Haematology

A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2009 to March 2010 in and around Haramaya town to determine the species composition, prevalence and seasonal variation of ixodid cattle ticks. During the study period, a total of 3117 adult ixodid cattle ticks were collected from the half body regions of 346 local breeds of cattle which were under extensive management system during early dry and early wet periods and then identified to genera and species level. Six tick species of four genera were identified in which two species each belongs to the genus Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus and one species each belong to the genus Hyalomma and Boophilus. Of the total tick collected, Amblyomma, Boophilus, Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma constitutes (65, 26.3, 10.9 and 7.8%), respectively. The prevalence of tick species were Amblyomma varigatum (41%) Boophilus decoloratus (26.3%), Amblyomma coherence (14.9%), Hyalomma rufipes (7.8%) and Rhipicephalus evertsi (5.5%) and Rhipicephalus pulchellus (5.4%). The present study reveals that A. varigatum was the most abundant cattle tick species in and around Haramaya town and while the R. pulchelusis the least abundant. There was no statistical significance difference (P> 0.05) in tick infestation between sex of cattle's but tick infestation was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in adult age groups of cattle compared to caves. The favorable predilection sites of Amblyomma species were ano-vulva, udder/scrotum, but B. decoloratus preferred dewlap, perineum and udder/scrotum. The sex ratio of all tick species identified during this study period was skewed towards male except for B. decoloratus. The present study on tick species composition and seasonal variability contributes its part on how to design control strategies for ticks and tick borne diseases in the study area.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant cause of mortality in patients with lung cancer. Despite the availability of a wide range of anticoagulants to help prevent thrombosis, thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory patients is a challenge due to its associated risk of haemorrhage. As a result, anticoagulation is only recommended in patients with a relatively high risk of VTE. Efforts have been made to develop predictive models for VTE risk assessment in cancer patients, but the availability of a reliable predictive model for ambulate patients with lung cancer is unclear. We have analysed the latest information on this topic, with a focus on the lung cancer-related risk factors for VTE, and risk prediction models developed and validated in this group of patients. The existing risk models, such as the Khorana score, the PROTECHT score and the CONKO score, have shown poor performance in external validations, failing to identify many high-risk individuals. Some of the newly developed an...

We investigated erythrogram and leukogram in the rats Rattus norvegicus (Wistar strain) during the short-term hypothermia under the laboratory controlled conditions. Control group of animals was anesthetized using diethylether and then heart punction was performed. Experimental group of animals was exposed to short-term hypothermia by "a'frigore" method. Once the body temperature of experimental animals decreased (rectal temperature was 15 °C), we performed punction of the heart. Hematological status was determined by the following parameters: erythrogram (red blood cell count, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), MCV, MCH and MCHC) and leukogram (leukocytes, segmented and non-segmented neutrophils, eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes). Under hypothermic conditions, a significant decrease in neutrophilic granulocytes and increase in lymphocytes were noted. The red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentrations were significantly increased while the values of MCV and MCH decreased in hypothermia.

The objective of the present study was to investigate urinary protein profiles in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in comparison to dogs with urinary tract infection (UTI). Animals were divided into 4 groups: control, CKD stages II+III, CKD stage IV and UTI. Blood pressure was measured using oscillometric method. Blood was collected for determinations of packed cell volume (PCV), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine concentrations. Urine was collected for urinalysis and protein determination. Total urinary proteins were measured using semi-quantitative method by precipitation with sulfosalicylic acid and a standard SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) which were presented as urinary protein creatinine (UPC) ratio and electrophoresis urinary total protein creatinine (E-UTPC) ratio, respectively. The protein of high molecular weight (HMW) (> 67 kDa), middle molecular weight (MMW) (66-67 kDa) and low molecular weight (LMW) (< 66 kDa) were determined. The results showed that blood pressure in dogs with CKD stage IV was significantly higher than the control healthy group (p < 0.05). The PCV was lower in dogs with CKD stage IV compared with the control and UTI group (p < 0.05). Dogs with CKD stage II+III or IV had significantly higher UPC ratio and E-UTPC ratio (p < 0.05) compared with the control group. Although dogs with UTI had higher E-UTPC ratio compared with the control group, it was lower than dogs with CKD stage IV (p < 0.05). There were positive correlations between plasma creatinine concentration and both proteinuria (HHW; p < 0.01 and MMW; p < 0.05) and mean arterial blood pressure (p < 0.05). The urinary protein distributions in CKD groups were similar to UTI. It is concluded that although the proteinuria in CKD was higher than UTI, the degree and pattern of urinary protein with different molecular weight could not be used to distinguish between CKD and UTI in dogs.

Objective: Vivax malaria is common in Pakistan. We carried out this study to determine the effects of this infection on blood counts and the impact of splenomegaly on these results.
Methods: This was a retrospective observational study carried out at 1 Mountain Medical Battalion, Bagh, Azad Kashmir. Old medical records of all patients admitted with vivax malaria from Jan 2010 to Oct 2012 were scrutinized. The presence or absence of a palpable spleen and the results of complete blood counts and platelet counts measured at the time of admission were noted down. Anaemia was defined as Hb<13g/dl in men, leukopenia as total leukocyte count (TLC)<4000/µl and thrombocytopenia as platelets count <150000/µl. Data was analysed with STATA version 12.1. The results of haematology parameters were compared amongst patients with splenomegaly and the rest.
Results: Anaemia was seen in 22.15%, neutropenia in 23.49% and thrombocytopenia in 90.60% of the 149 male patients having a mean age of 27.54±5.11 years. The differences in mean blood counts and the number of patients with haematological abnormalities in the two groups were statistically insignificant.
Conclusion: Since the blood counts are not affected by presence or absence of splenomegaly, mechanisms other than hypersplenism are important.

In spite of wide spread biological uses of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), there is a dearth of information on its effects on haematological indices. This work was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of ethanolic extract of M. fragrans on some haematological indices using albino rat as a model. Twenty four (24) Wistar strain albino rats weighing 140 to 160 g were randomly distributed into four (4) groups of six (6) animals per group. Group I consists of rats which received 10 ml/kg normal saline (orally) and served as the control while those in Groups II, III and IV received 50% ethanolic seed extract of M. fragrans (orally) at doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. In all groups, the blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture for analysis of haematological indices after feeding regimens lasted for 14 days. The results showed significant decreases (p< 0.05) in red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HbC) and platelet count especially at high doses. There was significant increase (p< 0.05) in total white blood cell (WBC) count. This study therefore seems to confirm the anti-inflammatory properties of seed of M. fragrans and also suggests that it may have deleterious effects on haemopoiesis at high doses.

Blood samples for determining haematological and biochemical values were taken from 23 healthy wild boars selected for breeding. All animals were in good condition, aged 3 to 5 years, body mass 100 to 150 kg. Total numbers of erythrocytes, concentration of haemoglobin, haematocrit and MCV values were somewhat higher than physiological values of domestic pig, while total number of leukocytes was lower, with more segmented granulocytes, than in domestic pigs. Mean values of alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase were higher than physiological values in domestic pig, and aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were within these values. Glucose level was significantly higher than values in domestic pigs.

BACKGROUND Metformin is the cornerstone medication in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with estimates that it is routinely prescribed to 120 million type 2 diabetes patients around the world. Preceding studies say long term use of metformin in T2DM lowers vitamin-B12 levels and its clinical manifestations can be misdiagnosed as diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this study is to correlate haematological parameters with estimated serum Vit. B12 levels in T2DM patients on long term metformin in patient subjects and healthy volunteers.

Discrepancies in blood typing is one of the major reasons in eliciting a transfusion reaction. These discrepancies can be avoided through detailed analysis for the blood typing. Here, we report a subgroup of blood group type-B in the ABO system. Donor's blood was analyzed by employing commercial antisera for blood grouping. The results of forward (known antisera) and reverse (known antigen) reaction were not complimentary. A detailed analysis using the standard protocols by American Association of Blood Banking revealed the blood type as a variant of blood group-B instead of blood group-O. This is suggestive of the fact that blood group typing should be performed with extreme care and any divergence, if identified, should be properly resolved to avoid transfusion reactions. Moreover, a major study to determine the blood group variants in Pakistani population is needed.

Objective-To develop robust reference intervals for hematologic and serum biochemical variables by use of data derived from free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and examine potential variation in distributions of clinicopathologic values related to sampling sites' geographic locations. Animals-255 free-ranging bottlenose dolphins. Procedures-Data from samples collected during multiple bottlenose dolphin capturerelease projects conducted at 4 southeastern US coastal locations in 2000 through 2006 were combined to determine reference intervals for 52 clinicopathologic variables. A nonparametric bootstrap approach was applied to estimate 95th percentiles and associated 90% confidence intervals; the need for partitioning by length and sex classes was determined by testing for differences in estimated thresholds with a bootstrap method. When appropriate, quantile regression was used to determine continuous functions for 95th percentiles dependent on length. The proportion of out-of-range samples for all clinicopathologic measurements was examined for each geographic site, and multivariate ANOVA was applied to further explore variation in leukocyte subgroups. Results-A need for partitioning by length and sex classes was indicated for many clinicopathologic variables. For each geographic site, few significant deviations from expected number of out-of-range samples were detected. Although mean leukocyte counts did not vary among sites, differences in the mean counts for leukocyte subgroups were identified. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Although differences in the centrality of distributions for some variables were detected, the 95th percentiles estimated from the pooled data were robust and applicable across geographic sites. The derived reference intervals provide critical information for conducting bottlenose dolphin population health studies. (Am J Vet Res 2009;70:973-985) R eference intervals for hematologic and serum biochemical variables are important in assessments of animal health. Clinicopathologic test results for individual animals are compared with the distribution of

For a long time, aluminium (Al) has been considered an indifferent element from a toxicological point of view. In recent years, however, Al has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several clinical disorders, such as dialysis dementia, the fulminant neurological disorder that can develop in patients on renal dialysis. Therefore, the present experiment was carried out to determine the effectiveness of l-ascorbic acid (AA) in alleviating the toxicity of aluminium chloride (AlCl 3 ) on certain hemato-biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation and enzyme activities of male New Zealand white rabbits. Six rabbits per group were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 0 mg AA and 0 mg AlCl 3 /kg body weight (BW) (control); 40 mg AA/kg BW; 34 mg AlCl 3 /kg BW (1/25 LD 50 ); 34 mg AlCl 3 plus 40 mg AA/kg BW. Rabbits were orally administered their respective doses every other day for 16 weeks. Evaluations were made for lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and hemato-biochemical parameters. Results obtained showed that AlCl 3 significantly (P < 0.05) induced free radicals and decreased the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the levels of sulfhydryl groups (SH groups) in rabbit plasma, liver, brain, testes and kidney. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), acid phosphatase (AcP), and phosphorylase activities were significantly decreased in liver and testes due to AlCl 3 administration. While, plasma, liver, testes and brain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were significantly increased. Contrariwise, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was significantly decreased in brain and plasma. Aluminium treatment caused a significant decrease in plasma total lipids (TL), blood haemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV), and increased total leukocyte count (TLC) and the concentrations of glucose, urea, creatinine, bilirubin and cholesterol. Ascorbic acid alone significantly decreased the levels of free radicals, TL, cholesterol, glucose and creatinine, and increased the activity of GST, SH groups, Hb, TEC and PCV. While, the rest of the tested parameters were not affected. Also, the present study showed that ascorbic acid can be effective in the protection of aluminium-induced toxicity.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder of glucose metabolism characterized by elevated blood sugar concentrations due to a loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells (type 1 diabetes) or through loss of insulin responsiveness in its target tissues like adipose and muscle (type 2 diabetes). This study was undertaken to investigate the blood sugar reducing potential of turmeric. The duration of the study was 5 weeks and the experimental rats were fed standard rabbit pellet feed and water. Rats were grouped into 6 as follows: Group A-normal control, Group B-diabetic and not treated, Group Cstandard control, and Group D-F were diabetic and treated with different doses of turmeric (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) respectively. Data obtained were analyzed using One-way Analysis Variance (ANOVA). Oral administration of methanolic extract of turmeric led to a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and normalization of other haematological parameters. The extract helped stabilize blood sugar levels and made diabetes more manageable. Standard drug (Glibenclamide) effectively treated the diabetic condition of the experimental rats.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which has emerged as a health challenge globally due to its insidious on set, late recognition and complications. The present study was aimed at evaluation of haemostatic parameters in Owerri. Cross Sectional Studies was conducted at Federal Medical Center and Imo State specialist Hospital, Owerri. A total of three hundred subjects which include each one hundred and fifty type 2 diabetics and apparently control subjects between the ages forty and sixty nine years were recruited. Ten millimeters of venous blood as aseptically collected from thesubjects. Platelet count and coagulation assay were used for determination of these parameters .The data was analyzed using statistical package for social science 20.0. Test with a probability value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results from haemostatic parameters showed higher statistically significant value (P = 0.001) in platelet count (226.68 ± 19.40 vs 205 .86 ± 13.33x10 9 /l), and fibrinogen (370.19) ± 21.55 v 2.63.56 ± 32.31mg/dl) when type 2 diabetics was compared with control subjects. Inversely, there was statistically significantly lower values; (P = 0.031) in prothrombin time (13.47 ± 0.96 v 14.06 ± 0.96s) and (P = 0.001) in activated partial thrombopalstin time (34,39 ± 2.17 v 37.25 ± 1.82).There was statistically significant progressive increase in activated partial thromboplastin time (

This article presents an overview of haematological parameters and factors affecting their values. Blood act as a pathological reflector of the status of the exposed animals to toxicants and other conditions. The examination of blood provides the opportunity to clinically investigate the presence of metabolites and other constituents in the body of animals and it plays a vital role in the physiological, nutritional and pathological status of an animal. Blood constituents change in relation to the physiological status of an animal. These changes are important in assessing the response of farm animals to various physiological situations. These changes are often caused by several factors; some of which are genetic and others, non-genetic. Age, sex, breed and management systems are among the factors that influence blood-based parameters of farm animals. It is important to establish baseline indices for these parameters on the basis of these factors and determine the effects of these factors on these indices.

Recent years have seen great advances in the understanding of epigenetic gene regulation. Many of the molecular players involved have recently been identified and are rapidly being characterized in detail. Genome scale studies, using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by expression arrays ('ChIP-Chip') or next generation sequencing ('ChIP-Seq'), have been applied to the study of transcription factor binding, DNA methylation, alternative histone use, and covalent histone modifications such as acetylation, ubiquitination and methylation. Initial studies focused on yeast, and embryonic stem cells. Genome-wide studies are now also being employed to characterize cancer and specifically leukemia genomes, with the prospect of improved diagnostic accuracy and discovery of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we review some of the epigenetic modifications and their relevance for leukemia.

All the objecte are rod blood-wrpuscles done to one and the t*ime ficaie, whieli is at the foot of the drawing. The whole length m* the eeak represents 7 ± π of an English inch, and each one of it« ten divisions j^'-j^ of an inch, as described at page 475. Only corpuscles of the average sizes and quite regular shapes are given; and they are all raagniilod to the same, or nearly the same, degree--to wit, about 800 diameters. VERTEBRATA Homo. l. ; Corpuscle lying flat. 2. The same on edge. 3. Membranous base of the same, after removal by water of the co*ouring-matter.

Classical multidimensional scaling is a widely used method in dimensionality reduction and manifold learning. The method takes in a dissimilarity matrix and outputs a low-dimensional configuration matrix based on a spectral decomposition. In this paper, we present three noise models and analyze the resulting configuration matrices, or embeddings. In particular, we show that under each of the three noise models the resulting embedding gives rise to a central limit theorem. We also provide compelling simulations and real data illustrations of these central limit theorems. This perturbation analysis represents a significant advancement over previous results regarding classical multidimensional scaling behavior under randomness.

Haematological reference ranges are often influenced by individual variables, such as race, age, gender and dietary habits. In addition, ecological factors such as climate and altitudemight affect the parameters, while variations in instrumentation techniques and laboratory personnel involved also contribute to the measurements. Therefore, the currently used reference ranges, which were originally adopted from other countries and mainly refer to European subjects, might be misleading in some cases. This study is an attempt to establish haematological reference ranges for male subjectsfrom Eastern India. Haematological tests, using an automated haematology analyzer, were carried out on 528blood samples from healthy male donors. The population was found to exhibit lowerhaemoglobin (HGB) and platelet (PLT) contents as compared to the standard reference values, although the difference was statistically significant only for the platelet count. Nevertheless, the digression from the international range of data was clinically significant, except for the white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC) counts. Finally, the respective reference values for HGB, RBC and hematocrit (HCT) were found to vary significantly with the age group of the subjects. It is expected that the study will facilitate the interpretation and reporting of haematological parameters in Eastern India.

The study was planned to determine the comparative efficacy of leaf extract of Azadirachta indica, Cichorium intybus and Moringa oleifera, on haematology, intestinal histomorphology and nutrient digestibility in broilers. Day old broiler chicks (n=180) purchased from a commercial hatchery were reared in a group for one week (adaptation period). At day 8, these birds were individually weighed and 120 birds of middle weight range were randomly selected and distributed into 12 replicates (10 chicks/replicate). These replicates were further allotted to four treatment groups designated as A, B, C and D. Group A was offered water without any supplementation and served as a control. Whereas, group B, C and D were offered water supplemented with leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (4%), Cichorium intybus (2%) and Moringa oleifera (6%), @ 50 ml/l, @ 10 ml/l and @ 30 ml/l, respectively. Results of the study revealed that supplementation of Azadirachta indica leaf extract showed better nutrient digestibility of crude protein and ether extract as compared to that of control. However, digestibility of crude fiber due to the treatments remained unaffected. Stabilization of blood metabolites resulted in improved intestinal histo-morphology. The birds using Azadirachta indica fetched the highest profit as compare to the other treatment groups. Therefore, use of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts in broiler is recommended as inexpensive and efficient growth promoting agent without residual effects like antibiotic growth promoter.

An increasing understanding of the process of erythropoiesis raises some interesting questions about the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of anemia and erythrocytosis. The mechanisms underlying the development of many of the erythrocytoses, previously characterised as idiopathic, have been elucidated leading to an increased understanding of oxygen homeostasis. Characterisation of anemia and erythrocytosis in relation to serum erythropoietin levels can be a useful addition to clinical diagnostic criteria and provide a rationale for treatment with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs). Recombinant human erythropoietin as well as other ESAs are now widely used to treat anemias associated with a range of conditions, including chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammatory disorders and cancer. There is also heightened awareness of the potential abuse of ESAs to boost athletic performance in competitive sport. The discovery of erythropoietin receptors outside of the erythropoietic compartment may herald future applications for ESAs in the management of neurological and cardiac diseases. The current controversy concerning optimal hemoglobin levels in chronic kidney disease patients treated with ESAs and the potential negative clinical outcomes of ESA treatment in cancer reinforces the need for cautious evaluation of the pleiotropic effects of ESAs in non-erythroid tissues.

ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary vitamin E on performance, digestibility and hematological parameters for a period of eight weeks with 96 day-old marshal broiler chicks. Basal diets was supplemented with different levels of vitamin E which are 0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg and 1.5g/kg. Each test diet was fed for 8 weeks ad libitum in starter and finisher form. Result of the present study shows significant difference (p<0.05) in body weight gain with highest and lowest mean values are (712.60g and 653.36g) respectively. Whereas feed intake showed significant difference (p<0.05).
Haematological parameters revealed that PCV is affected by varying levels of vitamin E supplementation, also differential counts lymphocytes, monocytes and heterophils showed significant difference (p<0.05) across the treatments. Haemoglobin decreased with increasing level of inclusion of vitamin E supplementation. Serum result from present study shows that only LDL is significantly different (p<0.05) across the treatment while serum cholesterol increase with increasing level of supplementation with treatment 3 having the highest mean value of 113.07mg/dl and treatment 1 with the lowest at 1005.56md/dl. Digestibility of nutrients result of present study shows that there are no significant difference in dry matter digestibility as digestibility was fair across all treatments, also crude protein digestibility was highest in treatment 3 with mean value of 65.84±2.76and lowest in the control diet with mean value of 56.38±7.04. Varying levels of vitamin E did not significantly change the ether extract values.
KEY WORDS: Vitamin E, Broilers, Haematological parameters, Digestibility, Performance, Serum chemistry.

A. INHIBITOR Faal hemostasis merupakan proses yang sangat terkendali dan berkeseimbangan serta terbatas hanya di tempat kerusakan dinding pembuluh darah, tidak boleh meluas secara sistemik. Pembentukan fibrin berlebihan (sifat prothrombotik) menyebabkan thrombosis, sedangkan pembentukan fibrin yang tidak adekuat menyebabkan perdarahan. Maka dari itu dibutuhkan inhibitor koagulasi. Inhibitor adalah sejumlah protein plasma mampu menghambat serine protease yang terlibat dalam koagulasi, fibrinolisis, dan pembentukan kinin. Ini termasuk antitrombin III, heparin cofactor II, a2-macroglobulin, a1-antitrypsin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor ( TFPI), activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), dan C1 inhibitor. B. MACAM-MACAM INHIBITOR 1. INHIBITOR VASKULER

Οι αιματολογικές κακοήθειες μολονότι αποτελούν το 8% των περιπτώσεων καρκίνου δεν έχουν μελετηθεί επαρκώς από ψυχοκοινωνική σκοπιά. Η παρούσα έρευνα επιχειρεί τη διερεύνηση των αφηγήσεων 8 Ελλήνων ασθενών με αιματολογικό καρκίνο. Στόχος ήταν η κατανόηση της υποκειμενικής εμπειρίας του αιματολογικού καρκίνου και της νοηματοδότηση της ασθένειας, αλλά και η μελέτη της αναπαράστασης της ασθένειας στη γενικότερη αυτοβιογραφία και της επιρροής ευρύτερων συστημάτων στο προσωπικό βίωμα. Η έρευνα βασίστηκε στην αφηγηματική μέθοδο για τη συλλογή των δεδομένων καθώς και την ανάλυση και την ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων. Από τη διαδικασία της αφηγηματικής ανάλυσης προέκυψαν τρία σημαντικά ζητήματα. Πρώτον, με αφετηρία τη θεωρία του Bury (1982) για τη βιογραφική ρήξη, περιγράψαμε και επιχειρήσαμε να ερμηνεύσουμε το πώς και σε ποιους τομείς άλλαξαν (ή δεν άλλαξαν) οι ζωές των συμμετεχόντων μετά τη διάγνωση του αιματολογικού καρκίνου. Δεύτερον, με βάση τους αφηγηματικούς τύπους του Frank (1995) μελετήσαμε το πώς οι συμμετέχοντες αναπαριστούν και νοηματοδοτούν την εμπειρία της ασθένειας και πώς προσαρμόζονται σε αυτήν. Τέλος, περιγράφουμε την αβεβαιότητα που βιώνουν οι συμμετέχοντες ως ένα πυρηνικό χαρακτηριστικό των αφηγήσεων της εμπειρίας του αιματολογικού καρκίνου, την οποία συνδέουμε με τη ροή της πληροφορίας ανάμεσα στην οικογένεια, τον ασθενή και το ιατρικό προσωπικό, καθώς και με το μοντέλο της μεταιχμιακότητας για την υποκειμενική εμπειρία του καρκίνου.

Tolong saya Dok, badan saya terasa lemah dan mudah capai Sdr. X, perempuan, 20 tahun, adalah seorang mahasiswa sebuah perguruan tinggi di kota Malang. Sudah sebulan ini, dia merasa badannya terasa lemah, mudah capai, dan tidak kuat berolahraga basket seperti biasanya. Teman-temannya mengamati bahwa dia terlihat pucat. Sdr X memeriksakan dirinya ke dokter di RS Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Dokter menyarankan untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan darah lengkap, dimana dengan pemeriksaan ini dapat mendeteksi kadar hemoglobin, jumlah sel leukosit, jumlah sel trombosit, hitung jenis leukositnya, hematokrit, laju endap darah, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), persentase sel retikulosit, dan evaluasi hapusan darah tepinya.

Abstract— Cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of cancer and cardiovascular diseases leading to millions of premature deaths each year all over the world. Scientists have identified about 4,000 different substances in tobacco all of which have certain degree of toxic effects. At least 43 of them known carcinogens.
Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the extent of adverse effect of cigarette and shisha on haematological parameters in male population of Khartoum State – Sudan.
Subject and Methods: One hundred and fifty male subjects participated in this study, cigarette smoker (n= 50), shisha smoker (n= 50) and non-smoker (n= 50). The smokers were regularly smoking at least for 10 years. Fresh peripheral blood samples from healthy adult non-smokers and smokers (males) were collected and analysed for Red Blood Cells (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) content, packed cell volume (PCV), MCV, MCH and MCHC, total and differential leucocytes (WBC) counts and total platelets count by using fully automatic haematological analyser.
Results: The smokers of cigarette and shisha had significantly higher level of Hb, HCT, RBCs, TWBC count and MCHC. However, platelets counts were significantly lower in cigarette smokers than that of non-smokers. Study shows that the duration of smoking had no significant effect on haematological parameters except Hb.
Conclusion: It concluded that smoking alters haematological parameter that is injurious to health.

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Introduction: A case of an 82-year-old male is reported, who comes to our center presenting an essential thrombocytosis, with platelet levels > 2,000 x 103/μL. The patient was treated by therapeutic plateletapheresis performed with a donation kit. At the end of the last procedure, he presented improvement. Objective: The parameters used in apheresis equipment are described. Material and methods: An Amicus® apheresis machine, a platelet donation kit, was used. Results: It was necessary to modify the parameters of the apheresis machine to enable it and thus achieve the procedure, since it was not designed to perform therapeutic plateletapheresis procedures, because it does not allow the introduction of pathological parameters. Two series of 6 procedures were performed, one every 24 hours. At the end of each series there was a decrease in platelet count and decrease in its symptomatology. Conclusions: After the series of procedures, clinical improvement (decrease in associated symptoms) and laboratory (a return in platelet numbers to normal ranges) were presented. This treatment should be considered as a good alternative in sites that do not have specific equipment for the performance of therapeutic plateletapheresis.

Paul Ehrlich (1854e1915) is nowadays considered a pioneer in a number of medical fields, and in the course of time his role in the establishment and development of disciplines such as histology, immunology, oncology and haematology has been acknowledged. Aim of this historical note is to illustrate, in the area of chemotherapy, the special importance of this brilliant scientist whose 150th anniversary of birth occurred in 2004.

Agricultural pests and ectoparasites in animals/poultry are controlled by spraying pesticides/insecticides which include pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and organochlorines. Pyrethroids having high efficiency with low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability are preferred over other insecticides. Cypermethrin, type II synthetic pyrethroid is extensively used in Pakistan, as it is considered as safer to the public health point of view than the other insecticides in the market. The chronic use and excessive doses of pesticides like pyrethroids may, however, become part of food chain leading to a series of hematological, biochemical, reproductive and pathological changes in the body. This review deals with the hematological and biochemical alterations rendered by pyrethroids in mammals, fish and birds.

A ten-week experiment using twenty four (24) weaner rabbits (Chinchila x New Zealand White) aged 8 to 9 weeks with an average initial body weight of 431.20+0.74g were randomly allocated to four treatment diets of T 1 (control), T 2 (5% NLM), T 3 (10% NLM) and T 4 (15% NLM) in a completely randomized design. They were fed for 10 weeks during which data on growth and haematology were collected and analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the average total body weight gains were 739.60g (T 1), 717.85g (T 2), 740.18g (T 3) and 729.45g (T 4).There was no significant difference (p>0.05) when T 1 and T 3 as well as T 2 and T 4 were compared but significant (p<0.05) when T 1 and T 2 as well as T 3 and T 4 were compared. Also the average weekly feed intake showed that T 1, T 2, T 3 and T 4 consumed 313.91g, 313.24g, 312.48g and 314.69g respectively. However, there was significant difference (p<0.05) when all the treatments were compared in this respect. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed that T 3 (4.22) was the best followed by T 1 (4.24), T 4 (4.31) and T 2 (4.36) with significant differences (p<0.05) among them except (p>0.05) between T 1 and T 3. The haematological indices showed that though all the parameters fell within the normal physiologic ranges, the PCV was 37.62% (T 1), 38.42% (T 2), 39.60% (T 3) and 39.03% (T 4) and when compared, were all significantly different (p<0.05) except (P>0.05) for T 3 and T 4 while the haemoglobin concentration showed that T 1 (13.47g/dl) was significantly different (p<0.05) from T 2 (14.18g/dl), T 3 (14.34g/dl), and T 4 (13.97g/dl). The white blood cell count showed that T 3 (10.62 x10 9 /L) had the highest value followed by T 1 (10.12 x10 9 /L), T 4 (9.34 x10 9 /L) and T 2 (9.18 x10 9 /L) with a significant difference (p<0.05) occurring when T 1 and T 3 were compared to T 2 and T 4 while the red blood cell counts indicated that T 1 had the highest value of 4.92 World Scientific News 55 (2016) 51-62-52-x10 6 /L followed by T 3 (4.89 x10 6 /L), T 2 (4.73 x10 6 /L) and T 4 (4.65 x10 6 /L) without any significant difference among the treatments. All the values fell within the normal range. It is therefore recommended that inclusion of neem leaf meal in the diets of rabbits up to 10% is not detrimental since it improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), growth performance and had no negative effect on haematological values.

The effect of Solanum macrocarpon fruit on haematology, hepatic and renal function was studied. Twenty-five wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. Aside the control group, the test groups were given compounded feed of ground Solanum macrocarpon fruit and normal (pelletized) rats feed. Results obtained for haematology, hepatic and renal function revealed significance effect (p<0.05) on some of the parameters investigated in test rats against those of the control. This study has shown the effect of Solanum macrocarpon fruit on haematology, hepatic and renal function.

Reintroductions and translocations are increasingly used as conservation tools. However, despite guidelines recommending that health-screening be an integral part of such programmes, few reports are available. For most species, even baseline data, against which to compare future results, are not published. Here we report two case studies of health surveillance in wildlife reintroduction programmes – for water voles (Arvicola terrestris) in Australia, and for marsupial dibblers (Parantechinus apicalis) in the UK. These illustrate the potential importance of even basic screening strategies in helping to avoid disease transfer and identifying predictors of survival. Factors to be considered in the design of future monitoring schemes are also discussed.

Platelet secretion not only drives thrombosis and haemostasis, but also mediates a variety of other physiological and pathological processes.  The ubiquitous SNARE machinery and a number of accessory proteins have been implicated in regulating secretion in platelets.  Although several platelet SNAREs have been identified, further members of the SNARE family may help fine-tune platelet secretion.  In this study I identified expression of t-SNAREs VTI1A, VTI1B (Qb SNAREs) and STX8 (Qc SNARE) in human and mouse platelets.  Those ‘novel’ SNAREs were able to interact with each other and previously reported SNAREs VAMP8 (R-SNARE) and STX11 (Qa SNARE), thus suggesting existence of a secondary SNARE complex in addition to the widely accepted SNAP23-VAMP8-STX11 complex.  In following mouse studies, whereas neither gene was found to
be essential for α-granule or lysosome secretion, Stx8-/- platelets showed a significant defect in dense granule secretion and aggregation, that was most pronounced at intermediate concentrations of agonists.  Addition of exogenous ADP could rescue the aggregation defect but failed to restore dense granule secretion, suggesting the defect lies in the ‘primary’ secretory pathway.  Pretreatment with P2Y receptors antagonists reduced secretion and aggregation to the same extent in WT and Stx8-/- platelets, suggesting that the ADP-driven positive feedback mechanism was not defective in Stx8-/- platelets.  In addition, STX8 was found to play a role in regulating pro-coagulant activity suggesting novel roles for SNAREs in platelets.  Neither Vti1a-/- nor Vti1b-/- showed any
significant defects, suggesting complementarity between those homologues in
platelets.  STX8 therefore specifically contributes to dense granule secretion and
represents another member of a growing family of genes that play distinct roles
in differentially regulating granule release from platelets.  Taken together, data
presented in this Thesis not only provides first evidence of an additional SNARE complex present in platelets but also suggests novel roles for SNAREs in regulation of thrombosis and haemostasis

Chapter 3 The role of medicine: dream, mirage, or nemesis? Thomas McKeown Doctors have always tended to overestimate the effectiveness of their inter- vention and to underestimate the risks, whether removing large quantities of blood, under mistaken notions of the blood ...

Background: The present study was carried out to establish data on the effects of childhood malaria on plasma levels of some haematological and biochemical parameters in the pathology of malaria in Anambra state children. Methods: The concentrations of sodium ion (Na +), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), total iron concentration, Haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and white blood cell (WBC), in blood samples of malaria parasitaemic children and control were evaluated using standard methods. Chi-square, Fisher Least Significance Difference, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regressions were employed to test significant differences among the variables. For all determination, the significant difference was set at p<0.05.
Results: The female children infected with malaria parasites had a significantly higher mean PCV than the male in the communities (31.73 ± 4.58 to 28.25 ± 3.75) and hospitals (31.12 ± 11.78 to 28.27 ± 5.56) surveyed respectively. Also the female infected children had significantly higher WBC count than male. WBC count in malaria infection was gametocyte count dependent. Gametocyte count of 1 – 10 and 11 – 100 in communities and hospitals surveyed had significant different WBC
count. In the age group comparison, malaria infected and uninfected children 0 – 4.9 years had significant higher bilirubin concentrations (0.55 ± 0.25 to.35 ± 0.14). Children aged 10 – 14.9 years old had significantly higher Hb (10.30 ± 0.29 to 10.90 ± 0.26) than other age groups in the survey. Age comparison showed that PCV and Hb concentrations of malaria-infected children aged 5 – 9.9 years were significantly lower than the control. Sex and age may be a determining factor for low PCV since male infected children had significant lower PCV in both community and hospital surveys. Hypernatraemia was generally observed in malaria infection amongst children in Anambra
state. In hospital infections, there was significant elevation in the concentrations of liver enzyme (SGOT) in Plasmodium-infected male more than their female counterpart.
Conclusion: Symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria are associated with anaemia and haemoglobinuria. WBC counts in childhood malaria are gametocyte count dependent. Sex and age are predisposing factors for low PCV since the infected male children had a significant lower PCV in both community and hospital surveys.

Despite significant advances in supportive care, infection remains second only to malignancy as a cause of death in pediatric oncology patients, and infection accounts for a large fraction of treatment-related costs. Multiple risk factors contribute to infection-related morbidity, chief among them the immunosuppressive effects of leukemia itself and of cytotoxic chemotherapy, prolonged hospitalization and antibiotic use, and loss of barrier integrity associated with mucositis and the need for indwelling central access. While viruses are the most common causes of infection, bacteria are responsible for most life-threatening complications. Gram-negative bacilli are a concern for all patients undergoing treatment, while a subset of gram-positive organisms, particularly viridans streptococci, become significant pathogens in children receiving profoundly immunosuppressive therapy. Invasive fungal infections are also a serious risk for morbidity and mortality in this population. Availability of new antimicrobial agents has made it possible to treat infectious complications more effectively, but their availability is also leading to an increased prevalence of highly resistant pathogens. Future work in pediatric oncology will need to include measures to reduce the immunosuppressive effects of anti-cancer therapy, provide targeted treatment for infections, and better identify groups of patients at high risk for infectious complications, who may benefit from antimicrobial prophylaxis or more aggressive empirical therapy. Semin Hematol 46:313-324