PHILARTS HALF 1ST GRADING REVIEWER famous for its beautiful and artistic

color combination, design, and high

WEAVING
quality. Hablon weaving is a very
FABRICS intricate and traditional method of
fabric production that can be traced
ABACA back to Miagao since the late 18th
• Abaca cloth is a fabric woven by century.
villagers in remote areas of the PINILIAN
southern island Mindanao of the
Philippines. The men of the village strip • The Ilocano of northwestern
the fibers from the inside of wild banana Philippines is well-known for their
trees. The women knot the individual handweaving, a tradition with ancient
threads together and tie dye them before roots, with the kapas or cotton as the
weaving them into the fabric. main material.

PINEAPPLE • Pinilian is an Abel Iloko

characterized by a sophisticated
• Unique to the Philippines, piña is an brocade weave. The cloth is made on
extraordinary textile made by weaving a pedal loom or pangablan (as called
the fibers of the leaves of the pineapple in Ilocano). Sticks are inserted on
plant. This light, airy fabric was perfectly chosen warp (lengthwise) threads to
suitable to the tropical climate. create designs or patterns that look as
COTTON if they are "floating" on the surface of
the fabric.
• Plain weave refers to many different types
of fabric with a similar weaving pattern. DAGMAY
Plain weave is the most common type of • “Dagmay” is a handwoven textile
weave, where the horizontal (weft) yarns made from abaca. Making it involves
alternately pass over and under the a mud-dyeing technique wherein tribe
vertical (warp) yarns to create strong, members soak their tannin-dyed yarns
hard-wearing fashion and furnishing into iron-rich mud for days. The
fabrics. Mandaya women in Davao Oriental
• A technique and a fabric, plain weave weave the fiber into intricate figures
fabric dates to ancient times. and patterns depicting their folklores
and beliefs.
BARK CLOTH
• Dagmay is made from abaca fiber and
• Barkcloth is a type of non-woven its colors are extracted from barks,
cloth produced by stripping, seeds, fruits, and other natural dyes.
soaking and beating lengths of the
inner bark from trees such as paper SCULPTURE AND OTHER FORMS OF
mulberry, ficus and elm VISUAL ARTS

HABLON What is Sculpture Artwork?

• Hablon, taken from the Hiligaynon • A sculpture is one of the main types of
word “Habol,” meaning “to weave,” both visual and fine art. It takes the
refers to both the process of making form of hard or plastic materials
the fabric and the end product. It is worked into three-dimensional objects.
traditionally made of locally-made Sculptures are traditionally reliefs or
fibers such as piña, abaca, and cotton. freestanding objects.
This hand-woven world-class textile is
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• However, contemporary artists may whereby material is systematically
also use sculpture as a part of eliminated from the outside in.
“experimental art,” where sculptures
• The act of using tools to shape
are part of environments or tableaux
something from a material by
that can envelop the spectator.
scrapping away portions of that
SCULPTING material.
• From the Latin word Sculpere, the MODELLING
word Sculpture literally means to
• Modeling, also spelled modelling, in
carve.
sculpture, working of plastic
• Sculptures are one of the oldest visual materials by hand to build up form.
art forms in existence and one of the Clay and wax are the most common
most publicly visible forms of artwork. modeling materials, and the artist's
hands are the main tools, though metal
• Sculptures are more than just beautiful and wood implements are often
objects; they help us learn about employed in shaping.
ancient civilizations and understand
history. • Is an additive process, as opposed to
carving, the other main sculptural
PHILIPPINE SCULPTURE
technique, in which portions of a hard
• Philippine Sculpture is the most substance are cut away to reveal form.
familiar art forms among Filipinos. CASTING
From the transitional carving of anitos
to the santos to Christ and down to • Is a manufacturing process in which a
saints, Filipinos find it rather not liquid material is usually poured into a
difficult as they are already familiar mold, which contains a hollow cavity of
with the ways of the wood. the desired shape, and then allowed to
solidify.
NAPOLEON ABUEVA
ASSEMBLING
• Abueva (1930-2018) was recognized
as the Father of Modern Philippine • Assemblage is a creative method of
Sculpture. His modernist approach sculpture incorporating everyday found
can be seen in his exploration of objects into a three-dimensional
various media such as molave, acacia, sculpture and can be used to create
langka, ipil, kamagong, palm, adobe, dramatic, humorous, satirical, and
cement, marble, bronze, iron, brass, emotional works of art.
among others.
Traditional sculpture materials were:
In contrast to painting, sculpture has three
- Metals - Wood
dimensions – height, width, and depth. It is
created by either: - Clay - Marble
- Carving - Casting Contemporary sculpture can use any material
the artist desires.
- Modelling - Assembling
- Plastic
CARVING
- Even found objects
• Carving involves cutting or chipping
away a shape from a mass of stone, GENERAL KINDS OF SCULPTURE
wood, or other hard material.
FREE-STANDING
Carving is a subtractive process
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• This is a kind of sculpture that can contemporary series of the okir: the
independently stand in space. It has a flat Sarimanok, the sari-mosque, the and
horizontal base. All its sides contribute to calligraphy sculptures sari-okir
the overall form of the sculpture.
ADVERTISING ART
RELIEF
• This refers to using paid space or time in
• This kind of sculpture does not have a flat any of the media to inform and influence
horizontal base. The form is projected the public. This is used to encourage the
from a flat surface. There are two types of public to patronize certain goods and
relief – low relief or bas-relief, and high services, or support policies or persons.
relief. The form of a low relief projects
- Animation
slightly from the flat surface, in contrast to
the high relief. - Photography
ASSEMBLAGE - Computer-generated graphics
• This sculpture is formed by putting - Neon signs
together materials such as found objects,
- Mascots
pieces of paper, sponges, wood scraps,
and other materials. - Total product improvement
KINETICS SCULPTURE - Total corporate promotion
• This is considered a sculpture in motion BAMBOO ART
because the entire sculpture or some
• This refers to works made of bamboo that
parts of the sculpture are moving with the
may be used for everyday purposes or for
wind or are vibrating with the surrounding
decorations or ornaments.
air. Mobile is said to be the simplest form
of kinetics sculpture.
WELDED SCULPTURE
• Creating these sculptures involves the
process of connecting sheets of metal
together by using acetylene or an electric
torch. Most sculptures of Eduardo Castillo BASKETRY
are welded sculptures.
• This refers to the art of creating containers
USE OF GLASS by weaving, plaiting, or braiding materials
• Ramon Orlina and Imelda Pilapil started into hollow three-dimensional shapes that
the use of glass in sculpture. Orlina used can be either be used for carrying, storing,
glass in table pieces, murals, and and trapping animals.
sculptures which are usually unified into a COSTUMES
framework. On the other hand, Pilapil
used glass planes with irregular shapes • These are garments, hairstyles, and
and linear patterns. accessories that are worn by individual
members or groups in a particular society.
SYMBOLIC SCULPTURE These may vary according to class, sex,
• A good example of symbolic sculpture is civil status, occupation, rank, and
the interpretation of Abdulmari Imao on personal taste of an individual.
Okir design, which is a Maranao design EMBROIDERY
tradition that is typically used in wood
carving. Imao produced four
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• This refers to the art of stitching • This process involves the use of gold and
ornaments on cloth by hand. silver in creating objects and ornaments.
TINSMITHING
• Tinsmithing can be easily seen in creating
jeepneys, kalesas, and cariton or ice-
FOOD ART
cream cart.
• This involves packaging and/or
MULTIMEDIA
presentation of food in an artistic way.
This is different from Western garnishing, CONCEPTUAL ART
which is adding decorative touches.
• In this type of multimedia, a visual artist
FURNITURE “ideates or sets up a situation, placing
philosophical value in the process itself,
• These are decorative and functional
while negating the importance of
objects which are typically found in a
craftmanship in arriving at a finished art
public or private dwelling or building.
object.”
These are also known as muebles or
kasangkapan. INSTALLATION ART
KOMIKS AND EDITORIAL CARTOON • In this type of multimedia, the artist puts
together the materials and objects in
• Komiks and Editorial cartoons involve
exhibition space to cast a new experience
illustrations of stories or events.
or idea.
PERFORMANCE ART
• In this type of multimedia, an artist
converts himself or herself into an art
object motion, and sound.
LEAF ART PAPER ART
• The leaf is used in religious rituals, food • This involves the processes of cutting,
wrapping, and even as a form of modern pasting, recycling, and/or constructing
artistic expression. This makes leaf art objects from paper. Paper art used to be
different from basketry. limited to folk paper art such as taka and
higante from Angono, Rizal. Parol,
MAT WEAVING
pastillas wrappings, and kites.
• This refers to the art of “plaiting strips of
PERSONAL ORNAMENTS
organic fibers into mats.” These mats,
locally known as banig, are cool light, and • Personal ornaments are objects worn on
portable compared to fixed beds. the human body which may either be
natural of handcrafted as jewelry.
METALCRAFT
Alhajas/alahas: superior material and
BRASS CASTING AND BLACKSMITHING artistry which belong to hispanized
tradition.
• This process involves casting and forging
brass or bronze. Tools, containers, PHOTOGRAPHY
weapons, and other items can be created
• The word Photography literally means
using this process.
'drawing with light', which derives from
GOLDSMITHING AND SILVERSMITHING the Greek photo, meaning light, and
graph, meaning to draw. Photography is
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the process of recording an image – a • This refers to a body adornment
photograph – on light-sensitive film or, in permanently engraved on the skin using a
the case of digital photography, via a sharp instrument and plant dyes or inks. A
digital electronic or magnetic memory. tattoo is worn for several reasons.
• Contemporary photographers can create TEXTILE WEAVING
photographic images using either an
• This refers to the process of creating cloth
analog camera or a digital camera.
by interweaving a series of parallel vertical
Contemporary in the art world refers to
threads with another series of horizontal
artworks created in the present time or
threads at right angles. Textiles may be
very recent past.
plain or decorated by dyes, embroidery,
POTTERY and applique.
• One of the oldest and most widespread #10 LA LAGUNA ESTIGIA
of the decorative arts, consisting of
• English Title: The River Styx
objects made of clay and hardened
with heat. The objects made are • Location: López Memorial Museum,
commonly useful ones, such as vessels Pasig, Philippines
for holding liquids or plates or bowls from
which food can be served. • Artist: Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo

EARTHENWARE OR TERRACOTTA • Year: 1887

• This type of pottery is made from clay and THE BIRD SELLER
is usually fired at 1,700-2,100° F • Artist: Vicente Manansala
STONEWARE
• Year: 1976
• This type of pottery is made from clay and GENESIS
feldspar. Stoneware is usually fired at
2,220-2,230° F • Artist: Hernando R. Ocampo

• Stoneware is dense pottery fired at high • 1968

temperatures to make it resistant to
LAS VIRGENES CRISTIANAS EXPUESTAS
liquids, or non-porous. It is made from
AL POPULACHO
clay, but is more durable than other kinds
of pottery and earthenware. Stoneware • English Title: The Christian Virgins
gets its name from its stone-like qualities Exposed to the Populace
PORCELAIN • Location: Central Bank of the
Philippines, Manila
• This type of pottery is made from kaolin, a
special type of clay that is extra fine and • Artist: Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
white, and feldspar. Porcelain is usually
fired at 2,220-2,230° F • Year: 1884

PRINTMAKING THE BLOOD COMPACT

• This refers to transferring images from a • Location: Presidential Museum and

firm surface, such as metal or wood, to a Library, Manila
pliable surface such as cloth or paper • Artist: Juan Luna
using pressure.
• Year: 1886
TATTOO ART
FRUIT GATHERER
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• Artist: Fernando Amorsolo Focuses on lines Focuses on colour
and shapes. and form.
• Year: 1950
Usually done on one Made with a
THE BUILDERS colour. multitude of colours.
Uses different
• Location: Cultural Center of the instruments like Use different
Philippines, Manila pencils, pen and ink, mediums like
• Artist: Victorio Edades wax colour pencils, watercolour, acrylic,
crayons, inked oil, fresco, and
• Year: 1928 brushes, and tempera.
MADONNA OF THE SLUMS charcoal.
FORMS OF PAINTING
• Location: National Museum of the
EASEL PAINTING
Philippines, Manila
• The easel painting is perhaps the most
• Artist: Vicente Manansala
common form of painting. As the name
• Year: 1950 implies, this involves applying color to a
board or canvas that is fixed on upright
PLANTING RICE
support called an easel. Easel paintings
• Location: Metropolitan Museum of are meant to be framed and hanged on a
Manila wall after creating them.

• Artist: Fernando Amorsolo MURALS

• Year: 1951 • A painting applied to and made integral

with the surface of a wall or ceiling.
SPOLIARIUM The term may properly include painting on
• Location: National Museum of Fine fired tiles but ordinarily does not refer to
Arts, Manila mosaic decoration unless the mosaic
forms part of the overall scheme of the
• Artist: Juan Luna painting.
• Year: 1884 TELON PAINTING
PAINTING • A telon is described as a backdrop or
background for the stage. These
• Painting refers to the process of applying
backdrops are used for komedya,
color to a flat surface. Forms can be
sarswela, and sinakulo which are popular
created using a wide variety of materials
forms of theater in the country. Telon is
such as watercolor, acrylic, ink, oil, pastel,
also used in preparations during carnivals,
and charcoal. Surfaces for painting
fiestas, and religious celebrations. The
include wood, canvas, cardboard, and
telon was later reduced as a backdrop in a
paper. Painting is considered two-
photography studio.
dimensional, meaning it only has height
and width. JEEPNEY AND CALESA PAINTING
DRAWING PAINTING • The calesa is typically painted using one
Drawing is the art of color: The borders of the calesa are
Painting is the
representing an decorated with geometric patterns,
practice of applying
object or outlining a repetitive patterns, and/or thin lines.
colour to a solid
figure, plan, or
sketch by means of
surface such as a • Jeepney painting evolved from calesa
paper or canvas. painting. In a typical jeepney, a logo,
lines.
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number, or painting is covered near the portrays the physical characteristics of the
driver’s seat, as well as near the seats subject and seeks to show an
adjacent to it. Typical subject matter of understanding of that person’s character.
jeepney painting ranges from landscapes
NUDES
to scenes from comic books.
• These are paintings that portray the
COLLAGE
unclothed human figure. Nowadays, a
• This refers to a form of painting that wide variety of materials and styles can be
involves combining images in a single used in painting nudes. Nude painting
artwork. This entails cutting and pasting sessions are conducted in galleries.
materials such as paper, fabric, tin oil, and
other relatively flat materials onto a board
or canvas. RELIGIOUS PAINTING
THEMES OF PAINTING • Common subjects of religious painting
include a lone religious image, lives of the
GENRE PAINTING
saints, and scenes based on the
• Genre painting portrays people in daily Scriptures like Nativity scene, and the
activities. Subjects include painting and Stations of the Cross.
harvesting rice, a young woman singing in
STILL LIFE
front of guests, barong-barong, vendors,
and fiestas. During the contemporary • This refers to a painting that depicts
period, genre painting took several natural or manmade objects that form a
directions. One of these new approaches composition in a natural setting. There are
is the folk genre, which mainly focuses on still modern artists who did still life
the everyday activities of the folk. paintings, such as Ang Kiukok, Frederico
Aguilar Alcuaz, and Manuel Beldamor.
HISTORICAL PAINTING
Each artists uses his own style in
• The historical painting depicts a scene portraying still life.
from the past. It often has a lesson
PHILIPPINE FILM
concerning national values.
ELEMENTS OF FILM
INTERIORS
• Time
• This refers to the painting of the space
inside of a part of a house or a building. • Physical time
This usually reveals the social class of the
family living in that particular house, as • Psychological time
well as the traits of the people living in it. • Dramatic time
LANDSCAPES • Scale
• This painting portrays natural scenery or • Shooting angle
urban scenes. Mixed media is now used
in creating landscape paintings. Closely • Lighting
related to landscapes are seascapes,
• Sound
which focus on large bodies of water;
particularly the ocean or the sea. • Space
PORTRAITS OVERVIEW
• This refers to a painting portraying one or • Cinema is a 20th century form of art. A
more specific individuals. This usually relatively modern art, it borrows from other
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like music, drama, literature, and is PSYCHOLOGICAL TIME
entirely dependent on technological
• This refers to the impression of the viewer
developments such as photography,
on how long does it take for a certain
sound system, lighting system, etc.
action to take place and how he or she
HISTORY OF CINEMATOGRAPHY feels when watching that particular action.
• The cinema of the Philippines (Filipino: DRAMATIC TIME
Pelikulang Pilipino or Sine Pilipino) began
• This signifies the timeline of events
with the introduction of the first moving
portrayed in the film.
pictures to the country on August 31,
1897, at the Salón de Pertierra in Manila. SPACE
• In the same year, the Lumiere • Just like a painting or photograph, a film,
Cinematograph was first introduced in the when projected on the screen has two
Philippines by a Spanish soldier named dimensions. However, the viewer is able
Antonio Ramos. to perceive space because of the
following aspects of the space:
What is Cinema?
- Scale
• It does not carry pigments on surface
since the subjects are viewed in a certain - Shooting angle
limited space. This art form is governed by
drama, but unlike theatre, it is not - Lighting
presented in live medium although it is SCALE
being experienced by live audience.
• This aspect indicates the size of the
FILM objects on the screen and how these
• A film, also called a movie or a motion objects relate to the area surrounding
picture, is a series of still photographs them. It may also involve where the
on film projected onto a screen using camera is positioned in taking the shot.
light in rapid succession. The optical SHOOTING ANGLE
phenomenon known as persistence of
vision gives the illusion of actual, smooth, • This denotes the location or angle from
and continuous movement. where the camera records the scene.
Shots may be taken with a camera
TIME directed vertically downwards, vertically
• This is considered the most significant upwards, or horizontally. Each position or
element of cinema. It has three aspects angle will have a different effect on the
scene that is being recorded.
LIGHTING
• The position of lights can affect how the
illusion of depth is created in the film. The
relationship between light and dark on the
object can give that illusion of depth to the
PHYSICAL TIME
object.
• This refers to time for an action to take
• BACK LIGHT – going from the back
place as it is being filmed and projected
on the screen. This can be altered through • FRONT LIGHT – to make emphasis
accelerated motion, slow motion, stopped • SIDE LIGHT – to give out shadows
motion, and reverse motion. SOUND

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• Aside from dialogue, sound also includes • Period
background music, theme melodies, and
ACTION/AKSYON
silence.
• This American-influenced type of film
TECHNIQUES OF CINEMA
mainly uses physical conflict as emphasis.
• Cutting or Editing There are two types of action films:
• Camera Movement • The first one is based on real-life stories
or actual experiences of real persons. An
• Framing
example of this is Nardong Putik (1972).
CUTTING OR EDITING
• The other type of action films, which is
• This involves joining one shot with centered on purely fictional events, may
another, making sure that these two shots be based from the tradition of metrical
are logically connected. This helps in romance or of the literary komedya, or
ensuring that only the scenes that are with contemporary issues.
required in the story will be shown.
ANIMATION
Transitions are used for emphasis or for
smooth changing of one shot to another, • Animation is a film that involves creating
such as dissolve, fade, and turn-over. illustrations or inanimate images and
bringing them to life. Single-frame
CAMERA MOVEMENT
photography was used to capture images
• This is done in order to have a smoother of a series of arranged drawings. These
change of view, to help in the gradual shots are then run in the movie projector
growth of emotions, or to stimulate a on 10 or 24 frames per second. There are
familiar experience. three types of animation: drawn
animation, cut-out animation, and model
FRAMING or live animation.
• This helps in bringing balance to the film • Drawn animation involves the use of
as it is viewed. Framing can also get the drawings for a certain image. In this type
attention of the audience and sustain the of animation, a single movement requires
attention. creating another image on a separate
FORMS AND TYPES OF FILMS sheet of celluloid (cel) or acetate sheet.
Acrylic colors are used in creating
• Action/Aksyon drawings on cel or acetate.
• Animation • On the other hand, cut-out animation, as
• Bomba the name implies, involves cutting out
images from photos, cardboard, or other
• Dokyu flat materials. A collage is formed out of
these materials. This process is simpler,
• Drama
relatively cheaper and does not take too
• Experimental much time. However, this is not popular
among filmmakers because the final
• Fantasy output does not have the smooth flow of
• Historical movement compared to that in drawn
animation.
• Horror
• Lastly, model or live animation involves
• Komedi/Comedy moving three-dimensional objects made
from sand, clay, wire, or other solid
• Musical
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objects. These movements are recorded events and places that are recreated in
by the camera. the film.
BOMBA HORROR
• Bomba, a film that primarily depicts nudity • A horror film is shown to bring fear to the
and sex, became popular from 1970’s. audience. It includes supernatural beings
Known as “bold,’’ and “ST,’’ bomba is like ghosts, goblins, vampires, and
different from X-rated films. imaginary monsters to the story. This
genre is very appealing to most Filipinos,
DOKYU
and it may be attributed to the fondness of
• The dokyu is a motion picture that the Filipino for the supernatural and
narrates or discusses news events. It may unknown.
also explain other subject matter based on
KOMEDI
facts. The director may add fiction to the
subject matter. There are five types of the • The aim of this film is to induce laughter in
dokyu: the audience. There are two types of
komedi:
• film journalism, general-interest film,
nature documentaries, committed • The romantic comedy
documentaries, and cinema direct.
• The slaptik comedy
DRAMA
• This refers to a motion picture that dwells
on personal problems and conflicts.
Drama draws sentiments and emotion. It
is typically meant to be tearjerker.
EXPERIMENTAL
• This type of film attempts to create
something radically innovative or
something is never done before with the
camera. It also explores the hidden
potentials of films.
FANTASY
• Fantasy films often have an element of
magic, myth, wonder, escapism, and the
extraordinary. They may appeal to both
children and adults, depending upon the
particular film. In fantasy films, the hero
often undergoes some kind of mystical
experience, and must ask for aid from
powerful, superhuman forces on the
outside.
HISTORICAL
• This type of film shows actual events that
occurred in the past. It may depict real
stories of famous persons, or historical

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