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15th Feb
SUNEET
Slides by ~ Nikhil Kanitkar
THUMBNAIL
Two electric bulbs P and Q have their resistances in the ratio of
1 :2. They are connected in series across a battery. Find the ratio
of the power dissipation in these bulbs.

2M (2019)
Answer

2 Marks (2019)
(a) Define the term ‘conductivity’ of a metallic wire. Write its SI
unit.
(b) Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the
expression for the conductivity of a wire in terms of number
density and relaxation time. Hence obtain the relation between
current density and the applied electric field E.

3M (2018)
Answer
a) Conductivity - It is the ratio of
current density (J) to electric field
strength (E). SI Unit is
Siemens/meter.

b) Expression for the conductivity

of a wire in terms of number
density and relaxation time

3 Marks (2018)
Answer
Relation between current density
and the applied electric field E

3 Marks (2018)
a) The potential difference applied across a given resistor is altered so
that the heat produced per second increases by a factor of 9 By what
factor does the applied potential difference change ?
(b) In the figure shown, an ammeter A and a resistor of 4 Ω are
connected to the terminals of the source. The emf of the source is 12
V having the internal resistance of 2Ω . Calculate the voltmeter and
ammeter readings.

3M (2017)
Answer
Answer
(i) Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons.
(ii) How does drift velocity of electrons in a metallic
conductor vary with increase in temperature ? Explain.

3M (2016)
Answer
Answer
Find the relation between drift velocity and relaxation time of
charge carriers in a conductor. A conductor of length L is
connected to a d.c. source of emf ‘E’. If the length of the
conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping ‘E’ constant,
explain how its drift velocity would be affected.
3M (2015)
Answer
Answer
Answer
For second part of the question, we know that the drift velocity is
inversely proportional to the distance of the conductor:

Therefore, the correct answer is when the length of the conductor

is tripled the drift velocity becomes one third.

The negative sign in drift velocity formula shows that the drift
velocity is in the opposite direction of the applied electric field.
Drift velocity of electrons is of the order of 10-4 ms-1
and the order of average relaxation time is 10-14 s.
Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a
copper wire of cross-sectional area 1.0×10-7 m2 carrying a
current of 1.5 A. Assume the density of conduction electrons
to be 9 x 1028 m-3.

2M (2014)
Answer
Explain the term ‘drift velocity’ of electrons in a conductor.
Hence obtain the expression for the current through a
conductor in terms of ‘drift velocity.

3M (2014)
The average velocity of all the free electrons in the Answer
conductor is called the drift velocity of free electrons
of the conductor. When a conductor is connected to a
source of emf an electric field is established in the
conductor, such that

E = V/L

When V= potential difference across the conductor

and L=length of the conductor
The electric field exerts an electrostatics force '−Ee'
on each free electron in the conductor
The acceleration of each electron is given by
Answer
Where, e=electric charge on the electron and
m=mass of electron
Acceleration and electric field are in opposite
directions, so the electrons attain a velocity in
addition to thermal velocity in the direction
opposite to that of electric field.
Where τ = relaxation time between two successive Answer
collision
Let n = number density of electrons in the
conductor
N0. of free electrons in the conductor =nAL
Total charge on the conductor , q = nALe
Time taken by this charge to cover the length L of
the conductor,
Answer
Define relaxation time of the free electrons drifting in a
conductor. How is it related to the drift velocity of free
electrons ? Use this relation to deduce the expression for
the electrical resistivity of the material.

3M (2012)
Answer
Relaxation time is the time gap between two
successive electron collisions in a conductor.

The relationship between the relaxation time (T) and

drift velocity (Vd) is given below.
Answer
Answer
(a) Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit
diagram, the method of measuring the internal resistance of a
cell.
(b) Give reason why a potentiometer is preferred over a
voltmeter for the measurement of emf of a cell.
3M (2019)
(a) The internal resistance of the Answer
primary cell; close the key K1. A
constant current flows through the
potentiometer wire.

Keeping K2 key open, move the

jockey along AB till it balances the
emf of the cell.

Now, let us consider the l1 be the

balancing length of the wire. If K is
the potential gradient, then emf of the
cell will be:

3 Marks (2019)
Introduce a resistance R and close Answer
key K2 . With the help of resistance
box R.B. select a resistance such that
l2 is the balancing length, then

Consider, r be the internal resistance

of cell and I be the current flows
through the cell.

3 Marks (2019)
Answer

3 Marks (2019)
Answer
(b) The voltmeter draws a small
current from the cell for its operation.
So, in closed circuit measures the
terminal potential difference which is
less than the emf of a cell. While
potentiometer draws no current from
the voltage source being measured

That's the reason, why A

potentiometer is preferred over a
voltmeter for measuring the emf of a
cell.

3 Marks (2019)
In the potentiometer circuit given below, calculate the balancing
length l. Give reason, whether the circuit will work, if the driver
cell of emf 5 V is replaced with a cell of 2 V, keeping all other
factors constant.

2M (2019)
Answer

2 Marks (2019)
Answer
If the driver cell of emf 5V is replaced
with a cell of 2V keeping all other
factors constant then potential drop
along AB is 0.2Volt.

Since the balance point can't be

obtained on the potentiometer if the
fall of potential along the
potentiometer wire is due to the
auxiliary battery is less than the emf
of the cell to be measured.

2 Marks (2019)
(a) State the working principle of a meter bridge used to
measure an unknown resistance.
(b)Give reason.
(i) why the connections between the resistors in a meter bridge
are made of thick copper strips.
(ii) why is it generally preferred to obtain the balance length
near the midpoint of the bridge wire.
3M (2019)
Answer

3 Marks (2019)
Answer
Meter bridge is the simplest practical application of the
Wheatstone bridge that's used to measure an unknown
resistance.
Principle of meter bridge:-

It's working is based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge.

Working of a meter bridge:-
On moving the jockey along the wire, the galvanometer
shows no deflection, that's said to be the balanced condition
of the Wheatstone bridge.
If P and Q are the resistance of parts AB and BC of the wire,
then for the balanced condition of the bridge, we have

P/Q = R/S

3 Marks (2019)
Answer

3 Marks (2019)
Answer

3 Marks (2019)
Answer

3 Marks (2019)
Calculate the potential difference across the 4 Ω resistor in the
given electrical circuit, using Kirchhoff’s rules.

2M (2019)
Answer

2 Marks (2019)
Answer

2 Marks (2019)
A10 V cell of negligible internal resistance is connected in
parallel across a battery of emf 200 V and internal resistance 38
Ohm as shown in the figure. Find the value of current in the
circuit.

2M (2018)
Answer

2 Marks (2018)
In a potentiometer arrangement for determining the emf of a
cell, the balance point of the cell in open circuit is 350 cm.
When a resistance of 9 Ohm is used in the external circuit of the
cell, the balance point shifts to 300 cm. Determine the internal
resistance of the cell.
2M (2018)
Answer

2 Marks (2018)
Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential difference
between the points A and D when no current flows in the arm
BE of the electric network shown in the figure.

2M (2015)
Answer
A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a
variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing variation of terminal
voltage ‘V’ of the cell versus the current I. Using the plot, show
how the emf of the cell and its internal resistance can be
determined.

2M (2014)
Answer

2 Marks (2019)
Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in
the figure so that the current in the circuit is 0.2 A. What would
be the potential difference between points B and E ?

3M (2012)
Answer
Draw a circuit diagram of a potentiometer. State its working
principle. Derive the necessary formula to describe how it is
used to compare the emfs of the two cells.

5M (2014)
(a) Principle : The basic principle of a potentiometer is that “when a constant
current flows through a wire of uniform cross-sectional area and composition,
the potential drop across any length of the wire is directly proportional to that
length. v ∝ l

Comparison of emf’s of two cells: First of all the ends of potentiometer are
connected to a battery B1,
key K and rheostat Rh such that the positive terminal of battery B, is connected
to end A of the wire. This completes the primary circuit.

Now the positive terminals of the cells C1 and C2 whose emfs are to be
compared are connected to A and the negative terminals to the jockey J
through a two-way key and a galvanometer (fig). This is the secondary circuit.
Method:
(i) By closing key K, a potential difference is established and rheostat is so
adjusted that when jockey J is made to touch at ends A and B of wire, the
deflection in galvanometer is on both sides. Suppose in this position the
potential gradient is k.
(ii) Now plug is inserted between the terminals 1 and 3. so that cell C 1 is included
in the secondary circuit and jockey J is slided on the wire at P 1 (say) to obtain the
null point. The distance of P1 from A is measured. Suppose this length is l1, i.e.
AP1 = l1

(iii) Now plug is taken off between the terminals 1 and 3 and inserted in between
the terminals 2 and 3 to bring cell C2 in the circuit. Jockey is slided on wire and
null deflection position P2 is noted. Suppose distance of P2 from A is l2 i.e. AP2 =
Z2 The emf of cell C2, e2 = kl2 … (ii)

Thus emf’s of cells may be compared. Out of these cells if one is standard cell,
then the emf of other cell may be calculated.
State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric network. Using Kirchhoff’s
rules, obtain the . balance condition in terms of the resistances
of four arms of Wheatstone bridge.

3M (2012)
(a) Kirchhoff’s Rules:
(i) Junction rule. At any junction of circuit elements, the algebraic sum of
currents entering the junction must be equal to the sum of currents leaving it. i.e.
ΣI = 0
(ii) Loop rule. The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop
involving resistors and cells in the loop is zero.

Derivation of balance condition from Kirchhoff’s laws :

Thus this equation relating to
the four resistors is called the
balance condition for the
galvanometer to give zero or
null deflection
With the help of the circuit diagram, explain the working
principle of meter bridge. How is it used to determine the
unknown resistance of a given wire? Write the necessary
precautions to minimize the error in the result.

5M (2016)
Metre Bridge is special case of Wheatstone Bridge
It is a device based on Wheatstone bridge to determine the unknown resistance
of a wire. Principle : Meter bridge is based on the principle of wheatstone bridge,
i.e. when bridge is balanced

Circuit : To find the unknown resistance S, the circuit is completed as shown in

figure. The unknown resistance wire of resistance S is connected across the gap
between points C and D and a resistance box (R) is connected across the gap
between the points A and D. A cell, a rheostat and a key (K) is connected between
the point A and C by means of connecting screws. In the experiment when the
sliding jockey touches the wire AC at any point, then the wire is divided into two
parts. These two parts AB and BC act as the resistances P and Q of the
Wheatstone bridge. In this way the resistances of arms AB, BC, AD and DC form
the resistances P, Q, R and S of Wheatstone bridge. Thus the circuit of meter
bridge is the same as that of Wheatstone bridge.
Method : To determine the unknown
resistance first of all key K is closed and
a resistance R is taken in the resistance
box in such a way that on pressing
jockey B at end points A and C, the
deflection in galvanometer is on both the
sides. Now jockey is slided on wire at
such a position that on pressing the
jockey on the wire at that point, there is
no deflection in the galvanometer G.
In this position the points B and D are at the same potential, therefore the bridge
is balanced. The point B is called the null point. The length of both parts AB and
BC of the wire are read on the scale. The condition of balance of Wheatstone
bridge is,
f r is the resistance per cm length of wire AC and l cm is the length of wire
AB, then length of wire BC will be (100 – l) cm

∴ P = resistance of wire AB = lr

Q = resistance of wire BC = (100 – l)r

Substituting these values in equation (i), we get

As the resistance (R) of wire (AB) is known, the resistance S may be

calculated.

A number of observations are taken for different resistances taken in

resistance box and S is calculated each time and the mean value of S is
found.
Precautions:
(i) In this experiment the resistance of the copper strips and connecting
screws have not been taken into account. These resistances are called
end-resistances. Therefore very small resistances cannot be found
accurately by metre bridge. The resistance S should not be very small.
(ii) The current should not flow in the metre bridge wire for a long time,
otherwise the wire will become hot and its resistance will be changed.
15th Feb
SUNEET