional groups identification & their
use in the characterization of compounds. Problems based on the
identification of functional groups from spectra of unknown
compounds.
17. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
The principle involved in the technique. Knowledge about
fundamental terms involved such as quantized absorption,
flipping of nucleus, spin number, magnetic moment,
magnetogyric ratio, relaxation, etc. Equations relating these
terms to the frequency of radiation & magnetic field
[without derivation of the equations]. Types of relaxation
processes. Low & high-resolution instruments. A brief
discussion on the low-resolution instrumentation [60 MHz].
Quantitative knowledge of the relationship between MHz &
magnetic field. An introduction to superconductivity magnets.
Solvents & reference standards used. Setting up of NMR scale.
Sample preparation. Shielding & deshielding of a proton & its
effect on chemical shifts. Discussion on & importance of
equivalent & non equivalent protons [number of signals],
chemical shifts [position of signal] & their calculation from the
spectrum, chemical shifts of different H’s, splitting
[multiplicity] of a signal, coupling constants [J values] ,
integration [area under the signal]. Importance of these terms in
identification [or confirmation] of different functional groups.
Significance & contribution of J value in stereochemistry.
Prediction [expected theoretical values] of chemical shifts &
multiplicities for all protons from simple structures containing
up to 12-15 carbons. An introduction to FT-technique & its
significance in 13 C-NMR spectrometry.
18. Mass spectrometry
Principle. Low & high-resolution instruments. Components &
importance of each in brief. Different types of mass
spectrometric techniques. Brief knowledge of Chemical
Ionization mass spectrometry. Calculations of hydrogen
deficiency index [HDI] or unsaturation index [UI]. Base
or parent peak, molecular ion, M + 1, M + 2 peaks. Calculations
of molecular weight based on M +1 & M + 2 peaks. Formation
of molecular ion & further fragmentation. Rearrangements in
mass spectrometry. Major modes of fragmentations of
hydrocarbons, hydroxyl compounds, halogen compounds,
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. Introduction
[only] to recent advances in MS.
19. Polarography.
Principle & instrumentation. Ilkovich equation [no derivation] &
its importance. Dropping mercury electrode [DME], saturated
calomel electrode. Liquid-liquid junction potential,
polarographic cell. Explanation of origin of the S-shaped C-V
curve. Applications of this technique. Amperometric titrations,
principles, instrumentation, & applications.
20. Nephelometry & Turbidimetry
Principles, Tyndall effect. Duboscq turbidimeter. Eeel’s
nephelometer. Applications.
21. Chromatography.
Principle, rate & plate theory, Van Deemter equation & the
parameters affecting separation/band broadening. Classification
of chromatography, retention factor. A detailed study of thin
layer chromatography [TLC], preparative TLC, paper
chromatography [PC], column chromatography, gas
chromatography [GC / GLC]. Qualitative & quantitative
applications of the above techniques. An introduction to high
performance TLC [HPTLC], comparison of TLC & HPTLC. A
brief introduction to high pressure / performance liquid
chromatography [HPLC].
22. Miscellaneous
An introduction to electrophoresis. An introduction to lasers &
masers. Statistical treatment to experimental data. Sampling
techniques & applications in pharmaceutical industry.

BIOCHEMISTRY

1.Cell
Revision of ultrastructure of the cell, functions of various
cellular constituents. Applications of biochemical principles to
the pharmacy.
2. Carbohydrates
Types of carbohydrates, their functions, digestion, & absorption.
Aerobic & anaerobic oxidation with energetics. Glycogenesis,
glycogenolysis, & gluconeogenesis. Hexose monophosphate
shunt [HMP shunt]. Diseases associated with carbohydrate
metabolism.
3. Proteins
Different types of proteins. Their functions, digestion &
absorption. Denaturation & its effect on biological activity.
Renaturation of proteins. Urea formation, urea cycle, creatinine
formation. Transamination & deamination. Proteins as enzymes.
4. Lipids
Different types of lipids. Their functions, digestion, absorption
& metabolism. (Beta-Oxidation of fatty acids with energetics.
Biosynthesis of cholesterol [from acetate], adrenocorticoids,
androgens, progesterone, estrogens, & bile acids / salts. Ketone
bodies, their formation & biochemical significance. Diseases
associated with lipid metabolism.
5. Vitamins
Definition. Classification, structures [except B12] biochemical
role, sources, daily requirements, & deficiency symptoms.
Vitamins as co-factors in biochemical reactions.
6. Biological oxidations & reductions
Oxidation-reduction systems in the body their role. Oxidative
phosphorylation & Electron transport chain. Cytochromes &
inhibitors of the same.
7. Enzymes
Classification & their various roles. Enzyme co-factors. Enzyme
kinetics. Michaelis-Menton equation along with its
transformations. Double reciprocal plot. Factors affecting
enzyme action. Enzyme inhibition, competitive & non-
competitive, & kinetics.
8. Nucleic acids
Different types of nucleic acids [Nas] & their composition.
Purine & pyrimidine bases, sugars, & phosphoric acid.
Nucleosides & nucleotides. Formation of Nas & their backbone.
Different ways of representing DNA & RNA molecules.
Physico-chemical properties of Nas. Their stability in
acidic & basic solutions. Isolation, purification & identification,
buoyant density, sedimentation coefficient, & Svedberg constant
of Nas. De-novo biosynthesis of Nas. DNA & the Watson-Crick
model & its features. DNA as the bearer of genetic information.
The Central dogma of molecular genetics & the processes
defined in the same. Replication of DNA. Different types of
RNAs with their special features & functions. Minor or rare
bases. Transcription & translation. Different post-translational
modifications of proteins. Triplet codon & the codon dictionary.
Mutations. An introduction to different types of mutations. Their
nature & repair.
9. Hereditary diseases.
Eliptocytosis, spherocytosis, HNPCC, diabetes insipidus.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

1.Plant Cell and Tissue Culture

Structure of plant cell, DNA, Genes and chromosomes.
1. Cell and tissue culture,
a. Requirements.
b. Callus culture, suspension culture, batch culture.
c. The concept of somatic hybridization, somatic embryogenesis.
2. Processes and applications,
a. Isolation and immobilization of enzymes and plant cells and
application.
b. Protoplast and cell fusion.
c. Germplasm conservation.
d. Production of secondary metabolites by plant tissue culture.
e. Gene transfer techniques.
2. Animal Cell Culture
Introduction to animal cell culture, medium used in ATC. Use of
FCS, primary culture, secondary
culture, cell line. Cloning: concept and application with
technical hurdles. Transgenic animals as
a source of food, organs and tissues, concept of xeno transplant.
3. Fermentation Technology and Industrial Microbiology
1. Fermentation as a biochemical process, types of fermentation.
2. Fermenter – working and construction, accessory
components, modification.
3. Fermentation monitoring and in situ recovery of products.
4.Recombinant DNA Technology
Basic concepts
a) Introduction.
b) Role of a restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, DNA
polymerase, Reverse transcriptase.
5. Process and Applications
a) Constructing Recombinant DNA molecules.
DNA Clones sources of DNA for cloning.
DNA vectors, role of expression vectors.
Host cell for recombinant work.
Method for screening and selecting transformants.
Expression of foreign genes.
Uses of recombinant DNA.
b) PCR and applications.
Human gene therapy concept and applications.
c) Drug delivery systems in gene therapy.
6. Biotechnology Derived Products
a) Sources and upstream processing.
Introduction.
Escherichia coli as a source of recombinant, therapeutic protein.
Additional production systems,
Yeast.
Fungal production systems.
Transgenic animals.
Transgenic plants.
Insects cell-based systems.
Upstream processing.
b) Downstream processing.
Product analysis,
Introduction.
Protein-based contaminant.
Removal of an altered form of the protein of interest from the
product stream.
Determination of protein concentration.
c) Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant,
Endotoxin and other
pyrogenic contaminants.
Pyrogen detection.
DNA as a contaminant.
Microbial and viral contaminant.
Viral assays.
Miscellaneous contaminants.
Validation studies.
d) Production and purification of recombinant proteins like,
Insulin, Growth
hormones, somatostatin, interferons, only examples of
recombinant blood
products.
MICROBIOLOGY

1.Introduction to Microbiology
Scope and application to pharmacy field. Whittaker’s Five
Kingdom concept, historical development – biogenesis Vs.
abiogenesis, Germ theory of fermentation, Germ theory of
disease, the contribution of Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Jenner,
Louis Pasteur and Ehrlich.
2.Microscopy and staining technique
The principle, ray diagram, construction, working and
applications of light compound, dark field, phase contrast,
Fluorescence & electron microscope. The concept of resolving
power, Magnification power, numerical aperture and angular
aperture and working distance. The principle application of oil
immersion microscopy. Theory of staining, principle and
technique of staining procedure – Monochrome, Gram, acid-fast,
negative, capsule, endospore.
3.Biology of Microorganisms
Cultural characteristics, pure culture techniques
Bacteria – Morphology and fine structure of bacteria, Nutritional
requirement and type of culture media, growth and growth curve
of bacteria, physical condition for growth, measurement of
bacterial growth (Counting Methods), Reproduction in bacteria,
genetic exchange – transformation, conjugation, and
transduction, development of drug resistance by recombination
and mutation, preservation of bacterial culture. Biochemical
properties (sugar fermentation and IMVIC test). Pathogenesis of
Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium. Salmonella Introductory study
of disease-causing rickettsia, the importance of actinomycetes in
antibiotic production.
4.Fungi and Viruses
b) Fungi:- Introduction, general characteristics, morphology, the
industrial and medical significance of Saccharomyces Cerevisae,
Penicillium and Aspergillus, Candida Albicans,
Epidermophyton, and 41trichophyte.
c) Viruses: - Introduction, structure and general properties
Bacteriophages – Lytic and Lysogenic cycle, Epidemiological
uses of Bacteriophages, human viruses – Cultivation and
Multiplication virus-host cell interaction, Pathogenesis of HIV
and Prions, types of Tumor viruses.
5.Aseptic Technique
The omnipresence of microorganisms, the importance of
asepsis, sources of contamination and methods of prevention,
Principle, construction & working of laminar airflow bench.
6.Sterilization & Disinfection
a) Concept and classification, principle and methods of
sterilization, Mechanisms of cell injury.
b) Construction working & applications of moist heat & dry heat
sterilizer, gamma radiation sterilizer, filtration sterilizer.
Indicators of sterilization, microbial death, kinetic
terms-D value, z value.
c) Terminology of chemical antimicrobial Agents, Chemical
classification of different disinfectants, characteristics of ideal
disinfectants, factors affecting the action of disinfectants,
evaluation methods (RW Coeff.), Kelsey Sykes test, Chick
Martin test.
7.Microbial spoilage
Types of spoilage, factors affecting spoilage of pharmaceutical
products.
9.Vaccines & Sera
Manufacturing (seed lot system) and quality control of bacterial
vaccines & Toxoids (Tetanus, TAB, Cholera, BCG, DPT), Viral
vaccine (Polio- Salk Sabin, Rabies, MMR, Hepatitis,
Chickenpox, influenza), Antisera (diphtheria, tetanus), antiviral
Antisera (rabies). Preparation of allergenic extracts &
diagnostics.
10.Microbial Assay
Importance, general methods of assay of antibiotics (Cup &
plate method, paper disc method, turbidometry, dilution
method), methods for fungicidal & antiviral compounds, assay,
microbial limit tests.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

1.Basic principles of cell injury and adaptation

Causes, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury, apoptosis
and necrosis.
2.Basic mechanisms of inflammation and repair
Pathogeneses of inflammation. Chemical mediators in
inflammation. Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. Repair of
wounds in the skin, factors influencing healing of
wounds.
3. Disorders of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance
4. Disorders of homeostasis: white blood cells, lymphoid
tissues, and red blood cells related diseases.
5. Immunopathology including amyloidosis
a) Host parasite Relationship: - normal microbial flora of human
body, infection vs. disease, Pathogenicity vs. Virulence, Koch &
Rivers Postulates, Reservoir of infection-sources of infection,
Portals of Entry, Portals of exit, vectors of infection,
communicability of disease, recognized symptoms of microbial
disease, classification of immunity.
External defense mechanism of host: Skin, Mucus membrane,
chemical
Secretions, Naturally occurring microbial flora.
Internal defense Mechanism: Inflammation, fever, natural killer
Cells, Phagocytic Cells, Soluble mediators-complement
Lymphokines, Interferons.
b) Immune response :
Specific immunity & immune response Humoral immunity
antibody response, mediators of Humoral immunity, basic
structure of antibody, antibody classes & functions, maturation
of immune\ response, immunologic memory. Antigens:
specificity & Immunogenicity, Natural vs. artificial Antigens,
Soluble, cellular antigens, thymus independent antigen,
adjuvant. Hypersensitivity and its types Cellular immunity:
Transplantation immunity, Cellular immunity to viruses,
Implications of T-cell response. Acquisition of specific
immunity: Natural vs. Passive acquisition. Mechanism of
autoimmunity. Classification of autoimmune diseases in man.
Transplantation and allograft reactions, mechanism of rejection
of allograft. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
6. Infectious diseases
Hepatitis – Infective hepatitis.
Sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV).
Pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infections. Tuberculosis.
Leprosy. Malaria. Dysentery (Bacterial and amoebic).
7. Neoplastic diseases
Disturbances of growth of cells. General biology of tumors,
differences between benign and malignant tumors. Classification
of tumors. Historical diagnosis of malignancy. Etiology and
pathogenesis of cancer. Invasions, metastasis, patterns of
spread of cancer. Environmental carcinogenesis.
8. Pathophysiology of common diseases
Parkinsonism. Schizophrenia. Depression and mania
Stroke (ischemic and hemorrhage). Hypertension. Angina.
Myocardial infarction, CCF. Atherosclerosis.
Diabetes mellitus. Peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease.
Cirrhosis and alcoholic liver diseases. Acute and chronic renal
failure. Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases.
9. Laboratory tests for Liver function tests and kidney
function tests

BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS

1.Bio-pharmaceutics
a) The fate of drug after drug absorption, various mechanisms
for drug absorption, drug concentration in blood, biological
factors in drug absorption, physicochemical factors,
dosage form consideration for gastrointestinal absorption.
b) Drug Absorption:
Gastrointestinal absorption-biological considerations.
Gastrointestinal absorption – physicochemical considerations.
Gastrointestinal absorption-role of the dosage form.
Pharmacokinetics. Compartmental and non-compartmental
pharmacokinetics. Biotransformation, drug disposition –
distribution, drug disposition – elimination.
Variability-Body weight, age, sex and genetic factors.
Pharmacokinetic variabilitydiseases. Pharmacokinetic
variability-drug interactions. Individualization and
optimization of drug dosing regimens.
2.Bio-availability & Bio-equivalence
Quality parameters of dosage forms. Assay methods & its
validation. Physicochemical properties of drugs & added
substances and its effect on preparations and biological
availability of dosage forms. Pharmaceutical properties of
dosage forms, disintegration, dissolution rate. Biological,
pharmacological effects of dosage forms. Factors
affecting Bioavailability, Determination of bioavailability.
Significance of bio-equivalence studies. Statistical analysis of
bioequivalence studies. Development, scale up & post approval
changes [SUPAC] & in vitro [dissolution] in vivo [plasma
concentration profile] correlation or IV/IV correlation (IVIVC).
Multi stage – Bioequivalence studies. Therapeutic equivalence.
Titration design for clinical rationales. New Drug Application
[NDA].
3.Bio- pharmaceutical statistics
Post Marketing Surveillance. Process Validation.

CLINICAL PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS

1.General Principles, preparation, maintenance, analysis of

observational records in clinical
Pharmacy.
2. Clinical trials, type and phases of clinical trials, placebo,
ethical and regulatory issues
including Good clinical practice in clinical trials.
3. Therapeutic drug monitoring, adverse drug reaction (ADR),
types of ADR, Mechanism of
ADR. Drug interaction, Monitoring and reporting of ADR and
its significance.
4. Drug information services, Drug interactions.
5. Drug interaction in pediatric and geriatric patients, drug
treatment during pregnancy, lactation and menstruation.
6. Pharmacovigilance, Therapeutic drug monitoring,
Neutraceuticals, essential drugs and
rational drug usage.
7. Age-related drug therapy: concept of posology, drug therapy
for neonates, pediatrics and geriatrics. Drugs used in pregnancy
and lactation.
8. Drug therapy in gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular
and respiratory Disorders.
9. Drug therapy for neurological and psychological disorders.
10. Drug therapy in infections of respiratory system, urinary
system, infective meningitis, TB, HIV, malaria and filaria.
11. Drug therapy for thyroid and parathyroid disorders, diabetes
mellitus, menstrual cycle
disorders, menopause and male sexual dysfunction.
12. Drug therapy for malignant disorders like leukemia,
lymphoma and solid tumors.
13. Drug therapy for rheumatic, eye and skin disorders.

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

1.Cell physiology
Cell, Cell junctions, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, ion
channels, secondary messengers.
2. The Blood
Composition and functions of blood, RBC, WBC, platelets.
Homeostasis, blood groups, mechanism of clotting. Introduction
to disorders of the blood.
3. Gastrointestinal tract
Structure of the gastrointestinal tract, functions of its different
parts including those of liver,pancreas and gallbladder, various
gastrointestinal structures and their role in the digestion and
absorption of food.
4. Respiratory System
Structure of respiratory organs, functions of respiration
mechanism and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes
and vital capacity.
5. Autonomic nervous system
Physiology and functions of the autonomic nervous system.
Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission in ANS.
6. Sense organs
Structure and physiology of eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste
buds, nose (smell) and skin.
7. Skeletal System
Structure and function of the skeleton. Articulation and
movement. Disorders of bones and joints.
8. Central Nervous system
Functions of different parts of the brain and spinal cord.
Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system, reflex
action, electroencephalogram, specialized functions of the brain,
cranial nerves and their functions.
9. Urinary System
Various parts Structure and functions of the kidney and urinary
tract. Physiology of urine formation and acid-base balance. Brief
Introduction to disorders of the kidney.
10. Endocrine Glands
Basic anatomy and physiology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal glands and pancreas. Local hormones. A brief
introduction to disorders of various endocrine glands.
11. Reproductive System
Structure and functions of male and female reproductive system.
Sex hormones, physiology of menstrual cycle, and various
stages of pregnancy and parturition.
12. Cardiovascular system
Anatomy of heart and blood vessels, physiology of blood
circulation, cardiac cycle, conducting system of the heart, heart
sound, electrocardiogram, blood pressure and its regulation.
13. Lymphatic system
Composition, formation and circulation of lymph. Spleen and its
functions.

PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING

1.Fluid flow
Type of flow, Reynold’s number, viscosity, the concept of the
boundary layer, basic equation of fluid flow, the study of valves,
flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and
pressure including mathematical problems.
2. Heat transfer
Source of heat, mechanism of heat transfer, the laws of heat
transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of
requirement of the amount of steam/electrical energy, steam
pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heat
transfer, steam traps and reducing valve, lagging etc.
3. Evaporation
The basic concept of phase equilibrium, factors affecting
evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and
multiple effect evaporators, mathematical problems on
evaporation.
4. Distillation
Raoult’s law, phase diagram, volatility: simple steam and flash
distillation, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method
for calculations of a number of theoretical plates, azeotropic and
extractive distillation, mathematical problems on distillation.
5. Drying
Moisture content and mechanism of drying, the rate of drying
and time of drying calculations, classifications and types of
dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special
drying methods like freeze drying and lyophilization,
mathematical problems in drying.
6. Size reduction and size separation
Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size
reduction, laws governing in energy and power requirement of a
mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid
energy mill, micronizer, Quadro co-mil, multi mill etc.
7. Extraction
Theory of extraction, extraction methods, equipment for various
types of the extraction process.
8. Mixing
Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid
mixing equipment.
9. Crystallization
Characteristics of crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry,
habit, forms, size and factors affecting them. Solubility curves
and calculation curves and calculations of heat balance around
S Swanson’s Walker crystallizer , supersaturation theory and its
limitations, Nucleation mechanism, crystal growth, study of
various types of crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch,
Swanson’s Walker, single vacuums, circulating magma and
crystal crystallizers, cracking of crystals and its prevention.
Numerical problems on yields. Introduction to polymorphism.
10. Filtration and Centrifugation
Theory of filtrations, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters,
including filter press, rotary filter, edge filters, filter leaf and
laboratory filtration equipment etc., Factors affecting filtration,
mathematical problems on filtrations, optimum cleaning cycle in
batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal
filters and centrifugal sedimentars.
11. Dehumidification and humidity control
Basic concept and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation
temperatures, psychometric count and measurement of humidity,
application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipment
for humidification and dehumidification operations
12. Refrigeration and air conditioning
Principles and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning.
13. Material of constructions
General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, properties
and applications of the materials of construction with special
reference to stainless steel, glass, ferrous metals, cast
iron, non ferrous metals, copper and alloys, aluminum and
alloys, lead, tin, silver, nickel and alloys, chromium and non
metals, stone, slate, brick, asbestos, plastics, rubber, timber,
concrete. Corrosion and its prevention with reference to
commonly used material in pharmaceutical plants.
14. Automated process control systems
A process variable, temperature, pressure, flow level and
vacuum and their measurement. Elements of automatic process
control and introduction to automatic process control. Elements
of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
15. Industrial hazards & safety precautions
Mechanical, chemical, electrical, fire, dust, noise hazards,
Industrial dermatitis, accident, records, safety
requirements/equipment etc.

PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT

1.Introduction to management
Types of management. Basic concepts of management,
management process, function and principles. Levels of
management, pharmaceutical management art, science or
profession. Social responsibilities of management, functions of
management.
2. Planning and Forecasting
Planning: Nature, process and types of planning, steps in the
planning process, planning premises. Advantages and limitations
of planning. Management by objective, meaning,
objective features, advantages and limitations. Forecasting:
meaning, nature, importance, limitations. Techniques of
forecasting.
3. Organization
Definition, nature, theories, functions, line and staff organization
concepts.
4. Research Management
R & D organizations and research categories. Elements needed
for an R & D organization. Technology transfer.
5. Inventory Management
Objective and functions of inventory control. Types of
inventories. Requirements of effective inventory control.
6. Communication
Nature, types of communication, process, channels and barriers
of communication. Limitations of communications. Importance
in pharmaceutical industries.
7. Marketing Research
New product selection, product management, advertising.
8. Leadership and motivation
Leadership: meaning, nature, leadership styles. Theories of
leadership. Motivation: meaning, nature, importance. Theories
of motivation.
9. Human resource and development (HRD)
Definition, HRD methods, HRD process, HRD in Indian
industry.
10. GATT
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade and its impact on the
pharmaceutical industry. History of GATT, its impact on the
pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical market in
India.
11. World trade organization (WTO) and trade-related
intellectual property rights
(TRIPS)
Introduction to WTO. Types of intellectual property rights:
industrial property and copyrights Indian Patent Acts, 1970 with
the latest amendment. Definition, types of patents.
12. Standard institutions and regulatory authorities
1. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
2. International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
3. United States of Food and Drug Administration (USFDA).
4. Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).
5. International Conference on Harmonization (ICH).
6. World Health Organization (WHO).

PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE

1. Historical background Drug legislation in India, Code of

Ethics for Pharmacists.
2. The Pharmacy Act 1948 (inclusive of recent amendments).
3. Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, Rules 1945, including New
Drug applications.
4. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, and Rules
thereunder.
5. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements)
Act 1954.
6. Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955,
Rules 1976.
7. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 and Rules 1975.
8. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960.
9. Drug (Price Control) Order.
10. Shops and Establishment Act.
11. Factory Act.
12. Consumer Protection Act.
13. Indian Pharmaceutical Industry- An Overview.
14. Industrial Development and Regulation act 1951.
15. Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights and Indian
Patent Act 1970.
16. An Introduction to Standard Institutions and Regulatory
Authorities such as BIS,
ASTM, ISO, TGA, USFDA, MHRA, ICH, WHO.
17. Minimum Wages Act 1948.
18. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954 and Rules

DISPENSING & HOSPITAL PHARMACY

1.Introduction to laboratory equipment, weighing methodology,

handling of
prescriptions, labeling instructions for dispensed products.
2. Posological calculations involved in the calculation of dosage
for infants. Enlarging
and reducing formula, displacement value.
3. Preparations of formulations involving allegation, alcohol
dilution, isotonic solution.
4. Study of current patent and proprietary products, generic
products and selected brand products, indications,
contraindications, adverse drug reactions, available dosage
forms and packing of Antihypertensive drug Antiamoebic drugs
Antihistaminic drugs Antiemetic drugs Antacids and ulcer
healing drugs. Antidiarrheals and laxatives Respiratory drugs
Antibiotics Analgesics and antipyretic drugs.
8. Compounding and dispensing of following prescriptions
Mixtures Solutions Emulsions Lotions (External preparations)
Liniments (External preparations) Powder Granules
Suppositories Ointments / Paste Cream Incompatibility:
Prescription based on physical, chemical and therapeutic
incompatibility. Tablets Inhalations
9. Reading and counseling of prescriptions from the clinical
practice.
Designing from mock Pharmacy: Layout and structure of retail
Pharmacy, compounding, dispensing, storing, labeling, pricing,
recording and counseling of prescription. Procurement of
information for the given drug for drug information services.
Preparation of Hospital Formulary.

RECOMMENDED STANDARD REFERENCE BOOKS

FOR PHARMACEUTICS and related subjects:

1.Pharmaceutics: Drug Delivery and Targeting, By Yvonne
Perrie, Thomas
Rades, Pharmaceutical Press, second edition.
2. Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Sciences, By Nita K.
Pandit.
3. Aulton’s Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture of
Medicines, edited by Michael E. Aulton, Kevin Taylor.
4. Remington: Essentials of Pharmaceutics, By Linda Ed Felton.
5. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery, Second
Edition, CRC Press, Pharmacy Education Series, by Ram I.
Mahato, Ajit S. Narang.
6. Essentials of Physical Pharmacy, by CVS Subramanyam,
Vallabh Prakashan.
7. Biopharmaceutics& Pharmacokinetics, D. M. Brahmankar.
8. Modern Pharmaceutics, Gilbert S. Banker and Christopher
Rhodes.
9. Essentials of Physical Chemistry, B.S.Bahl, G.D.Tuli, S.
Chand ltd. 2000.
10. Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Patrick J. Sinko, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011
11. Textbook of Pharmaceutics, E.A. Rawlins, Ballière, Tindall,
1977
12. Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Third
Edition
13. Martindale : The Complete Drug Reference: 36 th Ad.
14. Pharmaceutical Excipients
15. Developing Solid oral Dosage form: Pharmaceutical Theory
& Practice
16. Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulatio, Mark
Gibson
17. Foundation of Pharmacokinetics, Aldo Rescigno
18. Ansel,s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
System, Allen, LV
19. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Notari,
RE
20. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, Carter, SJ
21. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, John Wagner,
Drug Intelligence Publications, 1971.
22. Essentials of Physical Chemistry, B.S.Bahl, G.D.Tuli, S.
Chand ltd. 2000.
23. Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Patrick J. Sinko, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011
24. Textbook of Pharmaceutics, E.A. Rawlins, Ballière, Tindall,
1977

REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL

CHEMISTRY/MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY:
1. Organic Chemistry – Morrison & Boyd, 4th edn, 2011
Pearson, New Delhi.
2. Organic Chemistry – I.L. Finar, Vol- I and Vol-II.
3. Wilson and Giswolds Text Book of Organic, Medicinal &
Pharmaeutical Chemistry , 12th edn.Eds-J.M. Beale Jr, and J.H.
Block , Lippincott Williams and Wilkins , 2013
4. Foye’s Principle of medicinal Chemistry –Eds-Thomas
Lemke,D.A.Williams, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New
Delhi.
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry, B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl, S
Chand and Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 1st Edition.
6. Stereochemistry Conformation and mechanism by P.S. Kalsi,
5th Edition, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Raj K Bansal, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Indian Pharmacopoeia all editions and volumes.
9. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Jerry March, Wiley, 1992.
10. Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Atherden, lm
11. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, 6 vol, Abraham, DJ
12. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 5 vols
set, Wolff, ME
13. Stereochemistry of organic compounds, Ernest Eliel, Wiley
India.
14. A guide book to Reaction mechanism in organic chemistry-
Peter Sykes
15. Reaction mechanism in organic chemistry- S M Mukherjee
and S P Singh,MacMilan
16. Drug Design. Edited by E.J. Ariens -Medicinal Chemistry; a
Series of Monographs,
V.11
17. Drug design –Dr.V.M.Kulkarni and Dr.K.G.Bothara
18. Photochemistry and Pericyclic reactions by J. Singh
19. Pericyclic reactions-Ian Fleming
20. Pericyclic reactions -W .Carrurther
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS:
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia all editions and volumes
2. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis (Analytical
Chemistry) By. Dr. B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House,
Meerut. 18th Edition (1999) (Part – Spectroscopy)
3. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis (Analytical
Chemistry) By. Dr. B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House,
Meerut. 18th Edition (1999) (Part – Chromatography)
4. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis (Analytical
Chemistry) By. Dr. B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House,
Meerut. 18th Edition (1999) (Part – Analytical Chemistry
5. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS by H.H.
Willard, L.L. Merrit and J.A. Dean
6. Introduction to Spectroscopy
D.L.Pavia,G.M.Lampman,G.S.Kriz
7. Principles of Instrumental analysis- Skoog, Holler, Crouch
8. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds-
Silverstein, R.M. and
Webster, F.X., 6th ed., Wiley, New York, 1998
9. Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic
Compounds- John R. Dyer, Prentice-Hall,
10. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis- H.Kaur, Pragati
Prakashan
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR HUMAN
ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY/
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,/PHARMACOLOGY:
1. RANG AND DALE’S Pharmacology, 7th Edition, M.M Dale,
J.M Ritter, R.J Flower, G.Henderson H.P, Rang
2. Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics, Laurence L. Brunton
3. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Bertram G. Katzung, Susan
B Masters, Anthony J Trevor
4. Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of
Drug Therapy, David E. Golan
5. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, Sean C.
Sweetman
6. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics
7. Color Atlas of Pharmacology, 3rd Edition, Heinz Lullmann,
Klaus Mohr, Lutz Hein, Detlef Bieger, Thieme, Stuttgart. New
York.
8. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 6th Edition,
Springhouse publishers
9. Essential of Medical Pharmacology, KD Tripathi
10. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Gerard Tortora, 12th
edition
11. Ross & Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology, 12th edition,
Churchill Livingstone
12. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics –R.S.Satoskar,
S.D. Bhandarkar , Popular Prakashan, Mumbai
13. Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologic Approach, by Joseph
T. Dipirio, Robert L. Talbert, Gacy C. Yee, Gary R. Matzke,
Barbara G. Wells, L. Micael Possey
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PHARMACOGNOSY:

1. Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Thomas Edward Wallis, J & A

Churchill ltd., London
2. Pharmacognosy, Tyler, 8th edition, Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia
3. Pharmacognosy 42nd Edition (Sep 2008), C.K. Kokate, A.P.
Purohit, S.B. Gokhale (Nirali Prakashan)
4. Textbook of Pharmacognosy-Noel M Ferhuson
5. Textbook of Pharmacognosy-C.S.Shah and J.S.Qadry
6. Textbook of Pharmacognosy-H.W.Youngken
7. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-Dr.Biren
Shah
8. Textbook of Pharmacognosy-T.N.Vasudevan, Kirti Laddha
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR MARKETING
MANAGEMENT:
1. Marketing Management, Phillip Kotler, Prentice Hall, 2003
2. Pharmaceutical Marketing in India, Subba Rao Chaganti,
Excel Books Pvt. Ltd
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR BIOCHEMISTRY:
1.Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry, David L. Nielson,
Macmillan Learning, 2012
2. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 28th edition, Robert
Murray, David Bender, Mcgraw-hill, 2009
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR MICROBIOLOGY:
1.Microbiology, Michael Pelczar, 5th edition, Tat McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition & physical states of matter
Intermolecular forces & their impact on the state of the matter.
Various physical properties of matter, dipole moment, dielectric
constant, Van Der Waal’s equation & critical phenomenon,
liquefaction of gases, aerosols.
2. Colligative Properties
The liquid state, vapor pressure, ideal & real solutions. Raoult’s
law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point,
osmotic pressure, determination of molecular weight based on
colligative properties.
3. Thermodynamics
First, second & third law of thermodynamics. Thermochemical
laws, isothermic & adiabatic processes, reversible processes,
work of expansion, heat content, enthalpy, heat capacity.
Gibb’s & Helmholtz equation & chemical potential.
4. Refractive index
Refractive index, specific refractivity, molar refractivity,
refractometers.
5. Solutions
Solubility, factors affecting solubility, solubility curves. Types
of solutions, effect of co-solvency, pH & other factors on
solubility. Solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, &
solids in liquids, critical solution temperature, law of
partitioning & its applications. Solute-solvent interactions.
Expression of the concentration of pharmaceutical solutions &
calculations. Molarity, molality, mole fraction & percentage
expressions.
6. Electrochemistry
Properties of electrolyte solutions, electrolysis. Faraday’s law of
electrolysis, electron transport, electrical cell, single electrode
potential, concentration cells, half-cells & half-cell potential,
types of half cells, sign convention, Nernst equation, salt bridge,
electromotive series, standard potential, SHE. Measuring the
relative voltage of half cells, Calculation of standard potential.
Reference & indicator electrodes. Standard oxidation-reduction
potential.
7. Ionic equilibrium
Theory of conductivity, equivalent conductance, mobility of
ions, specific conductance.
8. Kinetics
Order of reactions, derivation & internal form of rate laws,
molarities of reaction, derivation of rate constants.

PHYSICAL PHARMACY

1.Matter, properties of matter

States of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heat and
vapor pressure, sublimationcritical point, eutectic mixtures,
gases, aerosols- inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes,
liquid crystals, glasses state, solid crystalline and amorphous
polymorphism.
2. Micromeritics and powder rheology
Particle size and distribution, average particle size number and
weight distribution, particle number, methods of determining
particle size and volume, optical microscopy, sieving,
sedimentation, determining surface areas, permeability,
adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing
arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow properties.
3. Surface and interfacial phenomenon
Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free
energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tension,
spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface
active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency,
absorption at solid interfaces, solid gas and solid-liquid
interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interfaces.
4. Viscosity and rheology
Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of
temperature, non- Newtonian systems, pseudoplastics, dilatant,
plastic, thixotropy in formulations, determination of viscosity
and thixotropy by capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometer,
application of theology in pharmacy
5. Dispersion systems
a. Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids,
protective colloids, application of colloids in pharmacy.
b. Suspensions and emulsions: Interfacial properties of
suspended particles settling in suspension, theory of
sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation of
flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of
particles, significance of electrical properties in dispersions,
controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles,
rheological considerations, emulsions: types, theories, physical
stability.
6. Complexation
Classification of complexes, methods of preparations and
analysis, applications.
7. Buffer
Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general. Buffers in
pharmaceutical systems,
preparations and stability, buffered isotonic solutions.
Measurements of tonicity calculations and methods of adjusting
isotonicity.
8. Solubility
a. Miscibility-influence of foreign substances three component
systems; dielectric constant and solubility, solubility of solids in
liquids ideal and non-ideal solutions solvation and association in
solutions solubility of salts in water solubility of slightly soluble
and weak electrolyte calculating solubility of weak electrolytes
as influenced by pH, influence of solvents on the solubility of
drugs combined effect of pH and solvents, distribution of solutes
between immiscible solvents, effect of ionic dissociation and
molecular association on partition, extraction, preservatives
action of weak acids in emulsions, drug action and distribution
coefficient.
b. Concepts of dissolution and diffusion.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1.General principles
A brief review of classification & sources of organic
compounds, sp3, sp2, sp hybridization, sigma & pi- bonds, bond
lengths, bond angles & bond energies along with their
significance in reactions should be carried out. An overview of
bond polarization, hydrogen bonds, inductive effects, resonance,
and hyperconjugation be taken. Concept of homolytic &
heterolytic bond fission, acidity & basicity with different
theories should be covered briefly. Ease of formation
& order of stabilities of electron deficient & electron rich
species along with the reasons for the same should be covered.
Relationships between energy content, stability, reactivity &
their importance in chemical reactions should be covered.
Calculations for determining empirical & molecular formula
should be covered.
2. Different classes of compounds
The following classes of compounds should be taught in detail
with respect to their IUPAC / systematic nomenclature,
industrial [wherever applicable] & laboratory methods of
preparations, physical properties & chemical reactions with
emphasis on reaction mechanisms [arrow based] &
stereochemistry [wherever applicable].
• Alkanes [including cyclic compounds]
• Alkenes [including cyclic compounds]
• Alkynes [only open-chain compounds]
• Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds
• Alkyl halides
• Aldehydes & Ketones
• Carboxylic acids
• All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids.
3. Protection & deprotection of groups
Introduction to protection & deprotection of functional groups.
Two examples each for amino, hydroxyl, & carbonyl groups.
The significance of these in syntheses should be explained.
4. Aromaticity & chemistry of aromatic compounds
Concept of aromaticity, Huckel’s rule & its use in determining
the aromatic/non-aromatic character of a compound. A brief
coverage of structure of benzene. Detailed coverage of
electrophilic & nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Reactivity & orientation in these reactions. Reactivity &
orientation in mono- & disubstituted benzenes. Benzyne
mechanism.
5. Different aromatic classes of compounds
The following classes of compounds with respect to their
IUPAC / systematic nomenclature, industrial [wherever
applicable] & laboratory methods of preparations,
physical properties & chemical reactions with emphasis on
reaction mechanisms [arrow based] & stereochemistry
[wherever applicable]. Aromatic hydrocarbons.
Phenolic compounds. Aromatic & aliphatic amines.
Diazonium salts. Aromatic nitro- compounds, aryl halides, &
ethers.
6. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Syntheses & reactions with mechanisms of bi & tricyclic fused
carbocyclic rings like naphthalene, anthracene, & phenanthrene.
7. Carbonyl Chemistry
Carbonyl chemistry involving group conversions & their
reaction mechanisms along with stereochemistry wherever
applicable.
a. Wolf-Kishner reduction & Huang-Minlong modification.
b. Reduction of arylsulfonyl hydrazine/hydrazones to alkanes.
c. Bamford Steven reaction.
d. DCC Oxidation of alcohol.
e. Michael addition / 1,4-addition / conjugate addition.
f. Mannich condensation / reaction.
g. Robinson annulation.
h. Stobbe condensation.
i. Darzen’s glycidic ester synthesis.
j. Beckmann rearrangement.
k. Baeyer Villiger rearrangement.
l. Curtius, Wolff, & Lossen rearrangements.
m. Willgerodt rearrangement.
n. Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.
o. Methylene transfer reactions. Use of diazomethane &
67richop ylides in the same.
p. Mono- & dialkylations in 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
q. Formation & use of enol ethers, enol acetates & enamines as
protective groups & in regiospecific alkylations.
8. Heterocyclic Chemistry
IUPAC Nomenclature of heterocyclic rings [3-10 membered]
containing O, S, & N atoms. Nomenclature of above rings
containing mono-, di-, & multiple [same or different]
heteroatoms should also be covered. Nomenclature of 2 & 3
fused rings containing mono-, di-, & multiple
heteroatoms [same or different] should also be covered.
Syntheses & reactions of three to sixmembered
rings in detail. Syntheses of five & six-membered rings
containing mono- or any diheteroatoms [O, S, & N]. Syntheses
of quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, &
benzimidazole, benzotriazole, and benzothiazole.
9. Bridged rings
Bridged ring systems & their nomenclature.C8, C9, C11 bridged
bicyclic alkanes. Chemistry of hexamine, morphan, biperiden,
amantadine, diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane
10. Kinetic & thermodynamic control
Kinetic & thermodynamic control of sulfonation, enolate anion
formation & alkylation of enamine reactions.
11. Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry. Chirality & asymmetry [introduction of the
same to S, P, & N]. Definition & classification [different types
of isomerisms]. Enantiomers, diastereomers. Enantiomerism &
diastereomerism. Meso compounds & their optical activity.
Stereochemistry in acyclic compounds. Newman projection
formulae & their significance. Conformational analysis of
nbutane. Absolute & relative configuration. Assigning R & S
configuration based on Cahn Ingold & Prelog system. Racemic
mixture- its definition & resolution. Definitions of terms
stereoselective, stereospecific, Enantiomeric excess &
diastereomeric excess. Stereochemistry in cyclic systems.
Conformations of cyclohexane. Cis-trans relationship in
cyclohexane. Prediction of stability of different conformations
of 1, 2- 1,3- & 1,4- disubstituted cyclohexanes.
Effect of multiple substitutions on the stability of cyclohexane
conformations. Chair conformations of cis-, & trans-decalins,
perhydrophenanthrenes, & a tetracyclic steroidal
nucleus. An introduction to atropisomerism. Aglasem.com
12. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates. Definition & classification. D & L nomenclature
in sugars. Different ways of drawing / representing a sugar
molecule [including cyclic Structure], interconversion of these
representations. Anomers & epimers. Mutarotation. Reactions of
glucose. Chain extension & chain reduction of a sugar.
13. Amino acids & proteins
Amino acids & proteins. Definition & classification. D & L
Amino acids, natural, essential, & nonessential amino acids.
Denaturation, Strecker, Gabriel phthalimide methods for the
preparation of amino acids. Peptide bond & its formation. Two
protective groups each, for -NH2 & -COOH functionalities
during protein synthesis. Sequencing of a protein by chemical &
enzymatic methods.
14. Pericyclic reactions
Pericyclic reactions. Concept of HOMO & LUMO. Drawing of
HOMO & LUMO of 1, 3-butadiene, allylic cation, radical &
anion, & 1, 3, 5-hexatriene, Diel’s-Alder & retro Diel’s Alder
reaction.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

I. Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

1. Pharmaceutical Impurities
Impurities in pharmaceutical substances, sources, types &
effects of impurities. Limit tests for heavy metals like lead, iron,
arsenic, mercury & for chloride & sulphate as per Indian
Pharmacopoeia [I. P.].
2. Monographs
(a) Monograph & its importance, various tests included in
monographs as per I. P. A study of the following compounds
with respect to their methods of preparation, assay, &
pharmaceutical uses of sodium citrate, calcium carbonate,
copper sulphate, light & heavy kaolin, ammonium chloride &
ferrous gluconate.
3. Isotopes
Isotopes- stable & radioactive, mode & rate of decay. Types &
measurement of radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals & their
diagnostic & therapeutic applications in pharmacy & medicine
such as 125I,32P,51Cr,60Co,59Fe,99Tc-M. Radiocontrast media, use
of BaSO4 in medicine.
4. Dentifrices, desensitizing agents, & anticaries agents
II. Medicinal Chemistry
5. Therapeutic classes of drugs
The following topics should be dealt with covering
nomenclature [including stereochemical aspects], biological
activity [including side & toxic effects], mode of action,
structure-activity relationship [where ever applicable] &
syntheses of reasonable molecules.
1. General anesthetics.
2. Local anesthetics.
3. Diagnostic agents.
4. Coagulants, anticoagulants & plasma expanders.
5. Antiseptics, disinfectants, sterilants, & astringents.
6. Purgatives, laxatives & antidiarrhoeal agents.
6. Various classes of therapeutic agents
A detailed study of the following classes with respect to drug
nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode
of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR],
wherever applicable, synthesis of simple & prototype molecules,
drug metabolism, therapeutic uses & side effects. Drug
resistance, wherever applicable, should be covered in respective
classes of drugs.
a. Antimalarials
b. Antiamoebic agents.
c. Anthelmintic agents.
d. Antibacterial sulpha drugs [only].
e. Quinolone antibacterials.
f. Antimycobacterial drugs.
g. Antifungal agents.
g. Antiviral agents including HIV & anti-HIV drugs.
h. Thyroid & antithyroid drugs.
i. Antiallergic agents.
j. Antiulcer agents & Proton Pump Inhibitors.
k. Hypoglycemic agents.
7. Different classes of therapeutic drugs
A detailed study of the following classes with respect to drug
nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode
of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR],
wherever applicable, synthesis of simple & prototype molecules,
drug metabolism, therapeutic uses & side effects. Drug
resistance, wherever applicable, should be covered in respective
classes of drugs.
I. a. Sedative-hypnotics
b. Antiepileptic agents.
c. Neuroleptics.
d. Anti-anxiety drugs.
II. Antibiotics. Penicillins, cephalosporins & other beta-lactam
antibiotics like imipenem & aztreonam. Beta-lactamase
inhibitors such as clavulanic acid & sulbactam.
Chloramphenicol. Tetracyclines. Aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Macrolide antibiotics. Lincomycins. Polypeptide antibiotics.
Anticancer antibiotics.
III. Steroids. Corticosteroids [gluco- & mineralocorticoids] &
anti-inflammatory steroids. Sex steroids. Male & female
contraceptive agents. Anabolic steroids. Anticancer agents.
8. Different classes of therapeutic drugs
A detailed study of the following classes with respect to drug
nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode
of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships
[SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple & prototype
molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses & side effects.
Drug resistance, wherever applicable, in respective
classes of drugs.
I. Narcotic [centrally acting] analgesics [analgetics]. Morphine
& all its structural modifications [peripheral & nuclear].
Narcotic agonists & antagonists [dual & pure]. Non-narcotic
analgesics [NSAIDS]. Difference between narcotic & non-
narcotic agents.
II. Adrenergic drugs. Neurotransmitters & their role. General &
specific adrenergic agonists & antagonists [up to alpha-2 &
beta-2 only].
III. Cholinergic agents. Muscarinic & nicotinic cholinergic
agonists & antagonists [up to M2 & N2]. Neuronal [transmission]
blockers.
IV. Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders. Drugs used in the
treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Central & peripheral muscle
relaxants.
V. Hypertensive, antihypertensive, & antianginal agents.
VI. Diuretics.
VII. Eicosanoids. Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, &
thromboxanes. Their biochemical
role, biosynthesis, & inhibitors.
9. Introduction to quantitative structure-activity relationship.
[QSAR]. Linear free energy relationship. Hammett’s equation.
Use of substituent constants such as π, σ, Es, & physicochemical
parameters such as pKa, partition coefficient, Rm, chemical
shifts, molar refractivity, simple & valance molecular
connectivity to indicate electronic effects, lipophilic effects, &
steric effects. Introduction, methodology, advantages &
disadvantages/limitations of Hansch analysis.
10. Asymmetric synthesis. Chirality, chiral pool, sources of
various naturally available chiral
compounds. Eutomers, distomers, eudismic ratio.
Enantioselectivity & enantiospecificity. Enantiomeric &
diastereomeric excess. Prochiral molecules. Asymmetric
synthesis of captopril & propranolol.
11. Combinatorial chemistry. Introduction & basic terminology.
Databases & libraries. Solid phase synthesis technique. Types of
supports & linkers, Wang, Rink, & dihydropyran derivatized
linkers. Reactions involving these linkers. Manual parallel &
automated parallel synthesis. Houghton’s tea bag method,
micromanipulation, recursive deconvolution. Mix & split
method for the synthesis of tripeptides. Limitations of
combinatorial synthesis. Introduction to throughput screening.

PHARMACEUTICS

1.Pharmacy Profession & Introduction to Pharmaceuticals

Pharmacy as a career, evaluation of Pharmacy, earlier period
middle to modern ages. Definition, importance of
pharmaceuticals, areas concerned, scope of Pharmaceutics,
history and development of the profession of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical industry in India. A brief review of present
Indian Pharma. Industry in global perspective.
2. Introduction to dosage form
Definition of the drug. New drug and dosage form. The
desirable properties of a dosage form, the need of dosage form.
Ideas about the available type of dosage forms and new drug
delivery system.
3. Sources of drug information
Introduction to Pharmacopoeia with reference to IP, BP, USP
and International Pharmacopeia. Study of structure/features
(index) general notice and compartment of monographs of
excipients, drug and drug product. Other sources. Textbooks,
journals, internet (drug information system, online database,
patient/ consumer information and non- print material.
Classification of information, primary, secondary and tertiary.
Nomenclature of the drug.
4. Allopathic dosage form
Merits/demerits, importance, formulation development –
vehicles/excipients with examples for the dosage form: liquid
dosage form: monophasic liquid dosage form. Aromatic waters,
syrup, elixir, linctus, lotion, liniment, glycerites, solutions,
spirits, ENT preparations, mixtures, paints, mouthwash.
5. Crude extract
Infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, tincture and
extract. Methods of preparations of dry, soft and liquid extract.
6. Allergenic extract
Types of allergens, preparation of extract, testing and
standardization of extracts.
7. Biological products
Absorbable and non-absorbable material types, sutures and
ligatures, processing, manufacturing, sterilization, packing, QC
tests of materials like catgut and nylon.
8. Pharmaceutical Plant, location, layout
Plant location and layout of an industry. Various factors
affecting locational aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical
plants. The layout of plant building and importance of flow
sheet, the difference between scientific process and
technological process, the layout of various
departments, equipment, and product layout v/s process layout.
9. Dosage Form Necessities and Additives
Antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents
and diluting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents,
ointment bases, solvents, and others.
10. Powders
Advantages and limitations as dosage form, manufacturing
procedure and equipment, special care and problems in
manufacturing powders, powders of IP, effervescent granules
and salts.
11. Capsules
Hard gelatin capsules, shell formulation and manufacturing,
capsule sizes, storage, filing, cleaning process general
formulation contents and evaluation. Soft gelatin capsules, shell
formulation, formulation contents, filing, sealing and storage.
Microencapsulation, advantages, encapsulation materials,
methods of microencapsulation, I.P. formulations
12. Tablets
Types, ideal requirement, classification, granulation methods,
general formulation, compression machines, different types of
tooling’s, difficulties in tableting, troubleshooting
aspects, evaluation, sugar coating, compression coating, film
coating, problems in tablet coatings and their troubleshooting
aspects. IP formulations.
13. Parenterals – product requiring sterile packaging
Definition, types advantages and limitations, general
formulation, vehicles, production procedure, production
facilities, controls, tests, selected IP injections, sterile powders,
implants, emulsions, suspensions.
14. Suspensions
Formulation of deflocculated and flocculated suspension,
manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP suspensions.
15. Emulsions
Types, emulsifying agents, general formulation, manufacturing
procedure, evaluation methods, IP emulsions.
16. Suppositories
Ideal requirements, bases, manufacturing procedure, evaluation
methods, IP products.
17. Semisolids
Definitions, bases, general formulation, manufacturing
procedure, evaluation methods, IP products.
18. Liquids (solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, aromatic
water, liquid for external uses)
Definition, types, general formulation, manufacturing procedure,
evaluation methods, IP products.
19. Pharmaceutical Aerosols
Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing and
packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications. Impacts of
propellants on the environment.
20. Ophthalmic preparations
Requirement, formulation, methods of preparation, containers,
evaluation, IP products.
21. Preformulations
Consideration of Importance, physical properties, physical
forms, particle size, crystal forms, bulk control, solubility,
wetting, flow cohesiveness, compressibility, organoleptic
properties and its effect on final product consideration of
Chemical properties, hydrolysis, oxidation,
trichophyte, polymerization, isomerization, decarboxylation,
enzymatic decomposition, formulation additives, stabilizers,
suspending and dispersing agents dyes, solid excipients etc.
and its effect on quality of finished product.
22. Stability of formulated products
Requirements, drug regulatory aspects, pharmaceutical products
stability, shelf life, overages, containers, closures. Reaction rate
and order, acid-base catalysis, destabilization and accelerated
stability testing.
23. Prolonged Action Pharmaceuticals
Benefits, limitations, oral products, terminology, drug
elimination rate, types and construction of implants products,
product evaluation, parenteral products, absorption and
evaluation.
24. Novel Drug delivery system
Critical fluid technology, transdermal drug delivery system,
controlled drug delivery system, multiple emulsion,
nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery system, aerosols, inhalation
& new products reported etc.
25. GMP and Validation
Introduction to GMP, QC and QA. Concept and need of good
manufacturing practice guidelines. Elements of GMP covering
controls of area and processes and product. Regulations related
to GMP. Introduction of the validation process. Types of
validation. The brief methodology of process, equipment and
instrument validation.
26. Packaging Materials
Role and features of Pharmaceutical packing materials. Glass,
plastic, rubber, metal and paper as pharmaceutical packaging
material. General quality control of pharmaceutical packages.
Primary, secondary and tertiary packaging materials. Child
resistant and pilfer-proof packaging.
27. Cosmetics
Formulation and preparation of dentifrices, hair creams,
lipsticks, face powders, shaving preparations, skin creams,
shampoos, hair dyes, depilatories, manicure preparations etc.
28. Pilot plant scale-up techniques
Need, organization and layout, scale-up techniques for solid and
liquid dosage forms. Technology transfer.
PHARMACOLOGY
1.General Pharmacology
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, scope and source of
drugs, dosage forms and routes of drug administration.
Pharmacodynamics-Mechanism of drug action, Receptors,
classification and drug-receptor interactions, combined effects
of drugs, factors modifying drug actions.
Pharmacokinetics-Mechanism and principle of absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. Principles of
basic and clinical pharmacokinetics. Pharmacogenetics.
Adverse drug reactions. Discovery and development of new
drugs-Preclinical and clinical studies.
Detailed pharmacology including classification, mechanism
of action and therapeutic uses
of following classes:
2. Nerohumoral transmission in autonomic and central
nervous system:
Neurohumoral transmission (Autonomic and somatic).
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S with special emphasis
on Pharmacology of various neurotransmitters. Nitric oxide:
Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its physiological role.
Therapeutic use of nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors. Clinical
condition in which nitric oxide may play a part.
Peptides and proteins as mediators:
General Principal of peptide pharmacology Biosynthesis and
regulation of peptides Peptide antagonists. Protein and peptide
as drugs.
3. Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system
Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, ympathomimetics,
Sympatholytics, Ganglionic stimulants and blockers.
Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants
(peripheral). Local anesthetic agents. Drugs used in Myasthenia
Gravis.
4. Pharmacology of central nervous System
General anesthetics. Alcohols and disulfiram. Sedatives,
hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants,
Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants,
antianxiety agents, anti-manics and hallucinogens. Anti-epileptic
drugs. Anti-parkinsonism drugs. Nootropics. Narcotic
analgesics, drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and
dependence.
5. Pharmacology of cardiovascular system
Introduction of hemodynamics and Electrophysiology of heart.
Anti-hypertensive drugs, Anti-anginal agents, Anti-arrhythmic
drugs. Drugs used in congestive heart failure. Anti-
hyperlipidemic drugs. Drugs used in the therapy of shock.
Haematinics, anticoagulants and haemostatic agents.
Fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs. Blood and plasma volume
expanders.
6. Drugs acting on urinary system
Diuretics and anti-diuretics.
7. Drugs acting on Respiratory system
Anti-asthmatic drugs, Mucolytics and nasal decongestants, Anti-
tussives and expectorants. Respiratory stimulants
8. Pharmacology of Endocrine system
Basic concepts in endocrine pharmacology. Hypothalamic and
pituitary hormones. Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs,
Parathormone, Calcitonin and vitamin-D. Insulin, oral
hypoglycemic agents and glucagon. ACTH and corticosteroids.
Androgens and anabolic steroids. Estrogens, progesterone and
oral contraceptives. Drugs acting on the uteru.
9. Chemotherapy
General principles of chemotherapy. Sulphonamides and co-
trimoxazole. Antibiotics- Penicillins, cephalosporins,
chloramphenicol, Macrolides, quinolones and
fluoroquinolons,. Tetracyclines. Aminoglycosides and
miscellaneous antibiotics. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis,
leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, AIDS, protozoal
diseases, worm infections, urinary tract infections and sexually
transmitted diseases. Chemotherapy of malignancy.
10. Autacoids and their Antagonists
Histamine, 5-HT and their agonsists and antagonists.
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. Pentagastrin,
cholecystokinin, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance
P.,Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout
drugs.
11. Pharmacology of drug acting on the gastrointestinal tract
Antacids, anti-secretary and antiulcer drugs. Laxatives and
antidiarrheal drugs. Appetite stimulants and suppressants.
Digestants and carminatives. Emetics and anti-emetics.
12. Chronopharmacology
Definition of rhythm and cycles. Biological clocks and their
significance leading to chronotherapy.
13. Immnopharmacology
Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants.
14. Vitamins & Minerals
Vitamin deficiency diseases and their management. Role of
minerals in health & diseases.
15. Principles of toxicology
Definition of poison. General principles of treatment of
Poisoning. Treatment of poisoning due to Heavy metals,
insecticides, opioids and other addict forming drugs. Study of
acute, sub acute and chronic toxicity as per OECD guidelines
(guidelines 420,423,425,407,408,451/452; only names and
significance, detailed procedures and
minute details are not expected).
PHARMACOGNOSY
1.Introductory Pharmacognosy
Historical development, modern concept and scope of
Pharmacognosy. The significance of Pharmacognosy in various
systems of medicine practiced in India viz: Ayurveda, Unani,
Homeopathic and Siddha.
2. Classification of crude drugs
Based on alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological,
chemical, taxonomical and chemotaxonomic methods: organized
and unorganized drugs: official and unofficial drugs.
Plants, animals and minerals: marine products: plant tissue
culture.
3. Factors influencing quality of crude drugs
Exogenous factors: temperature, rainfall, daylight, altitude and
soil. Endogenous factors: Mutation, polyploidy, & hybridization
in medicinal plants. Production factors including
collection, drying, storage and transport methods.
Study of morphological and histological characters of crude
drugs, Ergastic cell inclusions, anatomical structures of both
monocot and dicot stems, leaves and roots: barks, fruits and
seeds.
4. Techniques in microscopy
Details of mountants, clearing agents, chemomicroscopic
(microchemical) reagents.
5. Introduction to phytoconstituents
Definition, classification, chemical tests and pharmaceutical
importance of: carbohydrates and their derivatives, fats and
proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins,
tannins, resins, lipids and volatile oils.
6. Principles of plant classification
Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important
plants with special reference to:
Algae: Rhodophyceae (Agar, Alginic acid, Diatoms).
Fungi: Ergot, Yeast and penicillium.
Gymnosperm: Pinaceae (Turpentine, Colophony), Gnetaceae
(Ephedra).
Angiosperm: Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rubiaceae,
Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Leguminosae,
Papaveraceae, Acanthaceae and Apiaceae.
Pteridophytes: Male fern.
7. Pharmaceutical aids
Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants and uses
of: Starches, acacia gum, tragacanth, sterculia, guar gum, pectin,
arachis oil, castor oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, olive
oil, cotton, silk, wool, regenerated fibers, asbestos, kaolin,
prepared chalk, kieselguhr.
8. Animal products
Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants and uses
of: Shellac, cochineal, cantharides, woolfat, lard, beeswax,
honey, musk, lanolin, gelatin.
9. Plant products
Introduction to plant bitters, sweeteners, nutraceuticals,
cosmeceuticals and photosensitizing agents.
10. Toxic drugs
Study of allergens, hallucinogens, narcotics.
11. Enzymes
Biological sources, preparation, characters, and uses of: diastase,
papain bromelain, ficin, yeast, pancreatin, urokinase, pepsin,
trypsin, penicillinase, hyaluronidase and streptokinase.
12. Natural pesticides and insecticides
Introduction to herbicides, fungicides, fumigants and
rodenticides tobacco, pyrethrum, & neem.
13. Adulteration and evaluation of crude drugs
Different methods of adulteration: Evaluation of drugs by
organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological
methods. Deterioration of herbal drugs by insects.
14. Quantitative microscopy
Definition and determination of stomatal index, stomatal
number, palisade ratio, vein islet number, vein termination
number, lycopodium spore method. Micrometers and
measurement of microscopic characters.
15. Biogenetic pathways
Formation of primary and secondary metabolites. Study of
Calvin cycle, TCA cycle, Shikimic acid pathway, Embden-
Mayerhoff pathway, acetate hypothesis, isoprenoid pathway.
Biosynthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and volatile oils.
16. Carbohydrates & lipids
Biological sources, salient morphological features, chemical
constituents, and uses of: Plantago, bael, chaulmoogra oil, neem
oil, shark liver oil, cod liver oil, guggul lipids.
17. Tannins
Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents,
chemical test and uses of: Pale catechu, black catechu, nutgalls,
Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna.
18. Volatile oils
Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents,
adulterants and uses of: Black pepper, turpentine, mentha,
coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, cassia, lemon peel, orange
peel, lemongrass, citronella, cumin, caraway, dill, spearmint,
clove, anise, star anise, fennel, nutmeg, eucalyptus, trichophyte,
ajowan, sandalwood.
19. Resinous drugs
Classification, formation, sources, chemical constituents,
identification test, adulterants and uses of: benzoin, Peru balsam,
tolu balsam, colophony, myrrh, asafoetida, jalap, colocynth,
ginger, turmeric, capsicum, cannabis, podophyllum.
20. Glycosides
Nature and classification. Biological sources, morphology,
chemical constituents, adulterants and uses of: Digitalis,
strophanthus, squill, thevetia, oleander, cascara, aloe, rhubarb,
senna, quassia, dioscorea, quillaia, glycyrrhiza, ginseng, gentian,
wild cherry, withania, bitter almond. Biosynthesis of cardiac and
anthraquinone glycosides.
21. Alkaloids
Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical
constituents, adulterants and uses of: Areca nut, belladonna,
hyoscymous, stramonium, duboisea, coca, coffee, tea,
cinchona, opium, ipecac, nux vomica, ergot, rauwolfia, vinca,
kurchi, ephedra, colchicum, vasaca, pilocarpus, aconite,
Solanum xanthocarpum. Biosynthesis of tropane, cinchona and
opium alkaloids.
22. Extraction and Isolation Techniques
General methods used for the extraction, isolation and
identification of alkaloids, lipids, glycosides, flavonoids,
saponins, volatile oils and resins. Application of column, paper
and thin layer chromatographic techniques, for the isolation of
phytopharmaceuticals.
23. Phytopharmaceuticals
Isolation, identification and estimation of: caffeine, eugenol,
digoxin, piperine, tannic acid, diosgenin, hesperidin, berberine,
calcium sennosides, rutin, glycyrrhizin, menthol, ephedrine,
quinine, andrographolides and guggul lipids.
24. Quality control and Standardization of herbal drugs
Quality control of herbal drugs as per WHO, AYUSH and
Pharmacopoeial guidelines-Extractive values, ash values,
chromatographic techniques (TLC, HPTLC and HPLC) for
determination of chromatographic markers. Determination of
heavy metals, insecticides, pesticides and microbial load in
herbal preparations.
25. Herbal formulations
Principals involved in Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Chinese and
Homeopathic systems of medicines. Preparation of Ayurvedic
formulations like aristas, asava, ghutika, tailia, churna, avaleha,
ghrita and bhasmas: Unani formulations like majooms, Safoofs.
Determination of alcohol contents in arishtas & asavas.
26. Worldwide trade of crude drugs and volatile oils
Study of drugs having high commercial value and their
regulations pertaining to trade.
27. Herbal cosmetics
Importance of herbals as shampoos (soapnut), conditioners and
hair darkeners, (amla, henna, hibiscus, tea), skin care (aloe,
turmeric, lemon peel, vetiver).
28. Traditional herbal drugs
Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and
uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological and clinical uses of:
punarnava (Boerhaviadiffusa), shankhpushpi (Convolvulus
microphylla), lehsun (Allium sativum), guggul (Commiphora
mukul), kalmegh (Andrographis peniculata), tulsi (Ocimum
sanctum), valerian (Valerian officinalis), artemisia (Artemisia
annua) chirata (Swertia chirata), richo (Saraca indica).
29. Plants based industries and research institutes in India
Knowledge about the herbal products being manufactured by
premier herbal industries and thrust area of the institutes
involved in plant research.
30. Patents
Indian and International patent laws, proposed amendments as
applicable to herbal/natural products and processes: Intellectual
Property Rights with special reference to phytoconstituents.
31. Ayurvedic system of medicine
Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, various branches of treatment
in 87richoph, types of the drug formulation in Ayurveda and
important Ayurvedic drugs and their uses, formulation of asavas,
arishtas, watika, churna, tailas, ghruta, lep.
32. Homeopathic system of medicine
Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, treatment, source of
homeopathic medicines and important homeopathic drugs and
their uses

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

1. Importance of quality control in pharmacy

2. Acid-base titrations
Definitions of acids & bases according to Arrhenius & Lewis
theory. Definitions of normality, molarity, molality, &
equivalent weight. Primary & secondary standards with
examples & differences between them. Standardization of strong
acids & bases using primary & secondary standards. Preparation
of standard solutions of & calculations of equivalent weights of
oxalic acid, potassium acid phthalate, calcium chloride
dihydrate, & sodium carbonate. Calculation of
factors involved in standardization of sodium hydroxide,
hydrochloric acid, & oxalic acid. Direct, back & differential
titrations. Application of direct & back titrations to preparations
like boric acid & borax in a mixture, ammoniated mercury, milk
of magnesia, & zinc oxide ointment. Law of mass action, acid-
base equilibria, pH scale, pH & hydronium ion concentrations in
aqueous systems, calculations of pH for weak acids & weak
bases. Use & applications of pH meter. Hydrolysis of salts.
Strengths of acids & bases, dissociation constant.
Theory of acid-base indicators. Neutralization [titration] curves.
Definition, different types of buffers [chemical & biological], &
their composition. Buffer capacity, buffered isotonic solutions.
Calculations involving preparation of various buffer
capacity solutions. Biological & pharmaceutical applications of
buffers.
3. Non-aqueous titrations
Acid-base definitions according to Lowry-Bronsted, Lewis &
Arrhenius concept. Factors affecting strengths of acids & bases.
Intrinsic structure & surrounding environment. Protophilic,
protogenic, amphiprotic & aprotic solvents. Acid-base equilibria
in non- aqueous media. Titrants & indicators used for the assay
of acidic & basic substances. Preparation of perchloric
acid, formation of onium ion. Assay of 1o, 2o, 3o amines &
amine hydrochlorides using perchloric acid & the reactions
involved in it. Standardization of sodium ethoxide solution.
Assay of phenols & phenobarbitone. General applications of
non-aqueous titrations
4. Oxidation-reduction titrations
Definition of oxidation, reduction, oxidizing & reducing agent.
Equivalent weight, the concept of half reactions. Systematic
balancing of half reactions with respect to:
a. Oxalic acid-KmnO4,
b. FeSO4-ceric nitrate, &
c. I2-sodium thiosulphate solution titrations.
Calculation of equivalent weight of oxalic acid, KmnO4, FeSO4,
permanganate & I2 from halfreactions.
Calculation of factors for titrations mentioned in a, b & c.
Redox titrations:
KmnO4 as a self indicator, it’s preparation, standardization, &
use in the assay of ferrous gluconate tablets, H2O2, & NaNO2
solution.
b) Iodimetric & iodometric titrations. Definitions & difference
between iodimetry & iodometry. Preparation, standardization of
iodine solution. Assay of ascorbic acid & richop ointment by
iodimetry. Assay of copper sulphate & ferric chloride by
iodometry.
c) Bromometric titrations.
d) Iodate titrations. Definition. Preparation, standardization &
use of KIO3 in the assay of ascorbic acid & KI.
e) Cerimetric titrations. Preparation, standardization & use of
ceric solutions in the assay of paracetamol tablets. Its advantages
over permanganate solutions.
f) Bromine titrations. Preparation, standardization & use of
bromine solution in the assay of phenol & isoniazid tablets.
g) Potassium dichromate titrations. Preparation, standardization
& use of potassium dichromate solution in the assay of ferrous
ammonium sulphate.
5. Precipitation titrations
The principle of solubility product & sparingly soluble salts.
Titrants & indicators used in Mohr’s, Volhard’s, & Fajan’s
methods. Preparation & standardization of silver nitrate &
ammonium thiocyanate solutions. Assay of sodium chloride
by Mohr’s method, use of nitrobenzene in the assay of halides,
ammonium chloride, & thiourea by Volhard’s method.
Calculation of factors in argentometric titrations. Titration curve
method. General applications of precipitation titrations.
6. Complexometric titrations
Difference between double salts & co-ordinate compounds.
Definitions of coordination number of metal ions, ligands- uni-,
bi-, & multidentate. Complexing, chelating, & sequestering
agents with respective examples. Structure of complexes of
platinum with ammonia. Ethylenediamine tetraacetate [EDTA]
as a multidentate ligand in complexometry. Coordinate
compounds of EDTA with bi-, tri-, & tetravalent metal ions.
Stability of complexes & factors affecting it, use of
buffers in EDTA titrations. Selective analysis of ions based on
pH adjustments, use of masking & demasking agents, pM or
metal ion indicators. Standardization of EDTA solution, titration
curves, and examples of assays carried out by direct & back
titrations & by replacement of one complex by the other.
Applications of complexometry in the assays of calcium
gluconate, milk of magnesia, zinc undecenoate ointment, &
aluminium hydroxide gel. Assay of NaF by indirect
titration.
7. Gravimetry
Principles of gravimetry. Factors affecting precipitation,
formation, & properties of the precipitate. Colloidal state.
Impurities in the precipitate, conditions of precipitation.
Precipitation from homogenous solutions, washing, drying, &
ignition of the precipitate. Experimental techniques of drying &
ignition. Applications of gravimetry in pharmacy.
8. Extraction techniques
Liquid-liquid extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction.
Distribution law. Successive & multiple extraction [Craig
method], continuous counter- current extraction. Effect of
temperature & pH on extraction. Inert solute, associate ion pair
formation, emulsion problem in extractions. Applications in
pharmacy.
9. Potentiometry
Theory, ion-selective electrodes, measurement of potential, red-
ox titration curve, pH measurement, the relation of pH to
potential. Applications in pharmacy.
10. Miscellaneous methods of analysis
Diazotization titrations. Kjeldahl nitrogen estimation. Karl
Fisher titrations. Liquid gelenicals. Oxygen flask Determination
of alcohol content in liquid gelenicals. Oxygen flask combustion
method.
11. Calibration
Calibration of instruments.
12. General principles of spectroscopy
Wave-particle duality, wave properties, particulate properties.
Line & band spectrum. Electromagnetic spectrum. Absorption &
emission spectroscopy. Understanding of terms such
as absorbance, transmittance, absorptivities, molar absorptivity,
E 1cm 1%, λmax, the effect of solvent & pH on λmax.
13. Ultraviolet-visible Spectrometry
Different electronic transitions. Auxochromes & their effects,
auxochromic, bathochromic & hypsochromic shifts [red & blue
shifts]. Beer-Lambert law, its derivation, deviations in Beer’s
law. Single & double beam spectrophotometers covering sources
of radiations, different monochromators, detectors such as
barrier cell, photocell, photomultiplier tube. Photodiode
array detector. Applications of this technique in qualitative &
quantitative estimations giving emphasis on problem-solving.
Fieser-Woodward rules for calculations of theoretical λmax
values.
14. Spectrofluorimetry
Principle, definitions & types of luminescence. Mechanism of
fluorescence & phosphorescence. Singlet & triplet states &
intersystem crossing. Fluorescence yield & factors affecting it.
Quenching of fluorescence & fluorescence quenchers. Structure
& fluorescence. A brief discussion of instrumentation.
Applications of fluorimetry in pharmacy.
15. Flame photometry & atomic absorption spectrometry
Principle & instrumentation with emphasis on working &
importance of different components. Temperature, flame
absorption & emission profiles. Interferences & their
avoidance. Quantitative estimations & applications.
16. Infrared spectrometry
Infrared region in EM spectrum. The principle, different
stretching & bending vibrations. Components [& their working]
of a dispersive instrument. Fourier transform [FT] technique, FT
instruments & their comparison with dispersive instruments.
Sample handling techniques. Functional group & fingerprint
regions in the spectrum. Functional groups identification & their
use in the characterization of compounds. Problems based on the
identification of functional groups from spectra of unknown
compounds.
17. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
The principle involved in the technique. Knowledge about
fundamental terms involved such as quantized absorption,
flipping of nucleus, spin number, magnetic moment,
magnetogyric ratio, relaxation, etc. Equations relating these
terms to the frequency of radiation & magnetic field
[without derivation of the equations]. Types of relaxation
processes. Low & high-resolution instruments. A brief
discussion on the low-resolution instrumentation [60 MHz].
Quantitative knowledge of the relationship between MHz &
magnetic field. An introduction to superconductivity magnets.
Solvents & reference standards used. Setting up of NMR scale.
Sample preparation. Shielding & deshielding of a proton & its
effect on chemical shifts. Discussion on & importance of
equivalent & non equivalent protons [number of signals],
chemical shifts [position of signal] & their calculation from the
spectrum, chemical shifts of different H’s, splitting
[multiplicity] of a signal, coupling constants [J values] ,
integration [area under the signal]. Importance of these terms in
identification [or confirmation] of different functional groups.
Significance & contribution of J value in stereochemistry.
Prediction [expected theoretical values] of chemical shifts &
multiplicities for all protons from simple structures containing
up to 12-15 carbons. An introduction to FT-technique & its
significance in 13 C-NMR spectrometry.
18. Mass spectrometry
Principle. Low & high-resolution instruments. Components &
importance of each in brief. Different types of mass
spectrometric techniques. Brief knowledge of Chemical
Ionization mass spectrometry. Calculations of hydrogen
deficiency index [HDI] or unsaturation index [UI]. Base
or parent peak, molecular ion, M + 1, M + 2 peaks. Calculations
of molecular weight based on M +1 & M + 2 peaks. Formation
of molecular ion & further fragmentation. Rearrangements in
mass spectrometry. Major modes of fragmentations of
hydrocarbons, hydroxyl compounds, halogen compounds,
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. Introduction
[only] to recent advances in MS.
19. Polarography.
Principle & instrumentation. Ilkovich equation [no derivation] &
its importance. Dropping mercury electrode [DME], saturated
calomel electrode. Liquid-liquid junction potential,
polarographic cell. Explanation of origin of the S-shaped C-V
curve. Applications of this technique. Amperometric titrations,
principles, instrumentation, & applications.
20. Nephelometry & Turbidimetry
Principles, Tyndall effect. Duboscq turbidimeter. Eeel’s
nephelometer. Applications.
21. Chromatography.
Principle, rate & plate theory, Van Deemter equation & the
parameters affecting separation/band broadening. Classification
of chromatography, retention factor. A detailed
study of thin layer chromatography [TLC], preparative TLC,
paper chromatography [PC], column chromatography, gas
chromatography [GC / GLC]. Qualitative & quantitative
applications of the above techniques. An introduction to high
performance TLC [HPTLC], comparison of TLC & HPTLC. A
brief introduction to high pressure / performance liquid
chromatography [HPLC].
22. Miscellaneous
An introduction to electrophoresis. An introduction to lasers &
masers. Statistical treatment to experimental data. Sampling
techniques & applications in pharmaceutical industry.
BIOCHEMISTRY & Cell
Revision of ultrastructure of the cell, functions of various
cellular constituents. Applications of biochemical principles to
the pharmacy.
2. Carbohydrates
Types of carbohydrates, their functions, digestion, & absorption.
Aerobic & anaerobic oxidation with energetics. Glycogenesis,
glycogenolysis, & gluconeogenesis. Hexose monophosphate
shunt [HMP shunt]. Diseases associated with carbohydrate
metabolism.
3. Proteins
Different types of proteins. Their functions, digestion &
absorption. Denaturation & its effect on biological activity.
Renaturation of proteins. Urea formation, urea cycle, creatinine
formation. Transamination & deamination. Proteins as enzymes.
4. Lipids
Different types of lipids. Their functions, digestion, absorption
& metabolism. (Beta-Oxidation of fatty acids with energetics.
Biosynthesis of cholesterol [from acetate], adrenocorticoids,
androgens, progesterone, estrogens, & bile acids / salts. Ketone
bodies, their formation & biochemical significance. Diseases
associated with lipid metabolism.
5. Vitamins
Definition. Classification, structures [except B12] biochemical
role, sources, daily requirements, & deficiency symptoms.
Vitamins as co-factors in biochemical reactions.
6. Biological oxidations & reductions
Oxidation-reduction systems in the body their role. Oxidative
phosphorylation & Electron transport chain. Cytochromes &
inhibitors of the same.
7. Enzymes
Classification & their various roles. Enzyme co-factors. Enzyme
kinetics. Michaelis-Menton equation along with its
transformations. Double reciprocal plot. Factors affecting
enzyme action. Enzyme inhibition, competitive & non-
competitive, & kinetics.
8. Nucleic acids
Different types of nucleic acids [Nas] & their composition.
Purine & pyrimidine bases, sugars, & phosphoric acid.
Nucleosides & nucleotides. Formation of Nas & their backbone.
Different ways of representing DNA & RNA molecules.
Physico-chemical properties of Nas. Their stability in
acidic & basic solutions. Isolation, purification & identification,
buoyant density, sedimentation coefficient, & Svedberg constant
of Nas. De-novo biosynthesis of Nas. DNA & the Watson-Crick
model & its features. DNA as the bearer of genetic information.
The Central dogma of molecular genetics & the processes
defined in the same. Replication of DNA. Different types of
RNAs with their special features & functions. Minor or rare
bases. Transcription & translation. Different post-translational
modifications of proteins. Triplet codon & the codon dictionary.
Mutations. An introduction to different types of mutations. Their
nature & repair.
9. Hereditary diseases.
Eliptocytosis, spherocytosis, HNPCC, diabetes insipidus.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture

Structure of plant cell, DNA, Genes and chromosomes.
1. Cell and tissue culture,
a. Requirements.
b. Callus culture, suspension culture, batch culture.
c. The concept of somatic hybridization, somatic embryogenesis.
2. Processes and applications,
a. Isolation and immobilization of enzymes and plant cells and
application.
b. Protoplast and cell fusion.
c. Germplasm conservation.
d. Production of secondary metabolites by plant tissue culture.
e. Gene transfer techniques.
2. Animal Cell Culture
Introduction to animal cell culture, medium used in ATC. Use of
FCS, primary culture, secondary
culture, cell line. Cloning: concept and application with
technical hurdles. Transgenic animals as
a source of food, organs and tissues, concept of xeno transplant.
3. Fermentation Technology and Industrial Microbiology
1. Fermentation as a biochemical process, types of fermentation.
2. Fermenter – working and construction, accessory
components, modification.
3. Fermentation monitoring and in situ recovery of products.
4.Recombinant DNA Technology
Basic concepts
a) Introduction.
b) Role of a restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, DNA
polymerase, Reverse transcriptase.
5. Process and Applications
a) Constructing Recombinant DNA molecules.
DNA Clones sources of DNA for cloning.
DNA vectors, role of expression vectors.
Host cell for recombinant work. Method for screening and
selecting transformants. Expression of foreign genes.
Uses of recombinant DNA.
b) PCR and applications.
Human gene therapy concept and applications.
c) Drug delivery systems in gene therapy.
6. Biotechnology Derived Products
a) Sources and upstream processing.
Introduction. Escherichia coli as a source of recombinant,
therapeutic protein. Additional production systems,
Yeast. Fungal production systems. Transgenic animals.
Transgenic plants. Insects cell-based systems.
Upstream processing.
b) Downstream processing.
Product analysis,
Introduction.
Protein-based contaminant. Removal of an altered form of the
protein of interest from the product stream. Determination of
protein concentration.
c) Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant,
Endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants. Pyrogen detection.
DNA as a contaminant. Microbial and viral contaminant.
Viral assays. Miscellaneous contaminants. Validation studies.
d) Production and purification of recombinant proteins like,
Insulin, Growth hormones, somatostatin, interferons, only
examples of recombinant blood products.
MICROBIOLOGY

1.Introduction to Microbiology
Scope and application to pharmacy field. Whittaker’s Five
Kingdom concept, historical development – biogenesis Vs.
abiogenesis, Germ theory of fermentation, Germ theory of
disease, the contribution of Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Jenner,
Louis Pasteur and Ehrlich.
2.Microscopy and staining technique
The principle, ray diagram, construction, working and
applications of light compound, dark field, phase contrast,
Fluorescence & electron microscope. The concept of resolving
power, Magnification power, numerical aperture and angular
aperture and working distance. The principle application of oil
immersion microscopy. Theory of staining, principle and
technique of staining procedure – Monochrome, Gram, acid-fast,
negative, capsule, endospore.
3.Biology of Microorganisms
Cultural characteristics, pure culture techniques
a)Bacteria – Morphology and fine structure of bacteria,
Nutritional requirement and type of culture media, growth and
growth curve of bacteria, physical condition for growth,
measurement of bacterial growth (Counting Methods),
Reproduction in bacteria, genetic exchange – transformation,
conjugation, and transduction, development of drug resistance
by recombination and mutation, preservation of bacterial
culture. Biochemical properties (sugar fermentation and IMVIC
test). Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium.
Salmonella Introductory study of disease-causing rickettsia, the
importance of actinomycetes in antibiotic production.
4.Fungi and Viruses
b) Fungi:- Introduction, general characteristics, morphology, the
industrial and medical significance of Saccharomyces Cerevisae,
Penicillium and Aspergillus, Candida Albicans,
Epidermophyton, and trichophyte. c) Viruses: - Introduction,
structure and general properties Bacteriophages – Lytic and
Lysogenic cycle, Epidemiological uses of Bacteriophages,
human viruses – Cultivation and Multiplication virus-host cell
interaction, Pathogenesis of HIV and Prions, types of Tumor
viruses.
5.Aseptic Technique
The omnipresence of microorganisms, the importance of
asepsis, sources of contamination and methods of prevention,
Principle, construction & working of laminar airflow bench.
6.Sterilization & Disinfection
a) Concept and classification, principle and methods of
sterilization, Mechanisms of cell injury.
b) Construction working & applications of moist heat & dry heat
sterilizer, gamma radiation sterilizer, filtration sterilizer.
Indicators of sterilization, microbial death, kinetic
terms-D value, z value.
c) Terminology of chemical antimicrobial Agents, Chemical
classification of different disinfectants, characteristics of ideal
disinfectants, factors affecting the action of disinfectants,
evaluation methods (RW Coeff.), Kelsey Sykes test, Chick
Martin test.
7.Microbial spoilage
Types of spoilage, factors affecting spoilage of pharmaceutical
products.
9.Vaccines & Sera
Manufacturing (seed lot system) and quality control of bacterial
vaccines & Toxoids (Tetanus, TAB, Cholera, BCG, DPT), Viral
vaccine (Polio- Salk Sabin, Rabies, MMR, Hepatitis,
Chickenpox, influenza), Antisera (diphtheria, tetanus), antiviral
Antisera (rabies). Preparation of allergenic extracts &
diagnostics.
10.Microbial Assay
Importance, general methods of assay of antibiotics (Cup &
plate method, paper disc method, turbidometry, dilution
method), methods for fungicidal & antiviral compounds, assay,
microbial limit tests.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1.Basic principles of cell injury and adaptation
Causes, pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury, apoptosis
and necrosis.
2.Basic mechanisms of inflammation and repair
Pathogeneses of inflammation. Chemical mediators in
inflammation. Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. Repair of
wounds in the skin, factors influencing healing of wounds.
3. Disorders of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance
4. Disorders of homeostasis: white blood cells, lymphoid
tissues, and
red blood cells related diseases.
5. Immunopathology including amyloidosis
a) Host parasite Relationship: - normal microbial flora of human
body, infection vs. disease, Pathogenicity vs. Virulence, Koch &
Rivers Postulates, Reservoir of infection-sources of infection,
Portals of Entry, Portals of exit, vectors of infection,
communicability of disease, recognized symptoms of microbial
disease,
classification of immunity. External defense mechanism of host:
Skin, Mucus membrane, chemical
Secretions, Naturally occurring microbial flora. Internal defense
Mechanism: Inflammation, fever, natural killer Cells,
Phagocytic Cells, Soluble mediators-complement Lymphokines,
Interferons.
b) Immune response :
Specific immunity & immune response
Humoral immunity antibody response, mediators of Humoral
immunity, basic structure of antibody, antibody classes &
functions, maturation of immune response, immunologic
memory. Antigens: specificity & Immunogenicity, Natural vs.
artificial Antigens, Soluble, cellular antigens, thymus
independent antigen, adjuvant. Hypersensitivity and its types
Cellular immunity: Transplantation immunity, Cellular
immunity to viruses, Implications of
T-cell response. Acquisition of specific immunity: Natural vs.
Passive acquisition. Mechanism of autoimmunity. Classification
of autoimmune diseases in man. Transplantation and allograft
reactions, mechanism of rejection of allograft.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
6. Infectious diseases
Hepatitis – Infective hepatitis. Sexually transmitted diseases
(syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV). Pneumonia, typhoid,
urinary tract infections. Tuberculosis. Leprosy. Malaria.
Dysentery (Bacterial and amoebic).
7. Neoplastic diseases
Disturbances of growth of cells. General biology of tumors,
differences between benign and malignant tumors. Classification
of tumors. Historical diagnosis of malignancy. Etiology and
pathogenesis of cancer. Invasions, metastasis, patterns of
spread of cancer. Environmental carcinogenesis.
8. Pathophysiology of common diseases
Parkinsonism. Schizophrenia. Depression and mania
Stroke (ischemic and hemorrhage). Hypertension. Angina.
Myocardial infarction, CCF. Atherosclerosis. Diabetes mellitus.
Peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease. Cirrhosis and
alcoholic liver diseases. Acute and chronic renal failure.
Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases.
9. Laboratory tests for Liver function tests and kidney
function tests

BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS

1.Bio-pharmaceutics
a) The fate of drug after drug absorption, various mechanisms
for drug absorption, drug concentration in blood, biological
factors in drug absorption, physicochemical factors,
dosage form consideration for gastrointestinal absorption.
b) Drug Absorption: Gastrointestinal absorption-biological
considerations. Gastrointestinal absorption – physicochemical
considerations. Gastrointestinal absorption-role of the dosage
form. Pharmacokinetics. Compartmental and non-
compartmental pharmacokinetics. Biotransformation, drug
disposition – distribution, drug disposition – elimination.
Variability-Body weight, age, sex and genetic factors.
Pharmacokinetic variabilitydiseases. Pharmacokinetic
variability-drug interactions. Individualization and
optimization of drug dosing regimens.
2.Bio-availability & Bio-equivalence
Quality parameters of dosage forms. Assay methods & its
validation. Physicochemical properties of drugs & added
substances and its effect on preparations and
biological availability of dosage forms. Pharmaceutical
properties of dosage forms, disintegration, dissolution rate.
Biological, pharmacological effects of dosage forms. Factors
affecting Bioavailability, Determination of bioavailability.
Significance of bio-equivalence studies. Statistical analysis of
bioequivalence studies. Development, scale up & post approval
changes [SUPAC] & in vitro [dissolution] in vivo [plasma
concentration profile] correlation or IV/IV correlation (IVIVC).
Multi stage – Bioequivalence studies. Therapeutic equivalence.
Titration design for clinical rationales. New Drug Application
[NDA].
3.Bio- pharmaceutical statistics
Post Marketing Surveillance. Process Validation.

CLINICAL PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS

1. General Principles, preparation, maintenance, analysis of

observational records in clinical Pharmacy.
2. Clinical trials, type and phases of clinical trials, placebo,
ethical and regulatory issues including Good clinical practice in
clinical trials.
3. Therapeutic drug monitoring, adverse drug reaction (ADR),
types of ADR, Mechanism of ADR. Drug interaction,
Monitoring and reporting of ADR and its significance.
4. Drug information services, Drug interactions.
5. Drug interaction in pediatric and geriatric patients, drug
treatment during pregnancy, lactation and menstruation.
6. Pharmacovigilance, Therapeutic drug monitoring,
Neutraceuticals, essential drugs and rational drug usage.
7. Age-related drug therapy: concept of posology, drug therapy
for neonates, pediatrics and geriatrics. Drugs used in pregnancy
and lactation.
8. Drug therapy in gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular
and respiratory Disorders.
9. Drug therapy for neurological and psychological disorders.
10. Drug therapy in infections of respiratory system, urinary
system, infective meningitis, TB, HIV, malaria and filaria.
11. Drug therapy for thyroid and parathyroid disorders, diabetes
mellitus, menstrual cycle disorders, menopause and male sexual
dysfunction.
12. Drug therapy for malignant disorders like leukemia,
lymphoma and solid tumors.
13. Drug therapy for rheumatic, eye and skin disorders.

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

1. Cell physiology
Cell, Cell junctions, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, ion
channels, secondary messengers.
2. The Blood
Composition and functions of blood, RBC, WBC, platelets.
Homeostasis, blood groups, mechanism of clotting. Introduction
to disorders of the blood.
3. Gastrointestinal tract
Structure of the gastrointestinal tract, functions of its different
parts including those of liver, pancreas and gallbladder, various
gastrointestinal structures and their role in the digestion and
absorption of food.
4. Respiratory System
Structure of respiratory organs, functions of respiration
mechanism and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes
and vital capacity.
5. Autonomic nervous system
Physiology and functions of the autonomic nervous system.
Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission in ANS.
6. Sense organs
Structure and physiology of eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste
buds, nose (smell) and skin.
7. Skeletal System
Structure and function of the skeleton. Articulation and
movement. Disorders of bones and joints.
8. Central Nervous system
Functions of different parts of the brain and spinal cord.
Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system, reflex
action, electroencephalogram, specialized functions of the brain,
cranial nerves and their functions.
9. Urinary System
Various parts Structure and functions of the kidney and urinary
tract. Physiology of urine formation and acid-base balance. Brief
Introduction to disorders of the kidney.
10. Endocrine Glands
Basic anatomy and physiology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal glands and pancreas. Local hormones. A brief
introduction to disorders of various endocrine glands.
11. Reproductive System
Structure and functions of male and female reproductive system.
Sex hormones, physiology of menstrual cycle, and various
stages of pregnancy and parturition.
12. Cardiovascular system
Anatomy of heart and blood vessels, physiology of blood
circulation, cardiac cycle, conducting system of the heart, heart
sound, electrocardiogram, blood pressure and its regulation.
13. Lymphatic system
Composition, formation and circulation of lymph. Spleen and its
functions.

PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING

1. Fluid flow
Type of flow, Reynold’s number, viscosity, the concept of the
boundary layer, basic equation of fluid flow, the study of valves,
flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and
pressure including mathematical problems.
2. Heat transfer
Source of heat, mechanism of heat transfer, the laws of heat
transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of
requirement of the amount of steam/electrical energy, steam
pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heat
transfer, steam traps and reducing valve, lagging etc.
3. Evaporation
The basic concept of phase equilibrium, factors affecting
evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and
multiple effect evaporators, mathematical problems on
evaporation.
4. Distillation
Raoult’s law, phase diagram, volatility: simple steam and flash
distillation, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method
for calculations of a number of theoretical plates, azeotropic and
extractive distillation, mathematical problems on distillation.
5. Drying
Moisture content and mechanism of drying, the rate of drying
and time of drying calculations, classifications and types of
dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special
drying methods like freeze drying and lyophilization,
mathematical problems in drying.
6. Size reduction and size separation
Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size
reduction, laws governing in energy and power requirement of a
mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid
energy mill, micronizer, Quadro co-mil, multi mill etc.
7. Extraction
Theory of extraction, extraction methods, equipment for various
types of the extraction process.
8. Mixing
Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid
mixing equipment.
9. Crystallization
Characteristics of crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry,
habit, forms, size and factors affecting them. Solubility curves
and calculation curves and calculations of heat balance around
S Swanson’s Walker crystallizer , supersaturation theory and its
limitations, Nucleation mechanism, crystal growth, study of
various types of crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch,
Swanson’s Walker, single vacuums, circulating magma and
crystal crystallizers, cracking of crystals and its prevention.
Numerical problems on yields. Introduction to polymorphism.
10. Filtration and Centrifugation
Theory of filtrations, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters,
including filter press, rotary filter, edge filters, filter leaf and
laboratory filtration equipment etc., Factors affecting filtration,
mathematical problems on filtrations, optimum cleaning cycle in
batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal
filters and centrifugal sedimentars.
11. Dehumidification and humidity control
Basic concept and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation
temperatures, psychometric count and measurement of humidity,
application of humidity measurement in pharmacy,
equipment for humidification and dehumidification operations
12. Refrigeration and air conditioning
Principles and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning.
13. Material of constructions
General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, properties
and applications of the materials of construction with special
reference to stainless steel, glass, ferrous metals, cast
iron, non ferrous metals, copper and alloys, aluminum and
alloys, lead, tin, silver, nickel and alloys, chromium and non
metals, stone, slate, brick, asbestos, plastics, rubber, timber,
concrete. Corrosion and its prevention with reference to
commonly used material in pharmaceutical plants.
14. Automated process control systems
A process variable, temperature, pressure, flow level and
vacuum and their measurement. Elements of automatic process
control and introduction to automatic process control. Elements
of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
15. Industrial hazards & safety precautions
Mechanical, chemical, electrical, fire, dust, noise hazards,
Industrial dermatitis, accident, records, safety
requirements/equipment etc.

PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT

1. Introduction to management
Types of management. Basic concepts of management,
management process, function and principles. Levels of
management, pharmaceutical management art, science or
profession. Social responsibilities of management, functions of
management.
2. Planning and Forecasting
Planning: Nature, process and types of planning, steps in the
planning process, planning premises. Advantages and limitations
of planning. Management by objective, meaning,
objective features, advantages and limitations. Forecasting:
meaning, nature, importance, limitations. Techniques of
forecasting.
3. Organization
Definition, nature, theories, functions, line and staff organization
concepts.
4. Research Management
R & D organizations and research categories. Elements needed
for an R & D organization. Technology transfer.
5. Inventory Management
Objective and functions of inventory control. Types of
inventories. Requirements of effective inventory control.
6. Communication
Nature, types of communication, process, channels and barriers
of communication. Limitations of communications. Importance
in pharmaceutical industries.
7. Marketing Research
New product selection, product management, advertising.
8. Leadership and motivation
Leadership: meaning, nature, leadership styles. Theories of
leadership. Motivation: meaning, nature, importance. Theories
of motivation.
9. Human resource and development (HRD)
Definition, HRD methods, HRD process, HRD in Indian
industry.
10. GATT
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade and its impact on the
pharmaceutical industry. History of GATT, its impact on the
pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical market in
India.
11. World trade organization (WTO) and trade-related
intellectual property rights
(TRIPS)
Introduction to WTO. Types of intellectual property rights:
industrial property and copyrights Indian Patent Acts, 1970 with
the latest amendment. Definition, types of patents.
12. Standard institutions and regulatory authorities
1. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
2. International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
3. United States of Food and Drug Administration (USFDA).
4. Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).
5. International Conference on Harmonization (ICH).
6. World Health Organization (WHO).

PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE

1. Historical background Drug legislation in India, Code of

Ethics for Pharmacists.
2. The Pharmacy Act 1948 (inclusive of recent amendments).
3. Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, Rules 1945, including New
Drug applications.
4. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, and Rules
thereunder.
5. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements)
Act 1954.
6. Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955,
Rules 1976.
7. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 and Rules 1975.
8. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960.
9. Drug (Price Control) Order.
10. Shops and Establishment Act.
11. Factory Act.
12. Consumer Protection Act.
13. Indian Pharmaceutical Industry- An Overview.
14. Industrial Development and Regulation act 1951.
15. Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights and Indian
Patent Act 1970.
16. An Introduction to Standard Institutions and Regulatory
Authorities such as BIS,
ASTM, ISO, TGA, USFDA, MHRA, ICH, WHO.
17. Minimum Wages Act 1948.
18. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954 and Rules
DISPENSING & HOSPITAL PHARMACY

1. Introduction to laboratory equipment, weighing methodology,

handling of
prescriptions, labeling instructions for dispensed products.
2. Posological calculations involved in the calculation of dosage
for infants. Enlarging
and reducing formula, displacement value.
3. Preparations of formulations involving allegation, alcohol
dilution, isotonic solution.
4. Study of current patent and proprietary products, generic
products and
selected brand products, indications, contraindications, adverse
drug reactions,
available dosage forms and packing of
Antihypertensive drug
Antiamoebic drugs
Antihistaminic drugs
Antiemetic drugs
Antacids and ulcer healing drugs.
Antidiarrheals and laxatives
Respiratory drugs
Antibiotics
Analgesics and antipyretic drugs.
8. Compounding and dispensing of following prescriptions
Mixtures
Solutions
Emulsions
Lotions (External preparations)
Liniments (External preparations)
Powder
Granules
Suppositories
Ointments / Paste
Cream
Incompatibility: Prescription based on physical, chemical and
therapeutic
incompatibility. Tablets
Inhalations
9. Reading and counseling of prescriptions from the clinical
practice.
Designing from mock Pharmacy: Layout and structure of retail
Pharmacy, compounding, dispensing, storing, labeling, pricing,
recording and counseling of prescription.
Procurement of information for the given drug for drug
information services. Preparation of Hospital Formulary.

RECOMMENDED STANDARD REFERENCE BOOKS

FOR PHARMACEUTICS and related subjects:

1. Pharmaceutics: Drug Delivery and Targeting, By Yvonne
Perrie, Thomas Rades, Pharmaceutical Press, second edition.
2. Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Sciences, By Nita K.
Pandit.
3. Aulton’s Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture of
Medicines, edited by Michael E. Aulton, Kevin Taylor.
4. Remington: Essentials of Pharmaceutics, By Linda Ed Felton.
5. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery, Second
Edition, CRC Press,
Pharmacy Education Series, by Ram I. Mahato, Ajit S. Narang.
6. Essentials of Physical Pharmacy, by CVS Subramanyam,
Vallabh Prakashan.
7. Biopharmaceutics& Pharmacokinetics, D. M. Brahmankar.
8. Modern Pharmaceutics, Gilbert S. Banker and Christopher
Rhodes.
9. Essentials of Physical Chemistry, B.S.Bahl, G.D.Tuli, S.
Chand ltd. 2000.
10. Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Patrick J. Sinko, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011
11. Textbook of Pharmaceutics, E.A. Rawlins, Ballière, Tindall,
1977
12. Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Third
Edition
13. Martindale : The Complete Drug Reference: 36 th Ad.
14. Pharmaceutical Excipients
15. Developing Solid oral Dosage form: Pharmaceutical Theory
& Practice
16. Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulatio, Mark
Gibson
17. Foundation of Pharmacokinetics, Aldo Rescigno
18. Ansel,s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
System, Allen, LV
19. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Notari,
RE
20. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, Carter, SJ
21. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, John Wagner,
Drug Intelligence Publications, 1971.
22. Essentials of Physical Chemistry, B.S.Bahl, G.D.Tuli, S.
Chand ltd. 2000.
23. Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Patrick J. Sinko, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011
24. Textbook of Pharmaceutics, E.A. Rawlins, Ballière, Tindall,
1977

REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL

CHEMISTRY/MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY:
1. Organic Chemistry – Morrison & Boyd, 4th edn, 2011
Pearson, New Delhi.
2. Organic Chemistry – I.L. Finar, Vol- I and Vol-II.
3. Wilson and Giswolds Text Book of Organic, Medicinal &
Pharmaeutical Chemistry , 12th edn.Eds-J.M. Beale Jr, and J.H.
Block , Lippincott Williams and Wilkins , 2013
4. Foye’s Principle of medicinal Chemistry –Eds-Thomas
Lemke,D.A.Williams, , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New
Delhi.
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry, B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl, S
Chand and Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 1st Edition.
6. Stereochemistry Conformation and mechanism by P.S. Kalsi,
5th Edition, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Raj K Bansal, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Indian Pharmacopoeia all editions and volumes.
9. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Jerry March, Wiley, 1992.
10. Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Atherden, lm
11. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, 6 vol, Abraham, DJ
12. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 5 vols
set, Wolff, ME
13. Stereochemistry of organic compounds, Ernest Eliel, Wiley
India.
14. A guide book to Reaction mechanism in organic chemistry-
Peter Sykes
15. Reaction mechanism in organic chemistry- S M Mukherjee
and S P Singh,MacMilan
16. Drug Design. Edited by E.J. Ariens -Medicinal Chemistry; a
Series of Monographs,
V.11
17. Drug design –Dr.V.M.Kulkarni and Dr.K.G.Bothara
18. Photochemistry and Pericyclic reactions by J. Singh
19. Pericyclic reactions-Ian Fleming
20. Pericyclic reactions -W .Carrurther

REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL

ANALYSIS:
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia all editions and volumes
2. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis (Analytical
Chemistry) By. Dr. B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House,
Meerut. 18th Edition (1999) (Part – Spectroscopy)
3. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis (Analytical
Chemistry) By. Dr. B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House,
Meerut. 18th Edition (1999) (Part – Chromatography)
4. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis (Analytical
Chemistry) By. Dr. B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House,
Meerut. 18th Edition (1999) (Part – Analytical Chemistry
5. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS by H.H.
Willard, L.L. Merrit and J.A. Dean
6. Introduction to Spectroscopy-
D.L.Pavia,G.M.Lampman,G.S.Kriz
7. Principles of Instrumental analysis- Skoog, Holler, Crouch
8. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds-
Silverstein, R.M. and Webster, F.X., 6th ed., Wiley, New York,
1998
9. Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic
Compounds- John R. Dyer, Prentice-Hall,
10. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis- H.Kaur, Pragati
Prakashan.

REFERENCE BOOKS FOR HUMAN

ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY/
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,/PHARMACOLOGY:

1. RANG AND DALE’S Pharmacology, 7th Edition, M.M Dale,

J.M Ritter, R.J Flower, G.Henderson H.P, Rang
2. Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics, Laurence L. Brunton
3. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Bertram G. Katzung, Susan
B Masters, Anthony J Trevor
4. Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of
Drug Therapy, David E. Golan
5. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, Sean C.
Sweetman
6. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics
7. Color Atlas of Pharmacology, 3rd Edition, Heinz Lullmann,
Klaus Mohr, Lutz Hein, Detlef Bieger, Thieme, Stuttgart. New
York.
8. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 6th Edition,
Springhouse
publishers
9. Essential of Medical Pharmacology, KD Tripathi
10. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Gerard Tortora, 12th
edition
11. Ross & Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology, 12th edition,
Churchill Livingstone
12. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics –R.S.Satoskar,
S.D. Bhandarkar , Popular Prakashan, Mumbai
13. Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologic Approach, by Joseph
T. Dipirio, Robert L. Talbert, Gacy C. Yee, Gary R. Matzke,
Barbara G. Wells, L. Micael Possey
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PHARMACOGNOSY:
1. Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Thomas Edward Wallis, J & A
Churchill ltd., London 2. Pharmacognosy, Tyler, 8th edition, Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia
3. Pharmacognosy 42nd Edition (Sep 2008), C.K. Kokate, A.P.
Purohit, S.B. Gokhale (Nirali Prakashan)
4. Textbook of Pharmacognosy-Noel M Ferhuson
5. Textbook of Pharmacognosy-C.S.Shah and J.S.Qadry
6. Textbook of Pharmacognosy-H.W.Youngken
7. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-Dr.Biren
Shah
8. Textbook of Pharmacognosy-T.N.Vasudevan, Kirti Laddha
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR MARKETING

MANAGEMENT:
1. Marketing Management, Phillip Kotler, Prentice Hall, 2003
2. Pharmaceutical Marketing in India, Subba Rao Chaganti,
Excel Books Pvt. Ltd
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR BIOCHEMISTRY:
1. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry, David L. Nielson,
Macmillan Learning, 2012
2. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 28th edition, Robert
Murray, David Bender, Mcgraw-hill, 2009
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR MICROBIOLOGY:
1. Microbiology, Michael Pelczar, 5th edition, Tat McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd.