Economic History

El carbón de piedra tiene una vasta presencia en varias regiones del sur de Chile. Su explotación comercial se inició hacia mediados del siglo XIX, para dotar de energía a fundiciones, ferrocarriles, máquinas y vapores. La actividad extractiva se asocia a la figura de Matías Cousiño, entre otros pioneros y al gran desarrollo que alcanzó la cuenca del carbón de Lota y Coronel. Una saga de 150 años, que concluye en décadas recientes, para convertirse en un gran patrimonio histórico industrial y cultural. La memoria de la minería de carbón en la bahía de Concepción, en cambio, se había perdido con los años. Interesa rescatarla y ponerla en valor, para una comprensión más integral del impacto del carbón en la conformación geocultural de la región costera del Biobío. Es lo que propone el presente libro de Armando Cartes, que aborda los registros coloniales del carbón, la avanzada imperial de navegantes, cónsules y comerciantes ingleses y las primeras explotaciones en Talcahuano, Penco o Colcura. Con el uso de fuentes inglesas y chilenas, la obra devela un capítulo importante de la historia de la minería regional.

This article is in line with the United Nations attempts to approach human development in wider terms than per capita GDP, and in line with an ever lively debate on the historical standard of living and on the role of inequality in development. We focus on three Mercosur countries (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) and we view them in comparison with four core countries (France, Germany, USA and UK) along the 20th Century. The paper makes different attempts to construct diverse indices and to change the weights of their different components in order to better explain human development in different periods. A contribution of the paper, so long limited to Uruguay and the USA, is to adjust the historical human development index by inequality measures for all of its components. The results show that Argentine started to diverge, even in human development, at early stages of the 20th Century; that Uruguay diverged from the mid-century and that Brazil continued to tighten the gap up to 1980, diverging afterwards without being able to come close to the levels of the core countries. Total inequality in Uruguay and USA showed similar levels and trends: it decreased until the 1950s, and increased afterwards to similar levels. While inequality affects human development within both countries, it doesn't help to understand the differences between them, due to the mentioned similarity of the Gini -coefficients.

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With this book, twenty-four specialists on 17th and 18th-Century Russia from Italy, France, Germany, Poland, Russia, China, and the United States celebrate the sixty-fifth birthday of Maria Cristina Bragone, professor of Slavic philology and Russian literature at Pavia University. Their essays focus on her main topic of interest and research: Peter the Great’s era and the origins and consequences of his project to westernize the country. In particular, the articles touch on the evolution of the Russian language as seen in translations into Russian made by non-Russian authors; the genre of the abecedary and the Russian language learning from the mid-17th to the 18th century; cultural import; and the translation of classical and humanistic texts.

Para Keynes, "... a evidência prova que o pleno emprego, ou mesmo o aproximadamente pleno, é uma situação tão rara quanto efêmera" (Keynes, 1936, p. 173). Esta afirmação demonstra a diferença, em relação aos autores neoclássicos, da percepção de Keynes sobre a realidade, sendo a base da discordância teórica entre suas visões. Na Teoria Geral de Keynes, uma das formas de entender o termo "geral", do título, é de que com esta teoria se conseguiria explicar tanto o pleno emprego quanto o desemprego (involuntário), enquanto a teoria neoclássica conseguiria, em seu núcleo teórico básico, explicar somente a situação de pleno emprego, sendo, portanto, parcial (Chick, 1989, p. 35-6). A teoria keynesiana entende, em contraposição à visão neoclássica, que para se explicar o desemprego não se deve começar a análise pelo estudo do mercado de trabalho, ou tentar encontrar todas as respostas neste mercado, de forma a praticamente resumir a discussão a questões microeconômicas. Ao contrário, a determinação teórica vem do estudo sobre a dinâmica econômica mais geral e seus impactos sobre o emprego, especificamente. A ordem causal é tomada inversamente, aparecendo o "mercado de trabalho" no final da corrente. Na realidade, nem sequer existiria um mercado de trabalho, pois não há uma função de oferta de mão-de-obra que permita encontrar-se um equilíbrio de salários reais e de emprego na interação com a função de demanda por mão-de-obra. Desta forma, pode-se explicar o relativamente pequeno 1 Este texto tem como base parte do capítulo 3 de .

In this paper, we document the disintegration of international commodity markets between 1913 and 1938. There was dramatic disintegration during World War I, gradual reintegration during the 1920s, and then a substantial disintegration after 1929. The period saw the unravelling of many of the integration gains of 1870-1913. While increased transport costs help explain the wartime disintegration, they cannot explain the post-1929 increase in trade costs. The proliferation of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, the collapse of the interwar gold standard, and the evaporation of commercial credit loom large as suspects.

The reign of the last king of Poland, Stanislaw August Poniatowski, is the period of the decline of the Polish state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was the time of the growing influence of the neighbouring powers on internal politics and the decline of the state capacity of the Commonwealth. But it was also the period of the reception of Western ideas, particularly the thought of the French and German Enlightenment, by the elites, and the growing sense of backwardness resulting from this reception; this resulted in the early concepts of social, political, legal, and economic reforms, which were expected to help to rebuild the state. Also, the first attempts at financing manufacturing industry by the government took place in the late eighteenth century, as well as early plans of social reforms.

The study attempts to examine the pattern of development and its sustainability in case of Pakistan by analyzing all major macroeconomic, social and environmental variables, using data from 1950 to 2013. Literature shows that low savings and investment rates, budget deficit, institutional shortcomings, lack of human development and environmental degradation remains some of the major issues faced by the country. These factors together along with bad governance are considered as the major cause of unsustainable development. The descriptive analysis of the growth rates and averages of selected variables is conducted to study the pattern of economic growth and development. The Hicks-Page-Hartwick-Solow rule is applied for measuring sustainable development. The study reveals that Pakistan has experienced unsustainable economic growth since its birth. Savings and investment has remained low and there is persistence of fiscal deficit. Furthermore trade deficit worsens the balance of payment situation. Investment in infrastructure, especially social infrastructure is inadequate and, hence human development is neglected. In addition, there is environmental degradation. Thus there is need for policies that encompass economic, social and environmental sectors. In other words policies should aim at achieving sustainable development. The sustainable development index utilizes the data of savings, depreciation of man made capital and environmental capital. The value of index for Pakistan is less than zero (fails to meet weak sustainability criteria) hence development is unsustainable. To improve the index national savings must be increased and invested in a way that will decrease the rate of depreciation of both man made and environmental capital.

Economic growth and development in Pakistan has always been erratic. This study attempts to examine possible causes and ramifications arising as a result. Major macroeconomic, social and environmental variables are examined using data from 1950 to 2013 and policy implications are chalked out. Literature shows that low savings and investment rates, budget deficit, institutional shortcomings, lack of human development and environmental degradation remains some of the major issues faced by the country. These factors together along with bad governance are considered as the major cause of unsustainable development. The descriptive analysis of the growth rates and averages of selected variables is conducted to study the pattern of economic growth and development. The study reveals that Pakistan has experienced unsustainable economic growth since its birth. Savings and investment has remained low and there is persistence of fiscal deficit. Furthermore trade deficit worsens the balance of payment situation. Investment in infrastructure, especially social infrastructure is inadequate and, hence human development is neglected. In addition, there is environmental degradation. Thus there is need for policies that encompass economic, social and environmental sectors. In other words policies should aim at achieving sustainable development.

The study attempts to examine the pattern of development and its sustainability in case of Pakistan by analyzing all major macroeconomic, social and environmental variables, using data from 1950 to 2013. Literature shows that low savings and investment rates, budget deficit, institutional shortcomings, lack of human development and environmental degradation remains some of the major issues faced by the country. These factors together along with bad governance are considered as the major cause of unsustainable development. The descriptive analysis of the growth rates and averages of selected variables is conducted to study the pattern of economic growth and development. The Hicks-Page-Hartwick-Solow rule is applied for measuring sustainable development. The study reveals that Pakistan has experienced unsustainable economic growth since its birth. Savings and investment has remained low and there is persistence of fiscal deficit. Furthermore trade deficit worsens the balance of payment situation. Investment in infrastructure, especially social infrastructure is inadequate and, hence human development is neglected. In addition, there is environmental degradation. Thus there is need for policies that encompass economic, social and environmental sectors. In other words policies should aim at achieving sustainable development. The sustainable development index utilizes the data of savings, depreciation of man made capital and environmental capital. The value of index for Pakistan is less than zero (fails to meet weak sustainability criteria) hence development is unsustainable. To improve the index national savings must be increased and invested in a way that will decrease the rate of depreciation of both man made and environmental capital.

The main question of this special issue is how international traders were able to manage their activities and conflicts successfully when they regularly had to cross legal boundaries and were operating in different and overlapping jurisdictions in northern Europe in the period c. 1350-1600. The contributions in this issue approach this central question from a range of perspectives. This introduction identifies these perspectives, as well as common themes and findings, and indicates why it is particularly pertinent to discuss the topic of crossing legal boundaries in the context of urban history. It also discusses relevant historiographical debates and key concepts of urban jurisdiction and jurisdictional boundaries in late medieval northern European towns.

This article presents a socio-economic analysis of the evolution of construction of inflation in France. Analysis of the various open or more muted controversies that underlie the history of the index throughout the twentieth century and into the first decades of the twenty-first century shows that the various challenges to the index have always been and continue to be linked, albeit to varying extents, to issues around economic distribution and representations of wealth. However, the actors engaged in these controversies and the principles around which they are organised have changed: politics, which brought into play the various social relations between government, statistical agencies and trade unions, has gradually given way to more scientific considerations, which has meant that the more recent controversies have been more technical in nature. And by giving experts a greater role to play, these controversies have also tended to play out at an even greater distance from the traditional actors. It is also shown that these controversies are embedded in a real world which, because of its increasing complexity and singularity and its (justifiable) concern with quality, is not fully captured by the available tools, despite their sophistication.

L'étude de la constitution de précaire sur les villae ecclésiastiques de l'abbaye de Saint-Wandrille (Normandie) en faveur d'un comte, met en lumière la politique de réaffectation des biens publics ou assimilés par Charles Martel. C'est le début d'une politique foncière qui marque le VIIIe et le début du IXe s.

1920 szeptemberében egy férfi kopogtatott a kisvárdai csendőrség ajtaján. Ő Berlich Rezső volt, zenetanító, a helyi társadalom megbecsült tagja, aki feleségével együtt azért kereste fel a hatóságokat, hogy egy határsértést bejelentsen. Az eset pikantériáját az adta, hogy az illegális határátlépést -tettük teljes tudatában -Berlich és neje maguk követték el. Berlich magyarázatként Aradon élő apósa súlyos gyomorrákját hozta fel, és azt, hogy a betegség előrehaladott állapota miatt már nem maradt idejük a budapesti útlevélszerzésre. Ott és akkor indulni kellett, és csak az idős férfi elhúzódó halála után térhettek haza. Többek közt így történhetett -mentegetőzött Berlich -, hogy a Kétegyházán kiállított háromnapos tartózkodási engedélyük dacára az egész augusztust a Romániához került Aradon töltötték és csupán szeptember 6-án érkeztek vissza Kisvárdára. És ha már ott jártak -vallotta be a tanító -, azt is felmérték, hogy a város milyen elhelyezkedési lehetőségekkel kecsegtethet annak felszabadulását követően. Az ügy természetesen egyáltalán nem tartozott a kimondottan nagy volumenű határsértések közé, mégis számos tanulságot rejt magában. Példának okáért azt, hogy a határátlépési feltételek jelentősen megszigorodtak, és azt, hogy mind nagyobb teret nyert a helyi igényeket és gyakorlatokat csak mérsékelten figyelembe vevő bürokrácia. Ezen kívül a történetből az is kiderül, hogy az ellenőrzés nem mindig ment végbe tökéletesen, illetve az, hogy a határsértéseknek igen változatos okai lehettek. Úgy, mint a megszokás, a tudatlanság, a sürgős családi problémák, az egzisztenciális és financiális kérdések, a jövőbeli elképzelések, a lehetőségek és egyéb kényszerek stb. Végül, az ügyből kiviláglik, hogy az előírásokat nem csupán bűnözők, vagy olyan egyszerű emberek szeghették meg, akik számára a "határ" sem fizikai formájában, még kevésbé absztrakt fogalomként nem létezett. Ellenkezőleg, a határsértők közt olyan tanult személyek is lehettek, akik számoltak tettük visszásságával és következményeivel.

La investigacion para grado de tesis aqui expuesta estudia a Nuevo Leon en la primera mitad del siglo XIX y se centro en tres ejes: el impacto de los ciclos economicos; la caracterizacion de la dimension economica, en agricultura, ganaderia, comercio, industria artesanal, y los pocos hallazgos de mineria, silvicultura, caceria y pesca; las permanencias y los cambios historicos en la transicion de la epoca colonial al Nuevo Leon independiente. Se utilizaron fuentes documentales y bibliograficas, ademas estadisticas, informes gubernamentales, un manuscrito sobre la administracion de negocios de la epoca, documentos de procesos judiciales, un estudio economico y social de la epoca, asi como actas de cabildo, entre otros. Su ordenamiento fue tematico, cronologico y geografico. Tambien se disenaron estadisticas y estudios de caso. Para la interpretacion mediaron teorias, modelos, herramientas y conceptos propios de la historia y en menor grado de la economia, la geografia y otras discipl...

Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it. Karl Marx-Thesis 11 As the second longest serving editor of Dialectical Anthropology (after founder Stanley Diamond), I begin this reflection with some personal context on what Dialectical Anthropology means to me and hopefully also to my profession. Marxists often speak of a permanent ''crisis of capitalism.'' But I grew up in one of those rare moments when there did not appear to be a crisis: the golden age of capitalism, or the three decades after the second inter-imperialist war. Born in 1963, the penultimate year of the baby boom, my childhood involved endless gratitude for the prosperity, economic expansion, and fabulous wealth of American capitalism. We had the expectation that each year would be better than the last so that by the year 2000 scarcity would be conquered, cities would have moving sidewalks, and we would all only work a few hours a week. There were terrible upheavals out there, such as the killing of almost three million people to prevent national healthcare in Vietnam, and similar horrors and absurdities in dozens of other countries, 1 as well there were urban insurrections in the USA. However, these events were somehow not the symptoms of a crisis, but punctuation marks in a golden sentence. What is so strange is that this was, in fact, the one period during the last 100 years when government officials, their intellectual helpmates and their big

It is difficult to measure disaster impact in history, and difficult to even define episodes as disastrous. These difficulties, in turn, complicate oft-used concepts such as resilience or adaptation. In this article, it is suggested that the challenges of reconstructing disaster impact going back into the past are connected to (a) the blurred lines between temporary and structural impacts, linked to a lack of high resolution and temporally refined markers distinguishing between the short-, medium-, and long run, and (b) the difficulties in working out at what scale disaster impacts are taking place. Ultimately, this article asserts that there can be no disaster without a disaster narrative—its proclaimed acceptance as a discursive construction. Indeed, some hazards have failed to register in official or popular consciousness or perhaps faded over time. Yet, this also necessitates a reframing in our focus—not just centring on disaster for whom but disaster by whom. Who controls the disaster narrative, and why? In this domain, we have the most the gain in systematic spatial and temporal comparisons.

The proceedings "Meeting of Young Historians XIV" with the theme Thinking and Society Throughout History present a collection of scholarly papers that explore the relationship between thought and social change in historical development. Doctoral students from various universities and institutions analyze how political, economic, and social transformations influenced the thinking of different social groups and, conversely, how these changes in thought shaped historical processes. Each contribution underwent a peer review by two academic guarantors, whose feedback is reflected in the final version of the proceedings. The topics of the papers are divided into thematic sections corresponding to their presentation at the conference, which took place on October 15–16, 2024, at the Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice.
The proceedings include contributions from the following presenters: Mgr. Michal Pajer, Mgr. Helena Kuncová, Mgr. Barbora Mlyneková, Mgr. Patrik Beňuš, Mgr. Mária Rímešová, Mgr. Pavol Hric, Mgr. Monika Tresová, Mgr. Miriama Balvirčáková, Mgr. Monika Soukupová, Mgr. Ivan Chylák, Mgr. Dorota Tóthová, Mgr. Dominik Šípoš, Mgr. Martin Pastor, and Mgr. Jaroslav Valent.

The interaction between political decisions and economic indicators constitutes the main subject of political economy and it surfaces the performance that policymakers display in the point of the solution of economic problems. In other words, the most significant results of political decisions have been seen in the field of economy. In this regard, the stability of political decisions and the existence of political stability which is defined as political order affect economic order, development and stability as well. The economic stability that affects the welfare level of one country have several determinants like the macroeconomic indicators such as general level of prices, rate of employment, level of production and balance of payments, and the continuity of political order, the size of military power, corruption, accountability in politics, political transparency and fair distribution of income. In this study, on the other hand, how political stability affects financial developm...

I compare rates of intergenerational occupational mobility across four countries in the late nineteenth century: 1869–1895 Argentina, 1850–1880 United States, 1851–1881 Britain, and 1865–1900 Norway. Argentina and the United States had similar levels of intergenerational mobility, and these levels were above those of Britain and Norway. These findings suggest that the higher mobility of nineteenth-century United States relative to Britain might not have been a reflection of “American exceptionalism,” but rather a manifestation of more widespread differences between settler economies of the New World and Europe.

Resumen: El artículo plantea que la llegada de la red eléctrica a la ciudad de Pereira, Colombia, en 1914, hizo parte de los elementos transformadores del sistema-mundo capitalista y supuso un evento que marcó el paso de poblado a ciudad, influyendo en diversos aspectos del ritmo de la vida social, cultural y económica de la población. Se propone una aproximación al contexto de llegada de la electrificación a la ciudad de Pereira y tres momentos clave de este proceso: primero, la fundación de la primera planta de electricidad en 1914; segundo, la municipalización del sistema eléctrico en 1925, y tercero, la puesta en marcha de los proyectos de las plantas de Libaré y Belmonte a finales de la década de 1930, con los que la ciudad suplió sus necesidades de energía eléctrica. La metodología incluyó un abordaje sistemático de prensa, documentación institucional y crónicas de la época, acompañado de un análisis discursivo de los enunciados —en cuanto hechos históricos— que acompañaron el desarrollo de la electrificación en Pereira. Se concluye que la electrificación en Pereira fue un proceso social siempre inconcluso y que generó diferentes imaginarios según los contextos y necesidades de la época.

Abstract: This paper argues that the arrival of electrical grid in the city of Pereira, Colombia, in 1914, was part of the transforming elements of the capitalist world-system and meant an event that marked the transition from town to city, affecting different aspects of the rhythm of the social, cultural and economic life of the population. A contextualizing approach to the arrival of electrification to the city of Pereira and to three of the key moments in this process will be proposed: first, the founding of the first power plant in 1914; second, the municipalization of the electrical system in 1925; and third, the implementation of the Libaré and Belmonte power plant projects at the end of 1930, thanks to which the city supplied its electrical energy needs. The methodology included a systematic approach to the press, institutional documentation and chronicles of that time, along with a discursive analysis of the statements —as historical facts— that accompanied the development of the electrification in Pereira. It is concluded that the electrification in Pereira was always an unfinished social process and that brought different symbolic images according to the contexts and needs of the epoch.

The collapse of the Roman monetary system has traditionally been linked to the progressive debasement of the denarius commencing in the Early and High Empire. Explanations for why the Empire debased, range from an imbalance between revenue and expenditure, to changes in the exchange rate between the gold aureus and the silver denarius. This dissertation analyses the relationship between fiscal inadequacy and debasement in the Early and High Roman Empire. A proxy measure of fiscal volatility, based on a new database of fiscal spending, is used to investigate the relationship between Rome’s fiscal and monetary systems between AD 14 and 117. Part one of the dissertation examines fiscal and monetary explanations for the progressive debasement of the denarius for the period AD 14–117. Part two presents a case study exploring the causes and consequences of Trajan’s debasement of the denarius in AD 100. Two findings are noteworthy. First, supporting recent scholarship on imperial fiscal flows, evidence suggests that fiscal pressure was more sporadic than persistent in the Early and High Empire. However, institutional rigidities could have caused fiscal pressure even when the raw scale of revenue was ostensibly sufficient, and the logistics of Roman finances may have imposed further challenges to the monetary system—especially as the empire expanded. Second, a weak correlation is found between debasements of the denarius and fiscal volatility in the Early and High Empire. In contrast, both fiscal volatility and currency manipulations correlate strongly with changes in the bullion supply. That conclusion is supported in the case study of the debasement of AD 100. The evidence collated herein suggests that changes in the supply of bullion were a more important factor than has previously been allowed for—particularly in the closing decades of the first century AD.

This thesis analyses the impact of the Dacian booty on the Roman economy during the reign of Trajan (98–117). It begins by gauging both the size of the Roman economy using macroeconomic proxies, before analysing archaeological, numismatic, and literary evidence of the scale of the Dacian booty and its impact on Roman fiscal and monetary flows.

Rosja w XIX stuleciu należała do najbardziej ekspansywnych terytorialnie państw na świecie. Mimo to półtora wieku temu doszło do spektakularnej sprzedaży części jej terytorium na rzecz obcego państwa. Owa wielka, jak na ówczesne czasy, transakcja finansowa nie uszła uwadze opinii światowej wyrażanej na łamach periodyków. Szczególnie interesująco przedstawia się to wydarzenie w prasie wydawanej w Stanach Zjednoczonych w latach 1867-1903. Na podstawie tytułów prasowych dokonano analizy opinii publicznej dotyczącej terytorialnych, ekonomicznych i politycznych następstw transakcji z 1867 roku. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły również na przedstawienie zarysu rezonansu medialnego Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki z drugiej połowy XIX wieku, tj. medialnej rekonstrukcji problemów funkcjonujących w ówczesnej rzeczywistości, a w przypadku niniejszej pracy głównie problemów dotyczących nowego nabytku terytorialnego.

Scritti di epigrafia greca offerti a tereSa alfieri tonini a cura di Stefano Struffolino ariStonotHoS Scritti per il Mediterraneo antico Vol. 12 (2016) Ἡμέτερα γράμματα. Scritti di epigrafia greca offerti a Teresa Alfieri Tonini a cura di Stefano Struffolino

Рассмотрены основные уравнения упругогидродинамической задачи смазки для шатунных подшипников. Предложен алгоритм решения, осно ванный на прямой итерационной схеме. Приведены результаты решения для упругого подшипника двигателя Ruston & Hornsby 6 VEB-X MKIII, признанного эталонным в данной области. Ключевые слова: смазка подшипников, упругогидродинамическая задача. The basic equations of the elastohydrodynamic task of rod bearing lubrication are considered. The solution algorithm based on the direct iterative scheme is offered. The decision results for elastically supported bearing of Ruston & Hornsby 6 VEB-X MKIII engine which is accepted as a sample in this field are given.

La economía mundial y en particular Estados Unidos logró librar con relativa rapidez la recesión derivada del estallido de la burbuja inmobiliaria en 2008. El medio para salir rápidamente del cuadro recesivo ha sido, primeramente, el rescate efectuado por el prestamista de última instancia, la Reserva Federal y seguida de la ampliación continua del crédito y más recientemente de la oferta monetaria. Los estrategas de tal política alegan con razón que de no haber actuado así la recesión habría sido de más larga duración y de efecto profundo. Sin embargo, la superación de la crisis ha sido ilusoria, porque el exceso de capital que la provocó persiste y está generando una tendencia a la deflación. Con la actual política monetaria casi inoperante, se intenta un cambio de estrategia para afrontar el legado de la crisis. Con Yellen en la Reserva Federal, la nueva estrategia se centra en restablecer la normalidad monetaria, lo que implicaría devaluar parte del capital en exceso que circula en el mundo, mediante el alza de las tasas de interés. Siendo los sistemas financieros dependientes del dinero ultra barato, ese paso tendría un potencial desestabilizador, por lo que una precondición es que la economía de Estados Unidos esté en condiciones de recuperarse. Aun si el restablecimiento de la normalidad monetaria no provocara lo que se quiere evitar, o sea otra recesión, la baja histórica del ritmo de crecimiento de la productividad arroja dudas sobre la efectividad de la nueva estrategia. La magnitud de estos desafíos indican que, por prime-

The Harappan Civilization, renowned for its urban planning and sophisticated technology, has also provided intriguing evidence of religious practices. While the nature of Harappan religious practice remains largely enigmatic, the discovery of fire altars at sites like Kalibangan, Lothal, Rakhigarhi etc. has sparked considerable interest in the possibility of fire worship as a central element of their religious beliefs. This article explores the existing archaeological data on fire altars, their architectural features, and potential ritualistic significance within the broader context of Harappan society.

Nella ricorrenza del 220° anniversario della Repubblica Napoletana del 1799 si è ritenuto opportuno pubblicare un cospicuo nucleo di atti notarili, finora solo in minima parte già editi, in grado di restituire interessanti informazioni intorno ai drammatici fatti che riguardarono Altamura. Grazie alle testimonianze riportate è possibile lumeggiare tratti della personalità di alcuni tra coloro che furono protagonisti a vario titolo, più o meno volontariamente coinvolti in quegli eventi, arricchire di dettagli vicende già note, delineare piccoli episodi sconosciuti sfuggiti ai cronisti o atteggiamenti non ancora rilevati dagli storici e inoltre cogliere aspetti del paesaggio urbano e del territorio circostante, scenario degli avvenimenti stessi.

La questione dell’elevazione del prezzo del pane e delle farine, particolarmente sentita nel decennio tra il 1870 e il 1880, fu affrontata con l’istituzione di una Commissione d’inchiesta allo scopo di individuare i diversi fattori che vi concorrevano, volendo mirare ad assicurare condizioni di mercato più equilibrate per favorire l’accesso ai beni di prima necessità da parte delle classi popolari. Nel panorama dell’Italia postunitaria la situazione dell’industria molitoria e della panificazione risulta in generale arretrata; la minuziosa raccolta di dati e notizie da parte della Commissione consente di delineare la situazione di Altamura e del circondario, un contesto produttivo non particolarmente problematico, in cui si riconoscono alcuni interessanti elementi della lavorazione tradizionale, quelli che hanno reso famoso il prodotto contemporaneo.

Carver has provided a longitudinal review of what he calls 'Four windows on early Britain', with brief discussions of four geographically dispersed sites, Wasperton, Sutton Hoo, Portmahomack and Stafford.The first site is interpreted chiefly through the remains in the cemetery which accommodated burials from the late Roman period through to the seventh century. Here were people from later Roman Britain, distinguished by their mixture of east-west graves and north-south burials with heads placed between legs, buried with their boots on. By the fifth century the grave goods had vanished and by the end of the century (480-500) Anglo-Saxon cremation urns made an appearance, alongside the locals, who included some people of Mediterranean origin. In the early sixth century, some burials remained east-west without grave-goods, while others, north-south, have copious gravegoods. By the end of the sixth century hierarchy has begun to be reflected by the appearance of richly furnished burials and finally in the early seventh century there is a grand burial of an individual with a Mediterranean background. Contact with the wider world had been re-established. Similarly Sutton Hoo is of course a cemetery, but of a rather different nature from Wasperton. Used over a much shorter period, it accommodated members of the elite of the highest status. Their presence was indicated by the famous ship-burials, but the cemetery was in use only from the late sixth century until the mid-seventh. Here there were ample reminders of connections to the Franks, to Scandinavia, to an ahistorical past with its reuse of an Iron Age field system and of course a connection to the Roman world. As with Wasperton it speaks of an hierarchical society, perhaps at first not so sure of itself, but by the later seventh century, abandoning the cemetery for it to become a place of execution as authority within society tightened its grip. At Portmahomack a religious community, first established in the late sixth century in great poverty, expanded in the later seventh century, developing industries of vellum making and smithing in silver and bronze. The Roman Christian world had penetrated to the far north-east of Scotland, but it also accommodated the Pictish society within which it was founded and from which, no doubt, most of its members were drawn. It flourished, only to be very violently destroyed c. 800, perhaps by Vikings. At Stafford the burh founded by AEthelflaed c. 913 was a piece in the strategic plan for the expansion of Wessex into the areas controlled by the Danes, or left weakened by their onslaught. It seems to have been a purely military settlement which developed industrial suburbs. Here there does not seem to have been any connection with a local past and at the Norman Conquest it was completely destroyed when it was burnt down, church included. The themes, then, are of diversity of practice and belief and of bringing together a mixture of people and influences. The poverty of the people of Wasperton and the monks at Portmahomack is noteworthy, as are the relatively short timescales everywhere except at Wasperton. Through time, though, we see the emergence of wealth, hierarchy, and authority which asserts its primacy through violence.

ing and Indexing services COBISS, International Political Science Abstracts, CSA Worldwide Political Science Abstracts, CSA Sociological Abstracts, PAIS International. Publication Data: SIdip – Slovenian Association for Innovative Political Science (Slovensko društvo za inovativno politologijo) Innovative issues and approaches in social sciences, 2012, vol. 5, no. 1 ISSN 1855-0541 Additional information available on: www.iiass.com Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 1

Francisco Antonio de Zamora y Peinado fue un personaje histórico cuya
carrera se desarrolló principalmente en el último cuarto del siglo XVIII en España. Su vida estuvo marcada por los cambios y ascensos profesionales, sus traslados de domicilio, el contacto con las más altas esferas del poder, tales como la familia real, el conde de Campomanes, el conde de Floridablanca, Manuel Godoy o Melchor Gaspar de Jovellanos, así como por sus viajes por miles de villas y ciudades de nuestro país.
Además fue testigo directo de acontecimientos históricos de importancia y trascendencia para la política española como fueron la Revolución Francesa, la Guerra de la Convención o el posterior conflicto armado naval con Gran Bretaña. Asimismo, sus comienzos profesionales estuvieron ligados a Madrid y a la Ilustración española, teniendo un papel relevante y una contribución significativa en la Real Sociedad Económica Matritense de Amigos del País, el objeto de este estudio. Como otros muchos personajes contemporáneos a éste, vivió en sus carnes la defenestración política.
y el olvido por parte de las siguientes generaciones.

“The principal occupation of the Ragusans in Venice and the Venetians in Dubrovnik was business. Commercial and credit operations were their main activity, wether they were merchants, professionals, captains or even diplomats.” Barisha Krekić

In a previous paper about the Varenne family, I mentioned the somewhat surprising marriage of Gundred of Oosterzele with the knight William of Varenne, who was a leading participant in the Norman invasion of England in 1066. Oosterzele is a rural commune in East Flanders, situated only 20 kms from Ghent, but more than 300 kms from Varenne… There are lots of fancy stories attempting to explain this unusual marriage, some suggesting that Gundrade was in fact a daughter of the Conqueror and his wife Matilde of Flanders. Matilde married William the Conqueror in 1051 and they had ten children. Gundrade was born in Ghent in 1053 and cannot possibly have been a daughter of Mathilde. Nevertheless, she still appears in some genealogies as Gundrade of Normandy and as an additional daughter of the duke and his wife .

Ter gelegenheid van zijn negentigste verjaardag publiceerde Dries Van den Abeele dit overzicht van zijn gepubliceerde teksten.


A l'occasion de son quatre-vingt-dizième anniversaire, André Van den Abeele a publié une bibliographie de ses textes publiés.


On the occasion de his ninetieth birthday, Andrew Van den Abeele published a bibliography of his published texts and studies.

Cet article est un préliminaire à une analyse détaillée des élections de
sépulture auprès de proches (sépulture « familiale ») à Montpellier et
dans le diocèse de Maguelone à la fin du Moyen Âge. Il vise à en poser les
fondements géographiques, méthodologiques et statistiques. La question de
la géographie de l’ensevelissement, largement défrichée par des études plus
anciennes, demeure périphérique au propos – elle sera uniquement abordée
afin de compléter les travaux préexistants pour la fin du xive et du xve siècle.
Le coeur de la recherche est celui des demandes d’ensevelissement auprès
de proches, dans une perspective chronologique et méthodologique. En
moyenne, 60 % des testateurs et testatrices de Montpellier demandaient
à être ensevelis auprès de membres de leur parenté (c. 1250-1500). On
verra que les demandes de sépulture familiale étaient devenues dès le
début du xve siècle une clause quasi-incontournable des testaments de la
ville – présents dans trois quarts des actes à la fin de la période – et que
l’étude typologique de ces requêtes témoigne d’enjeux individuels et d’une
perception personnelle, fluide et mouvante de la parenté.
This article is a preliminary study of burial requests with relatives (“family”
burials) in Montpellier and the diocese of Maguelone at the end of the Middle
Ages. It lays out the geographical, methodological and statistical foundations
of a larger investigation of late medieval burial practices. The question of
the geography of burial, explored in prior studies, remains peripheral to
the subject – it is only addressed to complement pre-existing work for the
end of the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. The research focuses on
burial requests with relatives, from a chronological and methodological
perspective. On average, 60% of the Montpellier testators requested to be
buried with members of their kin (c. 1250-1500). From the beginning of the
fifteenth century, requests for family burials had become an almost essential
clause in the city’s wills – present in three-quarters of the documents at the
end of the period. The typological study of these requests bears witness to
individual concerns and a personal, fluid and changing perception of kinship

With Chapter 13, 'Tian Yue Marshals His Tropes: Public Persuasion and the Character of Military Leadership in Late Tang China', we make a jump to China: D.A. Graff offers an in-depth overview of the speeches of generals during the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE), a period in which, unlike earlier periods in which they are very rare, we have examples of speeches occurring during particularly dramatic moments. The next paper is a rich and well documented work by P. Rance, 'The Reception of Onasander's Strategikos in Byzantine Military Literature', which shows, among other things, how the strategic reorientation into a more offensive direction in the Arab-Byzantine conflicts between the late ninth and tenth centuries coincides with a florescence of Byzantine military writing and book production, in which the generals link up with their Roman predecessors. Tougher's Chapter, 'Generalship and Gender in Byzantium: Non-Campaigning Emperors and Eunuch Generals in the Age of the Macedonian Dynasty', analyses the way in which the sources looked at non-campaigning emperors and some eunuch generals, both praised for their courage in light of their successes. The last chapter by D. Krallis, 'The Politics of War: Virtue, Tyche, Persuasion and the Byzantine General', studies, within various Byzantine sources, the skills needed to be a good general, in which a continuity with Roman military thought emerges. These chapters are, on the whole, in-depth works, with a marked tendency, however, in some cases, to avoid non Anglo-Saxon scholarship, even when written in Englishan increasingly less isolated phenomenon that is rather perplexing. The single-page epilogue by the two editors (p. 306) is tangible evidence of the lack of a spirit that would have given vitality to the various parts of this book; with a very general title, in view of its content, this work appears more like an interesting miscellany of a journal dealing with a common theme than a collected volume. In whichever way one wants to look at itas a necessarily incomplete mosaic or as a portrait à la Arcimboldo -, readers are still able to learn and discover much about various aspects of generalship in the Graeco-Roman-Byzantine world. This volume doubtless contributes to a better knowledge of it.