MR. JOHN DERECK A.

DELOS REYES, LPT

The 21st century is the
current century of the Anno
Domini era or Common Era, in
accordance with the Gregorian
calendar. It began on January 1,
2001 and will end on December
31, 2100. It is the first century
of the 3rd millennium.
1. CREATIVE
NONFICTION
It is a rich mix of flavors, ideas,
and techniques, some of which
are newly invented and others
as old as writing itself. Creative
nonfiction can be an essay, a
journal article, a research
paper, a memoir, or a poem; it
can be personal or not.
Next Stop the Moon, a personal creative
nonfiction
EXAMPLE:

Compiled by Michael R. Burch for the

sympathy for the victims of Bagyong
Yolanda For more infos. Click the
link ➡
http://www.thehypertexts.com/Philip
pines%20Typhoon%20Haiyan…
A literary work originally written
on a cellular phone via text
messaging. Chapters usually
consist of about 70-100 words
each due tocharacter limitations
on cell phones.
An example of mobile phone
texttula (poetic)
It consists of heroin-centered
narratives that focus on the trials and
tribulations of their individual
protagonists. It often addresses issues
of modern womanhood – from
romantic relationships to female
friendships to matters in the
workplace – in humorous and
lighthearted ways.
EXAMPLE
a type of story that deals with
observations of the human
condition but offers the
experience through a different
lens…and challenges us to see
what tomorrow could be like or
what the mythic past of our
imagination actually is.
EXAMPLES:

● Mars; The Future Sub-

earth

● Outside Origin
Flash fiction goes by many names,
including microfiction, microstories,short-
shorts, short short stories, very short
stories, sudden fiction, postcard fiction
and nanofiction. While it can be difficult to
pinpoint an exact definition of flash fiction
based on word count, consideration of
several of its features can help provide
clarity, like its brevity, length, background
and purpose.
EXAMPLE
A blog is an online journal or
informational websitedisplaying
information in the reverse
chronological order, with latest
posts appearing first. It is a
platform where a writer or even
a group of writers share their
views on an individualsubject.
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
Types of Manga
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLES
THANK YOU !!!
21st
Century
Literature
MR. JOHN DERECK A. DELOS REYES, LPT
What
is
Literature
?
Literature

• Is a body of written works.

• Originated from oral traditions.
• Are imaginative works.
• Deals with stories and poetry.
• The content depends on the author.

Three Points of Literature

• Literature portrays human experience.

• Authors interpret these human
experiences.
• It is an art form and a style of
The
Three
Literary
Periods
BC-1564
The
Pre-Colonial
Period
The Pre-Colonial
Period
• This existed before the Spanish
occupation in the 1500s.
• It is oral in nature and is full of lessons
and ideas about life, its blessings, and
its consequences.
• It contains ideas from birth to the grave.
• The oral characteristic of pre-colonial literature gives the
possibility for many alterations.
• In the Philippinecontext, no matter how it may be considered
as altered, pre-colonial literature is still revered to by many
Filipinos.
• The sources are usually the local native town folk.
Form
s
1. Oral 2. Folk Songs
Literature a. Lullabies
a. Riddles b. Drinking
b. Proverb Songs
s c.Love Songs
d. Songs of
3. Folk Tales Death
a. Myths e. Religious
b. Legen Songs
ds
c.Fables
d. Epics
Riddles (Mga Bugtong)

• These are statements that contain

superficial words, but they function
figuratively and as metaphors, and are
in the form of questions.
• These are questions that demand
deeper answers.
• Deals with everyday life.
• It usually has mundane things as
answers.
• This is used in the past as a form of
game in small or large gatherings.
Example
s:
Bisaya

Baboy sa lasang, (A wild pig of the forest,)

Ang tunok puro lansang. (Is covered with
spikes.)

Answer: Nangka (Jackfruit)

Merana Chabaca
w no
Sominub lawiyan, (It Tagia que tagia, (You keep on slashing it,)
dived,) Mbowat lawitan. Hende ta penetra. (But it does not
(It rose.) penetrate)
Answer: Ragum Answer: Agua
Proverbs (Mga Salawikain)

• These are statements that are

considered as wise.
• These are usually given by parents or
elders of the community.
• There is belief that experienceis the
best teacher.
Example
s:
Mandaya on Viriginity

Yang ataog aw madugdug, (An egg once

broken,) Di da mamauli. (Will never be the
same.)

Tausug on Secret Affairs Ilocano on

Guilt
In lasa iban uba, (Love and Ti agutak, (He who
cough,) Di hikatapuk. (Cannot cackles Isut nagitlog.
be hidden.) (Laid the egg.)
Folk Songs

• These are folk lyrics that are

usually chanted.
• These usually contain ideas
aspirations, hopes, everyday life on
and
expressions of love for loved ones.
• It is bounded by the learning of good
morals.
• It is easy to undestand because it is
straightforward and not figurative in
nature.
Forms

• Lullabies- these is locally known as the

Hele. These are sung to put to sleep
babies. The content varies, but usually,
parents sing these with ideas on how
hard life
they is and
hope howtheir child will not
that
experience the hardships of life.
• Drinking Songs- these are locally known as
Tagay and are sung during drinking sessions.
• Love Songs- to many Filipinos,
these are known as the Harana. It
can also be called Courtship Songs
and are used by young men to
capture the heart of the girl that they
love.
• Religious Songs- are songs or chants that are usually
given during exorcisms and thanksgiving during good
harvest.
• Songs of Death- are lamentations that contain the roll
of good deeds that the dead has usually done to
immortaliz his or her good image.
Example
s:
Lullabi
es

Ilocano
Maturog, duduayya Go to sleep, dear little
Maturog kad tay one Will my child
bunga, Tay lalaki nga please sleep, This
napigsa strong boy
Ta inton dumakkel tay So when the child grows
bunga, Isunto aya tay big He will obey
mammati Everything that we say.
Tay amon a ibaga me.
Folk Tales (Mga Kwentong Bayan)

• These are stories of native Filipinos.

• These deal with the power of nature-
personified, their submission to a
deity- usually Bathala- and how this
deity is responsible for the blessings
and calamities.
• Thes also tackle about irresponsibility, lust,
e
deception, stupidity,
and fallibility that eventually leads to the
instilling of good morals.
Usual
Themes:
• Ceremoni needed to appease
es deities. the
• Pre and Post
apocalypse
• Life and Death
• Gods and Goddesses
• Heroes and Heroines
• Supernatural beings
• Animals
Forms

• Myths- these tackle the natural to

strange occurences of the earth and how
things were created with an aim to give
an explanation to things.

-There is Bathala for the Tagalogs and

the Gueurang for the Bikolanos.
- Paradise is known as Maca, while
Hell is Kasanaaan
• Legends through legend the native
- mysterie s, them s
uderstoo
stories s come aroun
usually .
with a moral Thes
lesson
d
that d
give credit to supernatural e
powers,
supernatural occurences, and other out-
of- this-world native imagination.
• Fables- are short or brief stories that cater the children of the
native
Filipinos and are usually bounded by good manners and right
conduct. These stories use animals as characters that
represent a particular value or characteristic.
• Epics- are very lengthy narratives that are based on oral
traditions. These contain encounters of fighters, stereotypical
princes or heroes that save a damsel in distress.
Example
s:
Myth The Story of Bathala
s Ang Pag-aaway ng Dagat at
Langit
Legen The Legend of Maria
ds Makiling The Legend of the
Sampaguita
Fable Ang Kuneho at and
s Pagong Si Juan Tamad

Epic Hinilawo
s d
1521-1898
The
SPANISH
Period
The Spanish Period

• The start of the Philippine's more colorful

history took place in March 6, 1521 when
Ferdinand Magellan docked on the shores of
Homonhon.
• The Filipinos were then called “Ladinos”,
meaning they were latinized.
• Filipinos were called two things. One is the “Taga-Bayan”, while the
other is the “Taga-bukid” or “Taga-bundok”.
• A person who is a Taga-bayan is considered urbane and civilized and
were in easy range of the church and state.
• A person who is a Taga-bundok or Taga-bukid is called a Bruto Salvage
(Savage Brute) or Indio and were the ones who lived far from the center
of the Spanish power.
Form
s
1. Religious 2. Secular or
Literature Non-Religious
Literature
a. Pasyon a. Awit
b. Senakul b. Korido
o c.Prose
c.Komedy Narratives
a
3. Propaganda 4. Revolutionary
Literature Literature
Religious
Literature
• Revolves around the life and the
death of Jesus Christ.
Forms of Religious Literature:

Pasyon- it is about the passion (journey and suffering) and the death of
Jesus Christ.

Senakulo- it is the re-enctment of the Pasyon.

Komedya- it depicts the European society through love and fame, but
can also be a narrative about a journey, just like Dante Alighieri's Divine
Comedy. It is also considered religous, because it usually depicts the
battle between the Christians and the Saracens or the Moros.
Secular or Non- Religious Literature

• Revolves around tales of valiance and adventure.

Forms of Secular or Non-Religious Literature:

Awit- these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess.

Florante at Laura is a good example.

Korido- is a metrical tale or a tale that follows the struture of a poem.

Prose Narratives- are easy to understand instructional materials that in a

literary light that teaches Filipinos on proper decorum. Pagsusulatan ng
Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Feliza (1864) is a good example.
Propaganda
Literature
• These were in the forms of satires, editorials,
and news articles that aimed to attack the
Spanish Rule.
• The propaganda trinity is composed of Dr. Jose
Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graciano
Lopez
ExaJmaepnleas.:

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Ang Fray Botod- One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years
after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed
how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral.
LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the
Friar)and
EVERYTING
Here Jaena IS theHAMBUG (Everything
tragedy of marrying
is mere
explains show)-
a
Spaniard.
Marcelo H. Del
KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful)- a humorous and sarcastic dig in answer
Pilar
to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona
in 1888. He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.

DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes)- similar to a cathecism

but sarcastically done agains the parish priests, published in Barcelona
in 1888. Because of this, del Pilar was called “filibuster.” Done in
admirable tone of supplication and excellent use of Tagalog.
ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s Goodness)-
published in Barcelona, it was also like a
cathecism sarcastically aimed against the parish
priests but also contains a philosophy of the
power and intelligence of God and an
appreciation for and love for nature.
Dr. Jose Rizal

NOLI ME TANGERE- his was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda
movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. In this
book, he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government
in the Philippines.
Revolutionary Literature

• are exposes that sparked revolution and

resistance in the hearts of Filipinos.
Examples:

Andres Bonifacio

Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of our

Countrymen)
– an outline of obligations just like the Ten Commandments, hence, it is
likewise called Ang Dekalogo.

AngDapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs

should Know) – an essay outlining the basic tenets
of Bonifacio’s ideas on nationalism.
Examples:

Emilio Jacinto

Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness) – a

collection of essays on different subjects like
freedom, work, faith, government and love of
country.

Apolinario Mabini

El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica Filipina (The Rise and Fall of the

Philippine Republic) – this essay highlights the establishment of the
Philippine republic and its subsequent doom due to disunity among the
Filipinos
Examples:

Dr. Jose Rizal

El Filibusterismo– This is a sequel to the NOLI. While the

NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the
government and in the church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the
novel of society while that of FILI is that of politics.
Publications

El Heraldo de la Revolucion (Herald of the Revolution)

– printed the decrees of the Revolutionary
Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism.
This is the Official Newspaper of the Revolutionary
Government of Aguinaldo.

La Independencia (Independence) – an
independent newspaper founded and edited
by General Antonio Luna.

La Republica Filipina (The Philippine Republic) – a private newspaper

edited by Pedro Paterno.

La Libertad (Liberty) – another private newspaper edited by Clemente

1900-1942
The
AMERICAN
Period
The American Period

• The Philippines had a great leap in Education

and Culture.
• The use of English alongside Filipino was practiced.
• The Philippines Public School system was
introduced.
• Free public instruction was given to the Filipinos.
• The literature during the American period was considered as imitative of
American model. Instead of asking the students to write originals,
students ended up following the form of American poets.
Form
s
1.Poetry- poetry under the American rule still
followed the style of the old, but had contents that
ranged from free writing to societal concerns
under the Americans.

2.Drama- was usually used in the American period to degrade the Spanish
rule and to immortalize the heroism of the men who fought under the
Katipunan.

3.Remake Novels- took up Dr. Jose Rizal's portrayal of

social conditions by colonial repression.
Poetr
y
Jose Corazon de Jesus (1832-1896) popularly
known as “Batute,” created his own generation
with his first book of poems.

Mga Gintong Dahon (1920)- were poems pre- with such

non-lover’s
occupied themes as passion-slaying, grief-induced, insanity, and
traditional
suicide.

Sa Dakong Silangan (1928)- returned to the awit form, retelling the

history of Philippines under Spain, the coming of the U.S under the guise
of friendship to take over from Spain
Dram
a
Severino Reyes (1861-1942) – spearheaded a
movement to supplant the komedya with a new
type of
drama, the sarsuwela, a Filipino adaptation of the Spanish zarzuela.

Examples:

Walang Sugat (1902)- is a sarsuwela (drama in the form singing) drawn

from the period of Revolution, depicting the cruelty and corruption of
friars and the heroism of the soldiers of the Katipunan.
Other successful sarsuwelas:

Hindi Aco Patay (1903) by Juan Matapang Cruz

Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (1903) by Aurelio

Tolentino- is an allegorical presentation of the history of
the nationalist struggle and how the U,S. frustrated the
Philippine revolution.

Tanikalang Guinto (1902) by Juan Abad

(1872-1932)- is about Liwanag and K’Ulayaw,
lovers who stand for freedom and the Filipino.
Remake
Novels
Gabriel Beato Francisco (1850-1935)- is best
known for his trilogy of Fulgencia Galbillo
(1907), Capitan
Bensio (1907), Alfaro (1909), depicting the 30 years of
colonial repression by the Spanish rule.

Inigo Ed. Regalado (1888-1976)- Madaling Araw (1909) was his first
novel showing the complex interrelations of issues and people in
contemporary Philippine society.

Juan Lauro Arsciwals (1889-1928)- Lalaking Uliran o Tulisan (1914),

allusion to the colonial law that branded Filipino patriots as bandits.
1941-1945
The
JAPANESE
Period
1946- 1985
The
REPUBLIC
The Japanese Period and the Republic

• The Philippine literature came into a halt.

• The use of the English language was
forbidden, and the use of the Filipino language
was mandated under the Japanese rule.
• For some this was a problem, but to most
writers, it was a blessing in disguise.
• Almost all news papers were stopped except
for some.
• Filipino literature was given a break during this
period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories,
etc. Topics and themes were often about life in
the provinces.
Form
s
1. Poetry

2. Fiction

3. Drama

4. Newspape
rs

5. Essays
Dram
a
The drama experienced a lull during the
Japanese period because movie houses
showing
American films were closed. The big movie houses
were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays
were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog..

Newspapers

Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers
felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into
their consciousness. While some continued to write, the majority waited
for a better climate to publish their works.
Poetry

The common theme of most poems during

the Japanese occupation was nationalism,
country,
love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.

Fiction

The field of the short story widened during the Japanese

Occupation. Many wrote short stories.
Essays

Essays were composed to gorify the Filipinos

and at the same time to figuratively attack the
Japanese.
LITERATURE
OF
THE PHILIPPINES
TODAY
21st Century
Literature
In the 21st centruy Philippines, there are a lot of
literary innovations that are adapted and created
by Filipinos. Nowadays, even those who do not
have any
significant literary background make their own way using the
freedom that they have to write and to express.

There are a lot of new froms from the basic genres of literature;
thus, proving how far the literature in the Philippines has gone
and how far it will go on from here.
FIN
PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
THE CONTEMPORARY
PERIOD
MR. JOHN DERECK A. DELOS REYES, LPT
THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)
• The Americans returned in 1945.
Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who
fled to the mountain joined the
liberating American Army.
• On July 4, 1946, the Philippines
regained is freedom and the Filipino
flag waved joyously alone. The
chains were broken.
THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING
THIS PERIOD
• The early post-liberation period was
marked by a kind of “struggle of mind
and spirit” posed by the sudden
emancipation from the enemy, and the
wild desire to see print.
• 1. HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) –a collection of poems by Manuel
Viray
• 2. PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION (1950) –a collection of prose and
poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros
• 3. PROSE AND POEMS (1952) –by Nick Joaquin
• 4. PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) –by T.D. Agcaoili
• 5. PHILIPPINE HAVEST –by Amador Daguio
• 6. HORIZONS LEAST (1967) –a collection of works by the professors
of UE, mostly in English (short stories, essays, research papers, poem
and drama) by Artemio Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar
The themes of most poems dealt with the usual love of nature, and of
social and political
problems. Toribia Maño’s poems showed deep emotional intensity.
• 7. WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN HIS SLEEP –by NVM Gonzales
• 8. SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO –by Conrado V. Pedroche
• 9. Other poets were Toribia Maño and Edith L. Tiempo, Jose Garcia Villa’s
HAVE COME,
AM HERE won acclaim both here and abroad
THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING
THIS PERIOD
• Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived
during this period. Most themes in the
writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the
poverty of life under the Japanese
government and the brave guerilla exploits.
PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
• Many young people became activists to
ask for changes in the government. In
the expression of this desire for
change, keen were the writings of
some youth who were fired with
nationalism in order to emphasize the
importance of their petitions.
THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
• The youth became completely
rebellious during this period. This was
proven not only in the bloody
demonstrations and in the sidewalk
expressions but also in literature.
Campus newspapers showed
rebellious emotions. The once
aristocratic writers developed
awareness for society. They held pens
and wrote on placards in red paint the
equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To
dare!).
WRITING DURING THE PERIOD OF
ACTIVISM
• The irreverence for the poor reached
its peak during this period of the
mass revolution. It was also during
this period that Bomba films that
discredit our ways as Filipinos
started to come out.
PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITERATURE IN
ENGLISH
• Established in 1950, the Palanca
Memorial Awards for Literature had been
giving cash prizes for short story, poetry
and one-act play writing as an incentive
to Filipino writers. The prizes come from
La Tondena, Inc., the firm founded by the
late Carlos Palanca Sr.
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)
• The period of the New Society started on
September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca
Awards continued to give annual awards.
• Almost all themes in most writings dealt with
the development or progress of the country –
like the Green Revolution, family planning,
proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction
and pollution. The New Society tried to stop
pornography or those writings giving bad
influences on the morals of the people. All
school newspapers were temporarily stopped
and so with school organizations.
FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE PERIOD
OF THE NEW SOCIETY
• Themes of most poems dealt with
patience, regard for native culture,
customs and the beauties of nature and
surroundings.
THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY
• The government led in reviving old plays
and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela,
Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the
Muslims which were presented in the
rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk
Arts Theater and the Cultural Center of
the Philippines.
RADIO AND TELEVISION

• Radio continued to be patronized

during this period. The play series
like SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND
PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY
were the forms of recreation of
those without television
FILIPINO FILMS
• A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly
Filipino Film Festival) was held during this time.
During the festival which lasted usually for a
month, only Filipino films were shown in all
theaters in Metro Manila.

1.MAYNILA…SA MGA KUKO NG LIWANAG written by Edgardo

Reyes and filmed under the direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol Roco
was the lead role.
2.MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO; Nora Aunor was the principal
performer here.
3.GANITO KAMI NOO…PAANO KAYO NGAYON: led by
Christopher de Leon and
Gloria Diaz.
4.INSIANG: by Hilda Koronel
5.AGUILA: led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan and Christopher de
Leon
COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER
PUBLICATIONS
• During this period of the New
Society, newspapers donned new
forms. News on economic progress,
discipline, culture, tourism and the
like were favored more than the
sensationalized reporting of killings,
rape and robberies.
OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATUE DURING
THE NEW SOCIETY
• Bilingual education which was initiated by
the Board of National Education as early
as 1958 and continued up to the period
of Martial Rule in September 21, 1972,
resulted in the deterioration of English in
the different levels of education. The
focus of education and culture was on
problems of national identity, on re-
orientation, renewed vigor and a firm
resolves to carry out plans and
programs.
PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC
(1981-1985)
• After ten years of military rule and
some changes in the life of the Filipino
which started under the New Society,
Martial Rule was at last lifted on
January 2, 1981.
FILIPINO POETRY

• Poems during this period of the Third

Republic were romantic and
revolutionary. Writers wrote openly
of their criticism against the
government. The supplications of the
people were coached in fiery,
colorful, violent, profane and
insulting language.
FILIPINO SONGS
• Many Filipino songs dealt with themes
that were really true-to-life like those of
grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom,
love of God, of country and of
fellowmen.
PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE PERIOD
• The yearly Festival of Filipino Films
continued to be held during this period.
The people’s love for sex films also
was unabated.
PERIODS (1986-1999)

• History took another twist. Once more, the

Filipino people regained their
independence which they lost twenty
years ago.
• In the span of four days form February 21-25,
1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng
Bayan) prevailed. Together, the people
barricaded the streets petitioning the
government for changes and reforms.
ON NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER
PUBLICATIONS
• Newspapers which were once
branded crony newspapers
became instant opposition papers
overnight. This was true of
BULLETIN TODAY which became
the opposition paper.
ON BOOKS
• The Philippine revolution of 1986 and the fire
of its spirit that will carry the Filipinos through
another epoch in Philippine history is still
being documented just as they have been in
the countless millions who participated in
body and spirit in its realization.