Clothing

The evaluation of clothing surface area becomes important in analyses of heat exchange between the clothed body and its environment. The evidence accumulated in the studies of radiation area has led to the conclusion that the ratio of clothing surface area to body surface area (fcl) may be defined as a function of clothing insulation. However, the effects of clothing fit have been disregarded. Radiation area factors (Ar/AD) were derived from pictures of five subjects wearing four different helicopter pilot suits. While sitting on a seat suspended in the center of a box-shaped frame, photographs were taken of the subjects with a fish-eye lens at 90 equidistant points on the six sides of the frame. The derived Ar/AD of 0.7 +/- 0.18 for the unclothed subjects closely agreed with that reported by Fanger, while it scattered in a relatively wide range for a given suit. The present study proposes a new approach for predicting fcl as related to body volume and the clothing microenvironment ...

The current paper propose the analysis and extension formulation required for establishing decision in the management of the medical national system from the point of view of quality and efficiency such as: conceiving models for the indices of thermal comfort, defining the predicted mean vote (on the thermal sensation scale) "PMV", defining the metabolism "M", heat transfer between the human body and the environment, defining the predicted percent of dissatisfied people "PPD", defining all indices of thermal comfort.

In recent years, Filipino consumers are becoming more socially aware of the usage of products that can be harmful to the environment. Purchasing eco-friendly products is a big step towards sustainable development in the Philippines. The objectives of this study are to identify what are the socially-oriented behavior that influences Filipino consumers to purchase eco-friendly apparel products, if emotions play a role in the purchasing behavior regarding eco-friendly apparel products, and to identify the key determinants that are behind the reason for the intention-behavior gap and purchasing behavior of Filipino consumers regarding eco-friendly apparel products. Filipino consumers from age 18 and above and those residing in Metro Manila are the respondents, while the use of descriptive survey methods was utilized in data collection. The results revealed that the three variables, which are Socially Oriented Behavior, Emotions, and Key Determinants, all passed the PLS-SEM and have disc...

Eight Italian hospital or University gynecology clinics participated in a prospective survey of patients with culture-confirmed symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) (October 1999 to March 2001). Of 1138 patients recruited in the study, 931 were evaluable. A recent history of VVC was documented in 43.5% patients (358/823) with a mean number of 2.9±2.7 episodes per patient (N=302). A total of 77

In 1949 the first book of the Atlas of Polish Traditional Costumes series appeared. Józef Gajek was the one who initiated the series, published by Polish Folk Association to this day. He was associated with Polish Ethnographic Atlas, which had a great impact on the character of the series. Its main objective was to describe Polish traditional costumes according to particular regions. Janusz Kamocki and Barbara Bazielich were subsequent editors of the series. Since 2011 the authors of this article have been part of the editorial staff. At their initiative ten more books of the series were published in the years 2013–2018, field research on traditional handicraft was conducted and the Traditional Costume Section was established. The article describes the circumstances accompanying this editorial series appearance and discusses both main directions in research on traditional costumes and activities for popularising knowledge of this unique cultural phenomenon.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between victim, suspect and assault characteristics and (1) forensic analysis of trace evidence, (2) detection of spermatozoa and (3) DNA match in police-reported cases of rape/attempted rape. In addition, we explored whether DNA findings were associated with legal outcome. We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study based on police-reported rapes and attempted rapes of women  ≥16 years of age in Sør-Trøndelag Police District throughout 1997-2010. Police data were merged with information from the Sexual Assault Centre (SAC) at St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. We used binary and multivariable logistic regression for the comparisons. We identified 324 victims (mean age 24 years). The police requested analysis in 135 (45%) of the 299 collected victim samples. The police decision to analyze was after adjustment associated with the victim being employed or under education, and a public venue, but not with interval ...

This paper previews a new approach being developed for modeling the dynamic behavior of stretch clothes in apparel surfaces. This work extend the cloth-particle static draping model include dynamics, and extends constrained dynamics simulation techniques to yield performance enhancements. The advantages of this new approach, the new approach includes several steps. First step is set up the 3D garment of woven stretch cloth by using the method developed in this paper, Based on the relationship, the algorithms and generation of rules for transferring style requirements to the parameter values of the garment of woven stretch cloth are developed. As such, the knowledge base can be constructed, and the intelligent design system of the 3D garment style is built, Simulation remains a major challenge, even if applications are numerous, from rapid prototyping to e-commerce. A stable, real-time algorithm for animating stretch cloth apparel surfaces.

LTMS-S is a new wearable system for the monitoring of several physiological signals -including a twolead electrocardiogram (ECG) -and parameters, such as the heart rate, the breathing rate, the peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), the core body temperature (CBT), and the physical activity. All signals are measured using only three sensors embedded within a vest. The sensors are standalone with their own rechargeable battery, memory, wireless communication and with an autonomy exceeding 24 hours. This paper presents the results of the clinical validation of the LTMS-S system.

Muscle activity can be monitored by measuring the Surface Electromyography (SEMG) signal at the surface of the body. The SEMG signal is a combination of several activation signals sent through the muscle fibers triggering the contraction of the muscle. SEMG enables to access those signals non-invasively. Usually, metal plate electrodes in combination with electrolytic gel are placed in direct contact with the skin to measure SEMG. For prolonged monitoring of the muscle activity, this type of electrodes is not comfortable and can cause skin irritation. In this paper, we demonstrate capacitive electrodes capable of sensing the SEMG signal. These contactless electrodes do not require direct contact with the skin and thus they can be suitable for prolonged monitoring of the muscle activity.

Forensic geoscience is concerned with the analysis of geological materials in order to compare and exclude environmental samples from a common source, or to identify an unknown provenance in a criminal investigation. Diatom analysis is currently an underused technique within the forensic geoscience approach, which has the potential to provide an independent ecological assessment of trace evidence. This study presents empirical data to provide a preliminary evidence base in order to be able to understand the nature of diatom transfers to items of clothing, and the collection of transferred diatom trace evidence from a range of environments under experimental conditions. Three diatom extraction methods were tested on clothing that had been in contact with soil and water sites: rinsing in water (RW), rinsing in ethanol (RE), and submersion in H2O2 solution (H). Scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.) analysis was undertaken in order to examine the degree of diatom retention on treated cl...

The dress is an integral part of a profession. The research focuses on the dress codes of school teachers in Japan. Japan has relaxed the dress norms of school teachers over the years from a traditional/formal dress to a casual dress. We intended to examine if this change has a significant effect on the self-perceived job performance among school teachers in Japan with the purpose of seeking recommendations for many Asian countries like Sri Lanka in which traditional dress norms applied to teachers have not changed much or at all. A combined qualitative and quantitative study was conducted with three chosen prefectural schools in the Saga city, Japan. The qualitative study was a thematic analysis based on in-depth interviews with five selected school teachers. The quantitative study (n=30) was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A culturally validated, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio- demographic characteristics and dress code from the study sample...

Hand rehabilitation, following stroke or hand surgery, is repetitive and long duration and can be facilitated with the assistance of complex, heavy and cumbersome haptic gloves based on sensors. The present paper describes a virtual glove, software based, which tracks hand movements by using images collected from webcams and numerical analysis. Finger forces are calculated from the deformations impressed to some objects (of known elastic coefficient) grasped by the patient hand. The presented system is notable for simplicity, generality and low cost. Implementation and results of the proposed virtual glove will be the objects of a future paper. ᭧

Nutrition plays a role in the etiology of osteoporosis. Two of the most important nutrients for bone health are calcium and vitamin D. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH) D] is the most sensitive clinical index of vitamin D status and has been found to be positively related to ...

To examine the effects of age-related differences in thermoregulatory function on the clothing microclimate temperature (Tm) and T m fluctuations while maintaining thermal comfort in daily life, 5 boys (group B, 10-11 years), 5 young men (group Y, 20-21 years) and 5 older men (group O, 60-65 years) volunteered to take part in this study. The subjects were asked to maintain thermal comfort as closely as possible in their daily lives. T m (temperatures between the skin surface and the innermost garment) at four sites (chest, back, upper arm, and thigh), skin temperature on the chest (rchest) and ambient temperature (Ta) were measured over a period of 8-12 h from morning to evening on one day in each of the seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Records of ability to maintain thermal comfort and of adjustment of their clothes were kept by each subject. T a during periods of thermal comfort did not differ among the groups in any of the seasons. In group Y, T m was significantly lower at the thigh than at the other sites in spring, autumn, and winter (P<0.05) and fluctuations (CV) of T m were significantly larger at the thigh than at other sites in autumn and winter (P<0.05). Similar tendencies were observed for T m and CV of T m in group B. However, T m and CV of T m in group O did not differ by site except for the autumn T m. Group O had a smaller CV at the thigh in winter (P<0.05), compared to groups B and Y, suggesting a smaller regional difference in T m fluctuation in group O. Group O adjusted their clothes even on the lower limbs (together with upper body) in order to maintain thermal comfort in accordance with changes in T a, while groups B and Y did so only on their upper bodies. These results sugest that compared to boys and young men, lower thermoregulatory function in older men may affect T m and CV of T m as a result of clothing on lower limbs being adjusted differently in order to maintain thermal comfort. Key words Thermal comfort • Clothing microclimate temperature • Skin temperature • Boys • Older men 00000 00~00 © el. © tt~ 0 V

In support of planning efforts for the National Children's Study, we conducted a study to test field methods for characterizing pesticide exposures to 20 farmworker children aged 5-27 months old living in the Salinas Valley of Monterey County, California. We tested methods for collecting house dust, indoor and outdoor air, dislodgeable residues from surfaces and toys, residues on clothing (sock and union suits), food, as well as spot and overnight diaper urine samples. We measured 29 common agricultural and home use pesticides in multiple exposure media samples. A subset of organophosphorus (OP), organochlorine (OC) and pyrethroid pesticides were measured in food. We also analyzed urine samples for OP pesticide metabolites. Finally, we administered four field-based exposure assessment instruments: a questionnaire; food diary; home inspection; and a self-administered child activity timeline. Pesticides were detected more frequently in house dust, surface wipes, and clothing than other media, with chlorpyrifos, diazinon, chlorthaldimethyl, and cis-and trans-permethrin detected in 90% to 100% of samples. Levels of four of these five pesticides were positively correlated among the house dust, sock, and union suit samples (Spearman's r ¼ 0.18-0.76). Pesticide loading on socks and union suits was higher for the group of 10 toddlers compared to the 10 younger crawling children. Several OP pesticides, as well as 4,4 0 -DDE, atrazine, and dieldrin were detected in the food samples. The child activity timeline, a novel, low-literacy instrument based on pictures, was successfully used by our participants. Future uses of these data include the development of pesticide exposure models and risk assessment. a One participant had two liquid and two solid food samples and another participant had two liquid food samples: the second aliquot from each was not analyzed. b 10 24-month olds and five 6-month olds had leftover handled food samples. Leftover handled foods are those that were liquid and/or solid leftover samples. c Numbers in parentheses represent the LOD of the liquid (L) and solid food (S) samples, respectively.

Hepatobiliary cystoadenoma is a rare cystic tumor of the liver that can undergo malignant change and become lethal. Accurate diagnosis of such lesions, even though not always possible, is of importance as the management is totally different from that of other nonneoplastic cysts. We report a case of a 60-year-old woman with aspecific symptoms, which was diagnosed using ultrasound scan and CT scan and treated with hepatic resection, and review the main features of this tumor.

This paper investigates typical behaviors like damped oscillations in fractional order (FO) dynamical systems. Such response occurs due to the presence of, what is conceived as, pseudo-damping and meta-damping in some special class of FO systems. Here, approximation of such damped oscillation in FO systems with the conventional notion of integer order damping and time constant has been carried out using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Next, a multilayer feed-forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been trained using the GA based results to predict the optimal pseudo and meta-damping from knowledge of the maximum order or number of terms in the FO dynamical system.

While the printed t-shirt remains a prominent form of communication in our contemporary linguistic landscape, little research to date has examined the semiotics of this unique mode of communication. In response to the interdisciplinary 'invitation' from Shohamy and , this paper draws on principles and methods from social semiotics and Systemic Functional Linguistics to explore the meaning-making potential of English words on printed t-shirts. The paper begins by applying Halliday's concept of mode to the printed t-shirt and then presents a linguistically motivated taxonomy of words on printed t-shirts. In addition to foregrounding the printed t-shirt as a site for future exploration, this paper aims to present a close textual discourse analysis -an examination of the 'perceived space' -to complement, inform and engage with current trends and methods in linguistic landscape research and pedagogy.

Textile industry and clothing represent an important source of income and employment opportunities for many developing countries. Recent global economic events determined rapid changes which led to restructuring and reorganization of the industry. In recent years, in Europe and implicitly in Romania has increased the competition from a number of third countries, particularly in Asia, which benefit from low labour costs. An important feature of European textile and clothing industry is the widespread use of lohn production, which means that labour-intensive operations with lower added value are transferred in countries where labour cost is much lower. This article aims to analyze the evolution of textile and garments sector in Romania, which ranked among the top three manufacturers in the field at European level, highlighting the political and economic changes that have occurred and influenced the economic indicators of the industry. The analysis carried out is based on data collecte...

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Book review. Michael Carter: Being Prepared: Aspects of Dress and Dressing. Sydney: Puncher & Wattmann, 2017, 210 pp., ISBN 978-1-9221-8694-2.

The meanings of dress, clothing and fashion are so intermingled nowadays that it is hard to speak about one without inferring the others. Dress is mainly about appearance, the visual, while fashion includes the social meanings and functions of dress. Clothing occupies a central place in contemporary dress and fashion, but clothing is also a technology with properties and functions unrelated to dress and fashion. For these reasons, the overlap between dress and clothing can create problems when considering questions of origins.

PurposeThis study sets out to focus on the textiles and fashion clothing supply chain with the objective of identifying factors that constrain company activities and inhibit competitiveness.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology for this research involves multiple case studies involving UK companies. Supply chain management theory and ecological concepts have been used to interpret the data and to identify significant blocks affecting dynamic performance of the participating companies.FindingsThe research has identified seven significant blocks to responsiveness that were apparent in the observed supply chains: timing of fabric trade shows, lack of control of availability of fabric, forecasting, late stage product changes, geographical proximity to market, decision making decoupled from fashion trends, stock‐outs and slow selling products.Practical implicationsThe paper draws conclusions about the strategic directions of fashion supply chains and suggests the need to develop str...

Background: The epidermal part of the skin is the major interface between the internal body and the external environment. The skin has a specific physiology and is to different degrees adapted for protection against multiple exogenous stress factors. Clothing is the material with the longest and most intensive contact to human skin. It plays a critical role especially in inflammatory dermatoses or skin conditions with an increased susceptibility of bacterial and fungal infections like atopic dermatitis. Previously, we have shown a dose-dependent antibacterial and antifungal activity of silver-loaded seaweedbased cellulosic fibres.

This article examines data from a study on garment-factory workers in Bangladesh to explore the implications of work for the early socialization of young women. For the first time, large numbers of young Bangladeshi women are being given an alternative to lives in which they move directly from childhood to adulthood through early marriage and childbearing. Employment creates a period of transition in contrast to the abrupt assumption of adult roles at very young ages that marriage and childbearing mandate. This longer transition creates a period of adolescence for young women working in the garment sector that is shown to have strong implications for the women's longterm reproductive health.

Background In children with atopic dermatitis (AD), eczema is easily aggravated by contact with irritant factors (e.g. aggressive detergents, synthetic and woollen clothes, climatic factors). Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of a special silk fabric (MICROAIR DermaSilk Ò ) in the treatment of young children affected by AD with acute lesions at the time of examination. Methods Forty-six children (mean age 2 years) affected by AD in an acute phase were recruited: 31 received special silk clothes (group A) which they were instructed to wear for a week; the other 15 served as a control group (group B) and wore cotton clothing. Topical moisturizing creams or emulsions were the only topical treatment prescribed in both groups. The overall severity of the disease was evaluated using the SCORAD index. In addition, the local score of an area covered by the silk clothes was compared with the local score of an uncovered area in the same child. All patients were evaluated at baseline and 7 days after the initial examination. Results At the end of the study a significant decrease in AD severity was observed in the children of group A (mean SCORAD decrease from 43 to 30; P ¼ 0AE003). At the same time, the improvement in the mean local score of the covered area (from 32 to 18AE6; P ¼ 0AE001) was significantly greater than that of the uncovered area (from 31 to 26; P ¼ 0AE112). Conclusions The use of special silk clothes may be useful in the management of AD in children.

Bare below the elbows Hospital-acquired infection s u m m a r y Despite a lack of evidence the UK's Department of Health introduced a policy of 'bare below the elbows' attire in order to try to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infection. This study investigates the link between this state of dress and hand contamination. A prospective observational study of doctors working in a district general hospital was carried out. The fingertips of each hand were imprinted onto culture medium, and resultant growth assessed for number of colony-forming units and presence of clinically significant pathogens or multiply resistant organisms. These findings were correlated with attire, grade, sex and specialty. Ninety-two doctors were recruited of whom 49 were 'bare below the elbows' compliant and 43 were not. There was no statistically significant difference between those doctors who were 'bare below the elbows' and those that were not, either for the number of colony-forming units or for the presence of clinically significant organisms. No multiply resistant organisms were cultured from doctors' hands. 'Bare below the elbows' attire is not related to the degree of contamination on doctors' fingertips or the presence of clinically significant pathogens. Further studies are required to establish whether investment in doctors' uniforms and patient education campaigns are worthwhile.

Clothing the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England Vivienne Richmond In this pioneering study Vivienne Richmond reveals the importance of dress to the nineteenth-century English poor, who valued clothing not only for its practical utility, but also as a central element in the creation and assertion of collective and individual identities. During this period of rapid industrialisation and urbanisation formal dress codes, corporate and institutional uniforms and the spread of urban fashions replaced the informal dress of agricultural England. This laid the foundations of modern popular dress and generated fears about the visual blurring of social boundaries as new modes of manufacturing and retailing expanded the wardrobes of the majority. But a significant impoverished minority remained outside this process. Clothed by diminishing parish assistance, expanding paternalistic charity and the secondhand trade, they formed a 'sartorial underclass' whose material deprivation and visual distinction was a cause of physical discomfort and psychological trauma.

Purpose. This study investigated the effects of simulated visual impairment on nighttime driving performance and pedestrian recognition under real-road conditions. Methods. Closed road nighttime driving performance was measured for 20 young visually normal participants (M ϭ 27.5 Ϯ 6.1 years) under three visual conditions: normal vision, simulated cataracts, and refractive blur that were incorporated in modified goggles. The visual acuity levels for the cataract and blur conditions were matched for each participant. Driving measures included sign recognition, avoidance of low contrast road hazards, time to complete the course, and lane keeping. Pedestrian recognition was measured for pedestrians wearing either black clothing or black clothing with retroreflective markings on the moveable joints to create the perception of biological motion ("biomotion"). Results. Simulated visual impairment significantly reduced participants' ability to recognize road signs, avoid road hazards, and increased the time taken to complete the driving course (p Ͻ 0.05); the effect was greatest for the cataract condition, even though the cataract and blur conditions were matched for visual acuity. Although visual impairment also significantly reduced the ability to recognize the pedestrian wearing black clothing, the pedestrian wearing "biomotion" was seen 80% of the time. Conclusions. Driving performance under nighttime conditions was significantly degraded by modest visual impairment; these effects were greatest for the cataract condition. Pedestrian recognition was greatly enhanced by marking limb joints in the pattern of "biomotion," which was relatively robust to the effects of visual impairment.

Automatic classification of everyday activities can be used for promotion of health-enhancing physical activities and a healthier lifestyle. In this paper, methods used for classification of everyday activities like walking, running, and cycling are described. The aim of the study was to find out how to recognize activities, which sensors are useful and what kind of signal processing and classification is required. A large and realistic data library of sensor data was collected. Sixteen test persons took part in the data collection, resulting in approximately 31 h of annotated, 35-channel data recorded in an everyday environment. The test persons carried a set of wearable sensors while performing several activities during the 2-h measurement session. Classification results of three classifiers are shown: custom decision tree, automatically generated decision tree, and artificial neural network. The classification accuracies using leave-one-subject-out cross validation range from 58 to 97% for custom decision tree classifier, from 56 to 97% for automatically generated decision tree, and from 22 to 96% for artificial neural network. Total classification accuracy is 82% for custom decision tree classifier, 86% for automatically generated decision tree, and 82% for artificial neural network

When it comes to clothing, which for most people is seen as something more than just a need, people break with traditional notions of shopping and shop hedonistically (sensationally) getting a thrill or experiencing pleasure in an emotional sense. The factors that drive consumers to buy a product when purchasing clothes and that give them an emotional thrill seem to change from one person to another, these differences being influenced by a number of variables. Just as these variables can include such personal factors as personality traits, being popular, gaining prestige, keeping up with fashion and being different, external factors such as comfort, duration of use, fashion and value for money are also relevant. Therefore, the focus of this study was on determining what feelings drive consumers when they shop for clothes and whether or not there are any differences between male and female consumers, and to do this by examining what clothing means to people and by studying incidents of clothes shopping that go beyond simple needs. The sample group for this study, which aims to evaluate consumers' hedonistic trends in clothes shopping, consists of 418 consumers all living in Ankara and chosen at random. The data collected in the survey was gathered using a data collection tool developed by researchers. The collected data was analyzed using the Social Sciences Statistics Package (SPSS 15). As a result of the survey it was determined that customer perceptions and preferences when shopping for clothes included elements of pleasure and practicality. It was also determined that demographic characteristics were also a factor in pleasure-shopping for clothes and that women were more inclined than men to pleasure-shop for clothes.

The United States of America would seem to be an excellent location for using pollen data in forensic applications. The vegetation within the region is highly diverse ranging from areas of Arctic tundra to some of the most inhospitable deserts anywhere in the Western Hemisphere. The highly varied ecology, great plant diversity, thousands of vegetational microhabitats, and extensive published pollen records for the region provide an ideal setting for these types of analyses. This diversity, often characterized in most locations by unique combinations of pollen types, makes the use of forensic pollen a reliable technique that can often be used to associate individuals with a unique crime scene or geographical region. Nevertheless, forensic pollen studies in the United States of America are currently one of the most highly under utilized techniques available to assist in solving criminal and civil cases. During the past century there has been a very limited attempt to use pollen evidence in either criminal or civil cases, for a variety of reasons, including a lack of available information about the technique, a very limited number of specialists trained to do forensic pollen work, and an almost total absence of academic centers able to train needed specialists or forensic facilities able, or willing, to fund research in this area. Hopefully, this paucity of use will change if certain steps are taken to encourage the routine collection and use of pollen evidence in both criminal and civil cases. #

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to produce an upper garment model for three-dimensional (3D) pattern making. This model will take into account ease allowance and silhouette, and will be used to propose a size-changing method. Design/methodology/approach – The authors used two real garment bodices with a surface suitable for pattern development. The garments were fitted to a designated dummy body and scanned. Using the scanned data, the authors made those upper garment basic models suitable for 3D pattern making. Using one model, the authors produced two bodice patterns, one with the original seam lines and the other with seam lines that differed from the original ones, and then compared them with the original jacket bodice. To construct garment models that were different in size from the basic model, the authors calculated multiplication factors of cross-sectional dimensions (in the front, back and lateral directions) between the basic garment and the actual garment shape wor...

The main aim of this report is to identify customer needs of outdoor products (jackets, pants, shoes etc.) directly through customer interviews and their consciousness about environmental and social sustainability. And my report can be used as a base for „product design‟ of Outdoor clothing. Also from my report both the suppliers and customers can get a good idea of „Environmental and social aspect of clothing technology‟.