History of Veterinary Medicine

A pesar de que la Albeitería históricamente ha carecido de enseñanza oficial, la existencia del Real Tribunal del Protoalbeitarato, institución encargada de evaluar mediante examen los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos de los aspirantes al título de maestro albéitar y herrador,
suponía una garantía de la preparación mínima exigida a quien se habilitaba para el ejercicio público de la profesión en toda España.

Eine Renaissance des Goethe’schen fundamentalen Herangehens an die Veterinärmedizin begann in Thüringen mit der Berufung von Victor Goerttler (1897-1982). Victor Goerttler verkörpert die dritte Periode der Institutionalisierung der Veterinärmedizin in Thüringen. Die erste Periode verbindet man mit dem Namen von Theobald Renner, der die im Jahr 1816 in Jena gegründete und von Goethe geförderte Tierarzneischule in Jena leitete. Die Schule hatte eine „atomare“ Struktur, in der Renner selbst als einziger Forscher, Administrator und Ausbilder agierte. Diese war auch eine der „unmittelbaren“ Anstalten für Wissenschaft und Kunst im Großherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach und mit der Universität Jena nur durch die Person Renners verbunden. Mit Karl Hobstetter setzte die zweite Periode der Institutionalisierung ein. Hobstetter baute eine komplexe und stark differenzierte Veterinäranstalt auf, die ein Veterinäruntersuchungsamt, eine Tierseuchenstelle zur freiwilligen Tierseuchenbekämpfung, die Klinik, Labordiagnostik, und Lehrstelle an der Universität Jena umfasste und vereinte [2]. Goerttler spielte dann eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Entwicklung der von Karl Hobstetter gegründeten Veterinäranstalt zum Veterinärmedizinischen Zentrum mit stark diversifizierten Funktionen, „das weit über die Grenzen Thüringens, in mancherlei Hinsicht sogar Deutschlands hinaus ausstrahlte“. Seine Tätigkeit kennzeichnete dann den endgültigen Übergang von der „Little Science” zur “Big Science“, d.h. zu einer industrialisierten, vom Staat unmittelbar geförderten und völlig institutionalisierten Form der Wissensproduktion.

"Le genêt d’Espagne n’est actuellement qu’une plante sauvage, omniprésente dans les friches de notre région. Pourtant - les plus anciens d’entre nous s’en souviennent - il y a un peu plus d’un demi-siècle, ce même genêt était récolté pour produire des fibres textiles.
Ce fut alors la dernière phase d’une vieille activité artisanale typique du Lodévois, pratiquée, avant le XIXe siècle, dans quelques localités centrées sur les vallées de la Lergue et du Salagou.
Dans ce livre, des spécialistes de diverses disciplines mettent en évidence l’histoire des usages et des techniques autour du genêt à différentes époques. Car en plus de la fabrication de fil et de linge, la plante servait aussi à nourrir le bétail et, plus généralement, à valoriser les terrains les plus médiocres."

Abstract/Zusammenfassung:
Wie können Tiere, die keine direkten Spuren in der Geschichte hinterlassen, zum Akteur in der Geschichte werden? Einleitend werden die methodischen Überlegungen zu dieser Fragestellung vorgestellt, die von Harriet Ritvo und Aline Steinbrecher erarbeitet wurden. Insofern das Konzept der Agency eine zentrale Rolle für eine historiographische Annäherung an Tiere spielt, werden im Weiteren auf Grundlage der Arbeiten von Bruno Latour und Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, die Potenziale und Grenzen dieser Kategorie exploriert. Als Analysefigur und Wahrnehmungsinstrument erlaubt die Kategorie der Agency hegemoniale Dichotomien, wie zwischen Subjekt und Objekt, Mensch und Tier oder Kultur und Natur zu unterlaufen. Eine Geschichte der Tiermedizin, die mit dem Konzept der Agency arbeitet, kann sich demnach nicht auf den Einbezug der aktiven und kreativen Rolle beschränken, welche die Patiententiere in ihr spielen, sondern erfordert auch eine politische Positionierung.

Eugenio Tutor Larrosa, notable clínico de pequeños animales, actividad en la que fue pionero, creador de obras de cine científico, esposo y padre, profe- sor de Biología, reputado taxidermista, aceptable pianista, notable fumador de habanos y reputado catador de espirituosos escoceses, hombre grande y gran hombre, nos dejó en las navidades del año pasado para desconsuelo de quienes dejamos pendiente de tomarnos con él la última copa, de reírnos con su último chiste, de aprender con su última reflexión y de llevarle (a escon- didas) un último puro.

Now and again, we encounter veterinary remedies in books 20-28 of the
Natural History of Pliny the Elder. In many cases, these repeat nformation already known from agricultural and veterinary treatises in Greek and Latin or from Dioscorides. The focus of the article is on treatments for scabies. My conclusion is that Pliny in those passages is not an important source for the history of veterinary medicine.

Scientists from Germany, England, India, Australia and UAE have published books on camel. These are, of course, good books
but as usual their prices are prohibitive for our students, extension workers and even for teachers. Moreover, these books contain
a little information about camels in Pakistan. Therefore, an easy-to-understand book on ‘Production and Management of Camels’
using a question-answer format, has been compiled. This should provide ready-made answers to so many questions simmering in
the minds of students, teachers, researchers and extension specialists. It embodies about 400 questions along with their answers.
The book discusses the distribution of camels in different continents/countries, breeds and types of camels with cross reference to
other species, nutritional physiology and reproductive management, the way camels adapt to hot arid environment, milk and meat
production and work performance, practical management and training of camels, marketing, health care and some diseases,
including valuable information on several other aspects. Camel breeds and camel raising practices in Pakistan have been
adequately discussed.

¿Por qué fue Bernardo Rodríguez el maestro albéitar elegido en la Real Caballeriza para formarse en la Escuela de Veterinaria de Alfort como el primer veterinario español titulado? ¿Por qué no fue nombrado director de la Escuela de Veterinaria de Madrid?. Estas son las preguntas a las que aportamos nuestras respuestas.

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An encyclopedia should properly encompass the totality of human knowledge, or
at least of some particular sector of it. Not so many years ago it would have been
possible to contain all that was known of animal nutrition in a book the size of this,
for the science of nutrition is young, but such has been the pace of its growth that
that is no longer possible. The nutrition of farm animals is a complex subject, reaching
into biochemistry, physiology, pathology, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry
and agriculture and even, as evidenced in the following pages, beyond
those disciplines. The subject matter of farm animal nutrition is covered in a large
number of text books – most are referred to in the entries of this encyclopedia – but
their arrangement does not lend itself to the rapid recovery of specific pieces of factual
information and it was with that object in view that this encyclopedia was
devised and written. Its aims are completeness, accuracy, succinctness and ease of
access. The aim of completeness – to include as much factual information as possible
– was addressed by embracing all the ramifications of nutrition just mentioned.
Yet, no doubt there are omissions. To achieve a high degree of accuracy authors
were chosen for their expertise in specialized areas of nutrition. But mistakes there
surely are and for those that I have failed to spot I would plead, as that pioneer lexicographer
Dr Johnson famously pleaded, when asked by a lady why he had defined
‘pastern’ as ‘the knee of a horse’, ‘Ignorance, Madam, pure ignorance’. To encompass
the whole of farm animal nutrition in this space obviously requires succinctness
and all the contributors were enjoined to be as brief as possible – though some
found it harder than others. Finally, ease of access is ensured by the alphabetical
arrangement of the entries and the system of cross-references. There is more on

Uppsala University Library owns eight volumes of manuscripts attributed to the academy equerry Johan Leven Ekelund (c.1701−1775). In this thesis, I apply methods from the field of material culture studies in order to establish which of the volumes that formed the donation from Leven to the library mentioned in his will. By mapping certain markers such as places, names and dates I am able to identify to some extent where Leven gained his practical skills and which writers influenced him. By analysing the texts, I draw the conclusion that they can be divided into groups aimed for different audiences. Some of them fit in an utilitarian context, some of them aim to give riding and horsemanship scientific legitimacy. Some are aimed for a narrow circle of peers, connaisseurs of the art of riding. By examining Leven’s networks, I seek to shed light on whether he wrote in order to further his career. My conclusion is that in that case, Leven’s main focus was probably to help his son, who had a remarkably successful career as a physician after the death of his father.

This article argues that late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century concepts of disease developed from new interests in anatomy, contemporary ideas in medicine and the intellectual milieu that promoted and contributed to farriery literature. Though ideas and concepts about disease were subject to each farrier’s social, intellectual and practical environment, there were shifts during this period where disease became less symptomatic and more anatomical, and even began to show signs of becoming ontological. This chapter will demonstrate how and why there were changes in the concepts of disease (1680 to 1800) by surveying a chronology of noted eighteenth-century authors and their ideas about glanders.

The evolution of horse usage, with the expansion of the cavalry from the fourth century onward, depended on quality livestock, the intensification of hippiatric medical research and the development of horse-related instruments both for the use of the rider and his mount.
The Early Byzantine and Roman cavalry were dependent on this triad, otherwise they could not have succeeded against more experienced Barbarians. The enemy's experience was matched with experimentation, the development and continuous improvement of an expertise which allowed them to reverse the situation to their advantage in later confrontations with nomadic people.
This triad actually took place almost simultaneously, contrary to what was thought for a long time. Specifically, these three pieces of the puzzle, directly linked to the expansion of the cavalry, appeared between the third and fifth / sixth centuries and bear witness to major efforts in an age that was believed to be less fruitful in such areas.

There is shortage of references in higher teaching institutions especially in newly opened institutions engaged in training of various Veterinary professionals in the country. Hence, some of the strategies that are used to skirt these problems are developing of lecture notes on various subjects. Therefore, this lecture is developed to fill the existing gap and strengthen the teaching learning processes. This lecture note is primarily prepared for Animal Health Science and Veterinary Laboratory Technology and students pursuing their studies in various higher teaching institutions. It can also be helpful for those graduates who are in service. In the development of this lecture note, materials have been gathered and adapted from different standard books. This lecture note is divided into fifteen chapters covering major and relevant topics of the subject matter. Within each chapter, important topics are identified and discussed in simple language so as to facilitate rapid reading and understanding of important concepts. Each chapter is also followed by review questions that can enable the reader to use them as self-assessment tools. The author strongly believes that this teaching material will play a crucial role in promoting the teaching-learning process through delivery of pertinent information to the trainees. Nevertheless, constructive comments and suggestions from readers are welcome so as to further strengthen this lecture note.

EL Siglo de las Luces, siglo XVIII, supuso un gran cambio para la sociedad europea en cuanto a avance cultural y social se refiere. Potencias como Francia y Alemania tiraron del carro del libro del
conocimiento hacia el pueblo e impulsaron nuevas y creativas formas de llevar el saber a los distintos estratos de la sociedad. En Medicina y Medicina Veterinaria, apareció un peón trascendental en este
ámbito. Se trata del médico y escultor francés Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux: hombre curioso, buen profesional y mejor persona, según nos permiten saber sus estudiosos.
Auzoux introdujo al mundo docente unas novedosas maquetas anatómicas que sembraron conocimiento por todo el globo y sirvieron como base a nuevos escultores. Este hecho podemos apreciarlo en algunas piezas de origen alemán del Museo (MAV-UCO) Profesor José Sandoval Juárez, en Córdoba (España). Esta comunicación intenta profundizar en el proceso de creación de sus piezas, el funcionamiento de su empresa y el dar luz a Auzoux como persona en sí mismo y sus
valores.
España está repleta de vitrinas con sus creaciones, y la Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad de Córdoba alberga una de las colecciones mejor conservadas de este Doctor.

The study of medieval alveitaria in Portugal focused mainly on the manuscripts containing treatises on the topic, written in Galician Portuguese. That study deals especially with textual and philological aspects, relegating the socioeconomic dimension of the practice and the individuals to a secondary role. The challenges raised by the low number of practicians explicitly identified as alveitaresby the sources (explainable by an eventual pluriactivity) and the plasticity of the concepts are considerable, but the analysis of the profiles of a group of Portuguese practicians, from different religious backgrounds and active not only in Portugal, but also in the Portuguese territories of Northern Africa and India, allows us to draw, for the first time, a portrait of the Portuguese medieval alveitar and his practice.

A pesar de todo, desde el siglo XXI a. C. hasta hoy mismo, el mayor e insalvable obstáculo de la cirugía veterinaria ha sido, es y será el factor económico, decisivo en su empleo, desarrollo y expansión. Baste considerar los cambios vividos en nuestro país desde los años 70 del pasado siglo hasta la actualidad, tanto en la cirugía que se practicaba, como, y muy especialmente, en la anestesia. Desgraciadamente el futuro no parece que nos vaya a deparar mejoras significativas en el apartado económico, lo que indefectiblemente condicionará su desarrollo.

Urolithiasis adalah penyakit yang disebabkan adanya urolit (batu), calculi,kristalataupun sedimen yang berlebihan dalam saluran urinaria. Sama seperti batu manusia batu kristal ini bisa berada dimanapun dalam saluran urinasi di anjing, meliputi ginjal, uretra, atau bisa ditemukan di kandung kemih (Fossum, 2002). Saat urin mengalami tigkat kejenuhan yang tinggi, yang disertai dengan kelarutan garam, garam tersebut mengalami presipitasi dan membentuk kristal (crystalluria). Jika kristal itu tidak dikeluarkan maka akan terbentuk agregat yang disebut dengan kalkuli (Fossum, 2002). Urolith terbentuk karena banyak kristal- kristal yang saling bergabung menjadi satu.

The camel, without exaggeration, is the most ignored among the domestic ruminants in Pakistan. This is as much true in terms of
lack of efforts to improve its care and productivity as it is in terms of lack of any planned research on it. Had it been an
unproductive and a useless animal, its population would have gradually diminished, but it is the other way round. Its population
is steadily growing. On papers, its population is being shown as stagnating, but most probably it is not so. On the international
scene, there seems now a growing awakening in respect of the camel. At places, it has been termed as a ‘food security animal’.
In Pakistan too, some teaching institutions have taken an initiative and have incorporated “Camel Production” in their teaching
courses. No doubt, it is a very timely step.
Scientists from Germany, England, India, Australia and UAE have published books on camel. These are, of course, good books
but as usual their prices are prohibitive for our students, extension workers and even for teachers. Moreover, these books contain
a little information about camels in Pakistan. Therefore, an easy-to-understand book on ‘Production and Management of Camels’
using a question-answer format, has been compiled. This should provide ready-made answers to so many questions simmering in
the minds of students, teachers, researchers and extension specialists. It embodies about 400 questions along with their answers.
The book discusses the distribution of camels in different continents/countries, breeds and types of camels with cross reference to
other species, nutritional physiology and reproductive management, the way camels adapt to hot arid environment, milk and meat
production and work performance, practical management and training of camels, marketing, health care and some diseases,
including valuable information on several other aspects. Camel breeds and camel raising practices in Pakistan have been
adequately discussed.
We feel great pleasure in acknowledging the hard work done by so many researchers/authors/editors, whose published
information has been used, mostly as such, in compiling the book under reference. Their efforts have been amply acknowledged
in the text/tables/figures etc. It was beyond our means to individually contact them in this regard.
We are highly thankful to Akhter Saeed MD for providing us useful literature from abroad. We are equally thankful to Dr.
Ghulam Muhammad, Chairman CMS, UAF, for his cooperation in providing pertinent literature. Ch Sikander Hayat and Nawaz
Ahmed Sipra also deserve our heart-felt appreciation for helping us out of many problems pertinent to the publication of this
book.
No book has ever been claimed to be perfect in all respects and so is this one. The readers are requested to convey in writing their suggestions about omissions/shortcomings noticed in this book. Their suggestions would not go unnoticed.

Este es el caso de Claude Bourgelat. Un abogado de clase humilde que con su vinculación al ejercicio ecuestre fue ganando posiciones sociales hasta poder sacar adelante una propuesta docente que revolucionaría la veterinaria occidental: la creación de la primera escuela de veterinaria en Europa, de la que se cumple este año el 250 aniversario. Efectivamente, el rey Luis XV ordenaba en 1761 que se fundara en la ciudad de Lyon (Francia) el primer centro de enseñanza superior dirigido a capacitar a los futuros profesionales de la veterinaria francesa de mediados del XVIII. Y lo hizo en un contexto particularmente crítico para la sanidad animal europea.

16. yüzyıldan itibaren taranan yabancı seyahatnamelerde Osmanlı kültüründe at, kuş, kedi ve köpeklere gösterilen şefkat ile ilgili birçok bilgi bulunmaktadır. II. Bayezid dönemine (1481-1512) ait Kanunname-i İhtisâb-i İstanbul el-Mahrûse'deki maddelerden biri, "dilsiz canavar" oldukları nedeniyle at ve katır ve eşeklere aşırı yük yüklenmesini yasaklamaktadır. Yabani veya evcil hayvanlara eziyet yapanların cezalandırıldıklarına dair hem yabancı hem de Türkçe kaynaklarda birçok bilgi bulunmaktadır. Yabani kuşların İstanbul'a getirilen hububat dolu mavnalara konup istedikleri gibi yemlenmelerine izin verildiği gibi, sokak kedileri ve köpekleri halk tarafından korunuyordu. Sokak kedileri ve köpeklere yemek verilmesi için vakıf kuranlar, ciğerciden ciğer veya fırınlardan ekmek alıp onları besleyenler, dişi köpekler yavrulayınca üstünde yatmaları için saman, barınmaları için eski kutular sağlayanlar vardı. Kafes kuşlarını serbest bırakmak için satılalınmaları yaygın bir gelenekti. Atlar sevgi ile, dövmeden eğitildikleri sebebiyle Türkiye'de kötü huylu atlara rastlanmadığı dikkat çeker. Aynı kaynaklardan geleneksel nal, eyer ve üzengilerin avantajları, at bakım usulleri, veteriner uygulamalar gibi atlarla ilgili çeşitli ilginç bilgiler bulunur. Sonuç olarak hayvan hakları konusunda Türkiye, öncülük yaptığı görülür.