Chapter 3

METHODS OF RESEARCH

This chapter presents the methods and techniques of the study, population of the study,

research instrument, data gathering procedures, and data processing and statistical treatment.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

This study utilized descriptive method of research. Descriptive studies may be

characterized as simply the attempt to determine, describe, or identify what is (Ethridge, 2004).

The descriptive study of research can able to determine if the variables given are either major or

minor. Then it will further describe by the researcher to give more information and ideas about

the research that they have conducted. In this design, we do not answer the question when, how

and why a characteristic occurred, instead we only describe and explain what characteristics

occur while addressing the question “what”.

Additionally, according to Mittal (2010), descriptive research is a term used to

understand customer’s perceptions, judgements, and intentions. Descriptive research design,

specifically survey research, is widely used in gathering the information needed from the target

respondents. Survey is one of the most common types of medium used by the researchers in

doing this research. This will come up to a more statistical analysis because it requires the

characteristics of population that should still be connected to the research that will be

[Link] the perceptions, judgements, and intentions of these respondents will

contribute to the content of the study to be more relevant and effective. To widely explain the

result that has been gathered from the questionnaire, using descriptive research method will

further elaborate these results to gain conclusion for the study.

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Moreover, the study also focused on using quantitative method. According to DeFranzo,

S. (2011) “Quantitative research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical

data or data hat can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions,

behaviors, and other defined variables— and generalize results from a larger sample population”.

Quantitative research deals mainly with different data which are the variables that will be

discussed in the form of numbers and statistics. A large sample population is needed to be

surveyed by researchers that will make their study more relevant and effective since several data

will be gathered .Through the use of the Researchers will enable to have statistical results

through solving the numerical data that will be used in generating informations for the

conclusion of the study.

The need of collection methods is needed for the researchers to use this method and

effectively gather data. Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the

statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires,

and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques

(Labaree, 2009). Quantitative research has various forms of collection methods that will be given

to target respondents for the gathering of data to be used by the researchers for their study.

Researchers will enable to gather data in a more efficient and effective ways through these

collection methods to a large sample population. These collection methods which are polls,

questionnaires, and surveys will be the way to know the relationship between the variables of the

study to the target respondents. It will generate several data and information from the

respondents through numbers and statistics that will contribute to the foundation of the study’s

conclusion.

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Population of the study

The researchers decided to conduct the study in Poblacion, Hermosa, Bataan.

Respondents of the study will be from this desired setting.

The researcher has an estimated population of 45 as the [Link] was large; thus, the

sampling method was applied to come up with an acceptable number of samples. The parameter

N
of 45 was calculated by the use of Slovin’s formula 𝑛 = with a desired margin of error of
1+𝑁𝑒 2

.05.

After in-depth calculation, the researchers come up with a total sample of 40 respondents

for online business personnel.

Simple random sampling method was applied in this study as each of the respondents has

a chance and an equal probability of being chosen.

The study reflects the distribution of population representing the teachers of Saint Peter

of Verona Academy.

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage

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Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents based on their gender through frequency

and percentage. Male respondents represent the 5 or 20%, while female respondents represent

the 20 or 80% with a total of 25 respondents or 100%.

Research instrument

The gathering of necessary data for the study was done through survey questionnaire. This

survey questionnaire is used to elicit the following relevant information: respondent’s profile;

and personal finance attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge of teachers of Saint Peter of Verona

Academy

The questionnaire is divided into two parts. Part 1 is about the demographics of respondent

in terms of age, gender, type of employment, gross monthly income, financial resources, and

financial goals. On the other hand, the Part 2 is composed of questions that involve the three sub-

variables: financial attitude, financial behaviour and financial knowledge. Lastly, Part 3 which

contains the effects of their financial capability to the achievement of their financial goals.

The questionnaires were verified through consultation with the research adviser and is

presented in the appendices

Permission to administer the survey questionnaire was requested from the administrator or

manager and the customer. The researchers personally administered the survey throughout Saint

Peter of Verona Academy in Poblacion, Hermosa Bataan. This was done so the proper

instructions were given to the teachers and survey questionnaires were retrieved as soon as the

customers had completed answering the questionnaires.

Data Gathering Procedure

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Preparation

The data were mainly sourced from teachers of Saint Peter of Verona Academy in

Poblacion, Hermosa, Bataan conducted on March 05, 2019. The researcher planned and

constructed the questionnaires for a week and made multiple revisions for the final paper.

Validation

The researcher asked for the assistance of their Practical Research 2 advisers in

constructing, revising and finalizing the questionnaire. A checklist was used as the main

instrument for face and content validation.

The checklist was composed of the variables of the study, the attributes of questionnaire.

Various indicators per variable were included to fully analyse the documents and arrive at a

through determination of the said attributes. Each indicator was measured by the level of

appropriateness through a Likert Scale.

EV- Extremely Valid (The indicator is 81% - 100% valid)

QV- Quite Valid (The indicator is 61% - 80% valid)

FV- Fairly Valid (The indicator is 41% - 60% valid)

SV- Slightly Valid (The indicator is 21% - 40% valid)

NV- Not all (The indicator is 0% - 20% valid)

This checklist was submitted to three (3) experts in the field of education for validation

purposes.

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The questionnaires were answered by the respondents. These were collected, tallied and

analyzed. Questionnaires were also confidentially kept as it is one of the ethics in research

writing.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

The data gathered were presented in tables and in tabular forms and are generally viewed

to answer the specific problems in Chapter 1. The data were tabulated and submitted to the Saint

Peter of Verona Academy in Poblacion, Hermosa, Bataan. The statistical analysis system (SAS)

model was used.

Appropriate statistical treatment was used to analyzed the data.

1. Profile of the Respondents – frequency and percentages

2. Results about the personal finance attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge of teachers of

Saint Peter of Verona Academy were used through measure of central tendencies.

The percentage and frequency distribution will be used to classify the respondents

according to their age, gender, and frequency of visiting the establishment. The frequency will

also present the actual response of the respondents to a specific question or item in the

questionnaires.

The percentage of each item is computed by dividing it with the sample total number of

respondents who answered the survey. The formula used in the application of this technique is:

P = f/ N x 100%

Where P = Percentage

f = Frequency

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To become more specific, some descriptions were given to the following terms:

a. Weighted mean – is a mean calculated by giving values in a data set more influence

according to some attribute of the data. It is an average in which each quantity to be

averaged is assigned a weight, and this weightings determine the relative importance of

each quantity on the average.

b. Rank – the value or the order of the largest non-zero determinant of a given matrix.

Formula:

TW
WM= N

Where: WM = Weighted Mean

TW = Total Weight

N = Number of Cases

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Bibliography

DeFranzo, S. (2011, September 16). What's the difference between qualittative and qunatitative

reserch. Retrieved from Snap Surveys: [Link]

quantitative-research/

Ethridge, D. (2004). Research Methodology. Retrieved from [Link]

[Link]/descriptive-research/#_ftn1

Labaree, R. (2009). Research Guides. Retrieved from USC Libraries:

[Link]

Mittal, V. (2010). Descriptive Research. Retrieved from Wiley Online Library:

[Link]