Chile

La existencia simultánea de decisiones municipales y centralizadas acerca de la pandemia de COVID-19 da cuenta de una cierta tensión institucional con respecto a la policía sanitaria. Esta fricción no es nueva, sino que constituye un episodio más en la larga historia de interacciones entre el municipio y el gobierno central en cuanto a la administración de las epidemias, una cuestión que puede rastrearse hasta la llegada del cólera al país en 1886 durante la administración del presidente José Manuel Balmaceda.

Tras la independencia del Alto Perú en 1825, el Litoral boliviano de Atacama se convirtió en una cuña territorial y marítima preocupante para los intereses hegemónicos de Lima y Santiago. El puerto boliviano de Santa María Magdalena deCobija competía con Arica, Callao y Valparaíso, dándole salida a la producción argentífera boliviana. El análisis del contexto social sugiere que la guerra no fue de tipo nacional-popular, sino que parte del proyecto geopolítico portaliano para la consolidación estatal chilena y la hegemonía comercial en el Pacífico. Algunos textos claves establecen la presencia del espíritu racista característico de las guerras chilenas, denostando a Santa Cruz como un cholo con ambiciones de reinstituir el  Imperio Incaico. Esto lleva finalmente a considerar la guerra desde la contingencia geopolítica sudamericana actual

This study analyzes the herstories of three Chilean women militants who later evolved into political collaborators of Agosto Pinochet's military regime (1973-1990). In addition to looking at the ways in which cultural productions on their stories of survival have added to the misconceptions of their political transformations, this article also seeks to understand the underlying motives for their collaboration as a reparative force that dispels false accusations directed against them.

En diciembre del año 2013 se inauguraron dos memoriales para los detenidos desaparecidos y ejecutados políticos de origen judío. Ambos memoriales siguen una división histórica para los judíos chilenos, en cómo vivieron la política internacional y nacional durante la Guerra Fría. La existencia de dos memoriales se analiza para comprender cómo se excluyó y luego limitó la narrativa de las víctimas de la represión dentro de la comunidad judía chilena.

Presentación

Probablemente, bajo la mirada de una sociedad posmoderna y globalizada, los emblemas de Chile podrían ser subestimados y reducidos a un ámbito absolutamente secundario, por no responder a las necesidades contingentes de nuestra realidad, o simplemente, por ver en ellos una función más bien decorativa.
Sin embargo, los orígenes simbólicos de los emblemas en cuestión, son expresión de una dimensión filosófica y poseen, consecuentemente, un sustrato ideológico, sirviendo de fuente para el sustento de determinados principios y valores que direccionaron el proceso histórico de gestación de nuestra República.
Por ello, las representaciones ideográficas empleadas a modo de discurso, dan cuenta de qué categorías o principios de realidad se superpusieron a la realidad política y social de la época.
Considerando lo anterior, cabe preguntarnos sobre cuáles son aquellas categorías que orientaron el porvenir de nuestra sociedad desde sus orígenes, y de esta forma, ofrecer –en justicia a los hombres de esos tiempos–, los argumentos que ellos sostuvieron para la instauración del proceso independentista, y la posterior formalización institucional que nosotros heredamos.
Así, es indispensable profundizar, apuntar a las causas, y aventurarnos a la decodificación de los símbolos formulados por los Padres de nuestra Patria, que con las ideas y referencias con las que contaron en su época, se esforzaron en levantar una identidad propia, y construir una nueva sociedad.
Por lo tanto, así como ellos hicieron el trabajo de planificar su porvenir y el de sus hijos, cabe llamar la atención respecto de qué hacemos nosotros hoy por retomar y volver a establecer un principio de cohesión social nacional común, y a su vez, interpelarnos sobre cuál es la naturaleza, densidad y peso de nuestra Conciencia Nacional, que nos permita compartir un sistema de creencia con contenido, significado, valor y sentido suficientes, para que logren orientar, integrar, institucionalizar y desarrollar la vida pública en el futuro.
La presente investigación sobre los orígenes simbólicos de los emblemas de Chile, nos permite volver a mirar hacia las fuentes que iluminaron el curso de la historia, refrescando nuestra memoria, e invitándonos a repensar los fundamentos que aún hoy están presentes en nuestra vida pública e institucional.


Pablo Castillo Ibáñez
Profesor de Historia y Geografía
Analista de Inteligencia Comunicacional

Políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación para el desarrollo: La experiencia latinoamericana Hoy en día se reconoce que la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación ha sido un elemento crítico para el crecimiento económico tanto de los países desarrollados, como de los países emergen-tes exitosos. Aunque a lo largo de los últimos 20 años la región de América Latina y el Caribe ha realizado un progreso notable respecto a la mejora del clima de negocios, el establecimien-to de un régimen macroeconómico más estable y certero, así como un continuo proceso de integración con la economía global, es también claro que estos cambios no han sido suficien-tes para desencadenar procesos convergentes (catching up) de innovación y productividad. De hecho, las fallas de mercado y sistémicas que obstaculizan la innovación siguen estando presentes; los gobiernos han fracasado en diseñar propuestas de política adecuadas para su solución. Hoy en día, la brecha de inversión en innovación entre América Latina y las econo-mías más exitosas es más grande de lo que era 20 años atrás. A pesar de este escenario gris, algunas luces de optimismo están emergiendo. En primer lugar, después de muchos años de inacción, la región ha comenzado a invertir nuevamente, y más significativamente, en educación, particularmente, en disciplinas relacionadas con ciencia, tecnología e ingeniería. En segundo lugar, después de muchas oscilaciones en las políticas de innovación, hay ahora un creciente consenso en enfatizar que la construcción de capacidades de investigación y capital humano necesitan complementarse con un constante estímulo desde el lado de la demanda (de parte de las empresas y sociedad civil), y en la solución de las fallas de coordinación que impiden la interacción entre oferta y demanda de conocmiento. Este libro conjunta la historia de ocho países de América Latina que han seguido patrones convergentes, pero también idiosincráticos, que han dado cabida a una nueva generación de intervenciones políticas que, mediante la solución de las fallas de mercado y coordinación, activan los sistemas de innovación. Aunque es muy temprano para señalar que estas reformas institucionales han tenido un impacto, ya están generando una rica evidencia y aprendizaje que puede ser crítica para el futuro del diseño de políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación, de la construcción de capacidades y de experimentación.

El triunfo de Gabriel Boric en las últimas elecciones presidenciales de Chile marcó el fin de un ciclo. Por primera vez desde el fin de la dictadura de Pinochet, el país será gobernado por alguien que no viene del tronco de la ya difunta Concertación ni de los partidos de la derecha tradicional. Por el contrario, el presidente electo se formó políticamente en el alero de movimientos universitarios de orientación autonomista, críticos del proceso de renovación socialista que comenzó durante la dictadura, y se hizo un nombre de relevancia nacional en las masivas marchas estudiantiles de 2011; muy lejos de la recatada distancia que el Partido Socialista estableció entre sus dirigencias y los movimientos sociales desde el triunfo de Patricio Aylwin en 1990.

Magical realism is a genre constructed and developed during the late 19th and early 20th century which has continued to evolve today. The definitions of this genre have been closely associated with many similar literary movements such as the magic real or marvellous realism. Magical realism is defined as literature that is rooted in everyday occurrences and observed by the author and audience as “integrated into reality.” I will further define magical realism in the context of its development alongside these very similar iterations of magical realism. Latin America* has been one of the foremost contributors to the genre of magical realism as they have greatly contributed to the critical discourse of both defining and constructing this literature. The genre is closely associated with postcolonial and revolutionary movements. It has also served as a political tool for many revolutionaries to communicate anticolonial ideals and establish a Latin American identity outside of the restrictive and subjugating hand of western imperialism. As observed by Walter Mignolo in A Darker Side of Western Imperialism, Europeans dismiss and undermine cultures, traditions, and languages outside of their own. The history of imperialism is discussed by Roberto González Echevarría, a Cuban born literary critic of Latin American literature, as inspiring the modernismo literary movement that magical realism comes from. The feelings of “cultural difference” between colonial countries and Latin America produced the need to find a new way to communicate. In my paper I will analyze the ontonlogical and formal development of magical realism, that centered around a postcolonial identity, within the context of two Chilen writers: Maria Luisa Bombal and Isabel Allende. Each of these writers will demonstrate two major ideas. The first idea is that the Chilean iteration of magical realism needs to be read in its specific historical context, as "Latin American" is a broad, colonial term. The second idea being that by looking at the developments of Chilean magical realism that occur between these two authors, we can see both literary and historical insights.

En el presente artículo se describen las principales formas de acción colectiva del movimiento mapuche en Chile alrededor de la disputa por tierra, territorio y bienes naturales. Se analiza la respuesta del movimiento mapuche a la industria forestal a través de lo que llamamos el movimiento “mapuche de recuperación de tierras” así como una visión panorámica de procesos de resistencia local a los procesos extractivos mineros, a la desposesión de tierras por la construcción de proyectos hidroeléctricos entre otros. Finalmente, se concluye con una breve reflexión sobre los ejes de antagonismo y subjetivación del movimiento mapuche en torno de la conflictividad que contiene claramente una dimensión ambiental.
Palabras clave: movimiento mapuche, industria forestal, industria minera, Coordinadora Arauco Malleco, conflictos socioambientales.

Among prokaryotes, the large vacuolated marine sulphur bacteria are unique in their ability to store, transport and metabolize significant quantities of sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon compounds. In this study, unresolved questions of metabolism, storage management and behaviour were addressed in laboratory experiments with Thioploca species collected on the continental shelf off Chile. The Thioploca cells had an aerobic metabolism with a potential oxygen uptake rate of 1760 lmol O 2 per dm 3 biovolume per h, equivalent to 4.4 nmol O 2 per min per mg protein. When high ambient sulphide concentrations (B200 lM) were present, a sulphide uptake of 6220 ± 2230 lmol H 2 S per dm 3 per h, (mean ± s.e.m., n ¼ 4) was measured. This sulphide uptake rate was six times higher than the oxidation rate of elemental sulphur by oxygen or nitrate, thus indicating a rapid sulphur accumulation by Thioploca. Thioploca reduce nitrate to ammonium and we found that dinitrogen was not produced, neither through denitrification nor through anammox activity. Unexpectedly, polyphosphate storage was not detectable by microautoradiography in physiological assays or by staining and microscopy. Carbon dioxide fixation increased when nitrate and nitrite were externally available and when organic carbon was added to incubations. Sulphide addition did not increase carbon dioxide fixation, indicating that Thioploca use excess of sulphide to rapidly accumulate sulphur rather than to accelerate growth. This is interpreted as an adaptation to infrequent high sulphate reduction rates in the seabed. The physiology and behaviour of Thioploca are summarized and the adaptations to an environment, dominated by infrequent oxygen availability and periods of high sulphide abundance, are discussed.

In the Andes of Central Chile, flowering commences 1–2 months earlier on equatorial-(north-) facing than on polar-(south-) facing slopes, and pollinator assemblages also differ between these habitats. In order to understand the potential influence of these differences on gene flow, we monitored flowering periods and insect visitation rates to flowers of 60 individuals of Anarthrophyllum cumingii (Papilionaceae) on two equatorial-and two polar-facing slopes in the Andes of central Chile (33 35 0 S;70 32 0 W). Flowering began about 30 days earlier on equatorial-facing slopes. Flowering periods of individuals on slopes with the same aspect had a mean overlap of 0.52, while those on opposite slopes had a mean overlap of 0.15. On equatorial-facing slopes Yramea lathionoides (Lepidoptera) accounted for 60% of the visits to flowers of A. cumingii, while on polar-facing slopes Centris cineraria (Hymenoptera) was responsible for more than 80% of flower visits. Average similarities of visitor assemblages among individual plants on slopes with the same aspect was 0.83, while the mean similarity between individuals on opposite slopes was only 0.23. Within slopes fluorescent dyes were dispersed up to 40 m from the donor plants, but there was no movements of dyes between individuals growing on opposite slopes, even when they were separated by less than 10 m. Synchronous blooming and a common pollen vector are necessary conditions for pollen exchange between individuals. The overall probability of pollen exchange estimated by multiplying the inter-individual overlap for both factors, was nearly 0.5 for individuals growing on slopes with the same aspect, and less than 0.04 for individuals growing on opposite slopes. Consequently, at equivalent distances, the probability of pollen exchange between individuals growing on slopes of opposite aspect is more than 10-times lower than between those growing on the same slopes. Seed dispersal cannot compensate for restricted gene flow through pollination, because seeds of A. cumingii were dispersed less than 2 m away from a parent plant. Presumably, restricted gene flow could enhance genetic divergence between populations on slopes of contrasting aspects. This factor could be important in contributing to the high diversity and endemism in the Chilean Andes.

Objective.-Our objective was to determine the incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and the cardiorespiratory responses, in children and their parents, after rapid ascent to 3500 m. The sample population was composed of children and their parents who ascended within 24 hours from Arica (sea level) to Putre (3500 m) in Chile.

BACKGROUND There is little information about Chilean elderly residents of long term care facilities, regarding their characteristics and need for resources. AIM To describe main characteristics and resource utilization of residents of one of the largest nursing homes in Chile, Fundación Las Rosas de Ayuda Fraterna. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a cross sectional and descriptive study, all residents were evaluated using the RUG T-18 method, that assess activities of daily living and the complexity of their clinical situation. RESULTS We assessed 1497 subjects 60 years old and over (73% women), with an age range of 60-106 years. Thirty six percent had urinary incontinence, 19% required assistance for feeding, and 38% needed help for walking or moving. Fifty seven percent were in the lowest category of complexity, "Institutionalization". Very few residents were in the most demanding categories, no one classified as "Rehabilitation", and only 0.7% were in "Special Car...

118 strains of heterotrophic microorganisms were isolated from goat cheese produced domestically in the IV Region of Northern Chile (Serene, Ovalle, and Illapel) and sold in supermarkets in Valparaíso, Chile. The results of 89 phenotypic tests were numerically analyzed against 17 reference strains, using the simple matching coefficient (S SM). Thirteen phena were found at a 78% similarity level. Five of them (A, B, C, D, and E) were assigned to the family Enterobacteriaceae, phenon F was identified as belonging to the genus Aeromonas and strains of phenon G were assigned to the genus Acinetobacter. The other phena were identified as being members of the genera Bacillus (H, I, and J), Staphylococcus (K), Enterococcus (L), and Micrococcus (M). Approximately 19% of the isolates were Escherichia coli and 27%, Staphylococcus aureus.

A cyanobacterial bloom occurring in 1998 in lake Tres Pascualas (Concepci6n/Chile) was found to be dominated by Microcystis sp. The bloom contained both non-toxic (cyanopeptolin-type) and hepatotoxic (microcystin-type) peptides. Cyanopeptolin structure of the non-toxic peptides (called cyanopepto lin VW-l and VW-2, respectively) was revealed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) of whole cells, showing dominant molecular ions at mlz = 975 and mlz 995, respectively. On post source decay (PSD), both cyanopeptolins showed fragments deriving from Ahp-Phe-MTyr (3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone), the characteristic partial structure of cyanopeptolins. The amounts of each of the two cyanopeptolins could only roughly be estimated to be >0.1 % of bloom material dry weight. In addition the blooms contained microcystins (20 pg/g bloom dry weight as determined by RP-HPLC, 13 pg/g according to ELISA determination). MALDI-TOF-MS revealed several structural variants of microcystin: MCYST-RR (microcystin with Arg and Arg, indicated by mlz 1,038 and confirmed by PSD revealing a mlz = 135 fragment deriving from the Adda side chain, MCYST-FR (microcystin with Phe and Arg, indicated by mlz = 1,015). The presence of [ASp(31]-MCYST-LR (microcystin with Leu and Arg, Asp non-methylated, indicated by mlz 981), and [ASp(31]-MCYST-YR (microcystin with Tyr and Arg, Asp non-methylated, indicated by mlz 1,031) were likely. The relative amounts of the peptides varied between February, April, and May. Whole cell extracts from the bloom material revealed specific enzyme inhibitory activities. The serinproteases trypsin, plasmin, elastase were inhibited, assumable due to the cyanopeptolins found. Elastase and the cysteine-protease papain were not inhibited, inhibitions of protein kinase and glutathione Stransferase (GST) were low. Strong inhibition was observed with protein-phosphatase-1, likely due to the microcystins present in the samples.

How does a change from a compulsory voting system to a voluntary one affect election turnout? It is often argued that an electoral regime under which voting is voluntary reproduces class bias or, in other words, that the rich vote more than the poor. This bias is corrected either by the introduction of compulsory voting or the existence of strong left-wing parties and trade unions able to mobilize poorer segments of the population. In this article, we put forward an alternative argument. We assert that when voting is voluntary, class bias can disappear if an election is very competitive since this affects both turnout and its socio-economic composition. To evaluate this argument, we examine the case of Chile’s 2012 municipal election when voting was voluntary for the first time, instead of compulsory.

Indoor and outdoor endotoxin in PM 2.5 was measured for the very first time in Santiago, Chile, in spring 2012. Average endotoxin concentrations were 0.099 and 0.094 [EU/m 3 ] for indoor (N = 44) and outdoor (N = 41) samples, respectively; the indoor-outdoor correlation (log-transformed concentrations) was low: R = −0.06, 95% CI: (−0.35 to 0.24), likely owing to outdoor spatial variability. A linear regression model explained 68% of variability in outdoor endotoxins, using as predictors elemental carbon (a proxy of traffic emissions), chlorine (a tracer of marine air masses reaching the city) and relative humidity (a modulator of surface emissions of dust, vegetation and garbage debris). In this study, for the first time a potential source contribution function (PSCF) was applied to outdoor endotoxin measurements. Wind trajectory analysis identified upwind agricultural sources as contributors to the short-term, outdoor endotoxin variability. Our results confirm an association between combustion particles from traffic and outdoor endotoxin concentrations. For indoor endotoxins, a predictive model was developed but it only explained 44% of endotoxin variability; the significant predictors were tracers of indoor PM 2.5 dust (Si, Ca), number of external windows and number of hours with internal doors open. Results suggest that short-term indoor endotoxin variability may be driven by household dust/garbage production and handling. This would explain the modest predictive performance of published models that use answers to household surveys as predictors. One feasible alternative is to increase the sampling period so that household features would arise as significant predictors of long-term airborne endotoxin levels.

BACKGROUND: Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill spp. chiloensis form chiloensis, is a strawberry that produces white fruits with unique aromas. This species, endemic to Chile, is one of the progenitors of Fragaria x ananassa Duch. In order to identify the volatile compounds that might be responsible for aroma, these were extracted, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and compared with sensory analyses. RESULTS: Three methods of extraction were used: solvent-assisted evaporation (SAFE), headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Ninety-nine volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS, of which 75 showed odor activity using GC-O. Based on the highest dilution factor (FD = 1000) and GC-O intensity ≥2, we determined 20 major compounds in white strawberry fruit that contribute to its aroma. We chose 51 compounds to be tested against their commercial standards. The identities were confirmed by comparison of their linear retention indices against the commercial standards. The aroma of white strawberry fruits was reconstituted with a synthetic mixture of most of these compounds. CONCLUSION: The volatile profile of white strawberry fruit described as fruity, green-fresh, floral, caramel, sweet, nutty and woody will be a useful reference for future strawberry breeding programs.

This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the Netherlands Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS) for the benefit of developing countries. However, the views expressed and information contained in it are not necessarily those of or endorsed by DFID or DGIS, who can accept no responsibility for such views or information or for any reliance placed on them. This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by law, the entities managing the delivery of the Climate and Development Knowledge Network do not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it.

En el marco de las evaluaciones de impacto socioeconómico que el PNUD está realizando a nivel global en respuesta a la crisis de coronavirus, la oficina del PNUD en Chile diseñó junto al Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia, una encuesta de evaluación para ser aplicada en los hogares del país. La Encuesta Social COVID-19 se realizó en alianza con el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia, sumándose a estos esfuerzos el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, que facilitó sus equipos técnicos para la fase de diseño muestral, el levantamiento de los datos y la elaboración de la base de datos final.

El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar los efectos socioeconómicos directos e indirectos que ha generado la crisis sanitaria en los hogares chilenos, reconociendo las particularidades de esta experiencia en diferentes territorios y configuraciones de hogares. Esto, de modo de disponer de información confiable y oportuna que sirva para el diseño de políticas públicas que entreguen una respuesta inclusiva a la crisis. El instrumento fue diseñado y los resultados son analizados con enfoque de género.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), which results from a balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, the t(9;22)(q34;q11.2). In 5e10% of the cases, variants of the Ph (vPh) are detected, involving various breakpoints in addition to 9q34 and 22q11.2. Deletions on the der(9) and der(22) can be detected in approximately 10e15% of CML patients. The frequency of a deletion of the der(9) in vPh CML is variable. Most studies have shown high frequencies (30e45%) in this subgroup. We report the cytogenetic evaluation of 25 vPh cases, which represents 6.8% of the CML cases diagnosed at one institution in 20 years. The breakpoints of the partners of the vPh in our patients agree with those reported previously, except for a novel 18q23. We found a low incidence of deletions of the der(9) (10%) and der(22) (5%) in these patients, contrasting with several reports in the literature. This finding may reflect the extensive spectrum of aberrations in vPh, and the possibility that a considerable group of these aberrations may not affect the genetic stability of 5 0 ABL1 and 3 0 BCR. Epidemiologic differences may also exist and could explain our results. These differences would require further investigation.

La musique  joue un rôle de premier plan dans le film No de Pablo Larraín, un rôle ambivalent qui oscille constamment entre empathie et décalage ironique. Elle semble remplir, en premier lieu, une fonction de support empathique de l’élan qui portera une majorité de Chiliens à voter « No » au référendum du 5 octobre 1988. Il s’agit alors principalement de chansons intradiégégiques, de citations de morceaux composés ou utilisés lors de la campagne de 1988 par les partisans du « No », s’opposant aux mélodies choisies pour illustrer l’option du « oui ». Néanmoins, la fonction empathique des chansons est mise à distance dans le film par l’intermédiaire des écrans, dont les surcadrages permanents créent un filtre qui renvoie au décalage entre les différentes temporalités, diégétique et de réalisation – tout comme la participations de certains protagonistes de 1988, mais ayant vieilli de 25 ans. Ces procédés, guident la perception du spectateur de la deuxième décennie du XXIe siècle qui est invité à adopter un premier recul par rapport à la vague d’enthousiasme destinée à emporter l’adhésion des chiliens de la fin des années 80, tout en renforçant, par ailleurs l’aspect ridicule des mélodies choisies pour appuyer l’option  « oui » à travers le filtre des réactions des personnages.
La partition extradiégétique, principalement composée de citations d’œuvres de répertoire, introduit une distance ironique par rapport aux images, imposant une écoute consciente au spectateur, l’invitant à prendre un recul critique par rapport à ce qui lui est donné à voir. Enfin, les rares moments de musique originale, dans le registre du pastiche postmoderne, en revendiquant le caractère fictionnel de l’œuvre en tant que « reportage fabriqué », invitent également le spectateur à une lecture critique.

Entre octubre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, se produjo en Chile una de las mayores movilizaciones sociales desde su retorno a la democracia. Las demandas de quienes protestaban eran variadas: desmantelamiento de las últimas herencias de la dictadura militar; mejor protección social; apoyo a las causas reivindicativas de las mujeres, los pueblos originarios, las minorías sexuales; la protección medioambiental, entre otras, a las que se unió el rechazo a la violencia y la represión policial con que se reprimió a quienes se movilizaban. El análisis de diez fotografías seleccionadas de estos murales con imaginería católica, que fueron tomadas mayormente en el sector de Plaza Baquedano, en la ciudad de Santiago, epicentro de las manifestaciones, permitirá identificar algunos hitos del conflicto y el horizonte ideológico y escatológico de los referentes utilizados por los manifestantes.

Recently, a molecular phylogeny based on four mtDNA gene regions has been estimated for 17 species and subspecies of Aegla freshwater crabs from Chile. With this phylogenetic hypothesis and information on geographic distribution, environmental conditions, habitat requirements, and population abundance, Chilean aeglids were assessed for conservation status based on the criteria included in the IUCN Red List Categories (2001). Aegla concepcionensis and Aegla expansa qualify as ''Extinct in the Wild'' and nine other taxa fall within the threatened category: three as ''Critically Endangered'' (A. laevis laevis, A. papudo and A. spectabilis) and six as ''Vulnerable'' (A. alacalufi, A. bahamondei, A. cholchol, A. hueicollensis, A. laevis talcahuano and A. manni). Six hydrographic regions within temperate Chile were ranked for conservation priority using species richness, and phylogenetic and genetic diversity indices. The hydrographic region made up of the Tucapel, Imperial, and Tolte´n Basins was found to rank highest in terms of conservation priorities. Conservation of this region and the regions ranging between the Aconcagua and Mataquito Basins, and the Valdivia and Maullı´n Basins, would preserve almost all the Aegla diversity present in Chile.

El objetivo del texto es destacar los principales conflictos sociales que enfrentaron los gobier-nos de Chile del periodo 2014-2020 con la idea, por un lado, de encontrar la orientación de la acción social a favor de demandas específicas y de carácter político; y por otro, la capacidad de respuesta de los gobernantes. Los autores centraron su estudio en las movilizaciones estu-diantiles y feministas y en los gobiernos de Michel Bachelet y Sebastián Piñera. Su propuesta es revisar la interacción entre gobernantes y gobernados, teniendo presente tanto las demandas sociales como las respuestas gubernamentales, todo ello inscrito en un enfoque teórico de la calidad de la democracia

To determine the prevalence rates of the different HPV types in cervical cancer lesions in Chile to facilitate the development of prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines effective for that country. Method: Biopsy samples of 312 cervical cancer lesions were assessed for HPV type by reverse-line blotting assay. Results: HPV DNA was found in 94.2% of the lesions, 67.2% harboring 1 viral type and the remainder harboring more than 1 type. HPV-16 was the most frequent type in single infections (50.5%), followed by HPV-18 (7.8%), HPV-31 (2.4%), and HPV-45 (2.0%). HPV-16 was also present in 98.7% of dual and multiple infections, its most frequent association being with HPV-18. Conclusions: HPV types 16, 18, 31, and 45, alone or combined with other types, were observed in the biopsy samples of up to 80.5% of cervical cancer lesions.

WHAT ABOUT POLICY REGARDING SDM? Since 1999, there has been a small but growing interest by academics, the government, and society as a whole in strengthening patients' and professionals' involvement in shared decision making (SDM). Two governmental policy documents that indicate support for SDM are (1) Health Reform in 2003 and (2) Sanitary Objectives 2011-2020, which includes a brief section on client participation and SDM. WHAT ABOUT TOOLS - DECISION SUPPORT FOR PATIENTS? Research by Chilean academics has highlighted the patients' desire to participate in health decisions and effective approaches for enhancing health professionals' skills in interprofessional SDM; however, little has been done to support this need and the work is centralised in only one academic institution. Decision support tools and coaching interventions are limited to patients considering decisions about managing type 2 diabetes. WHAT ABOUT PROFESSIONAL INTEREST AND IMPLEMENTATION? Althoug...

Since Chile returned to democracy in 1990, centre-left governments have tried to reform the provisions on collective bargaining, strikes and unions established by the Pinochet dictatorship. Between 2015 and 2016 President Michelle Bachelet made the latest attempt to reform them. Despite favourable conditions, the changes were modest. This article explains why this is so. Drawing upon the notion of 'associational power' and through comparisons with labour reforms in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, this article suggests that the imbalance between workers' and employers' collective power is key for explaining why pro-labour reforms fail.

Este artículo examina las acciones de inteligencia y represión hacia los exiliados chilenos en Argentina que se realizaron entre 1983 y 1988 por parte de agentes y fuerzas de seguridad chilenas. Junto a ello, busca caracterizar las experiencias represivas vividas por la comunidad exiliada en Argentina y comprender cómo se nutrió la representación de una “amenaza trasandina” que, desde 1986, implicó la multiplicación de distintas caras del control y la vigilancia. Este trabajo se apoya en distintos documentos estatales, diplomáticos y producidos por agentes de inteligencia, así como en prensa de la época. Su hipótesis es que la existencia de infiltrados y agentes de represión extraterritorial en Argentina tensionó el proceso de pacificación que ambos países llevaban adelante desde 1984 a raíz del conflicto bélico por el Canal del Beagle, insinuando la necesidad de implementar un plan de coordinación represiva a ambos lados de la cordillera.

This article helps to account for the radicalization of vast sectors of the Latin American youth in the Sixties by studying the social and emotional lives of young Chilean communists. Scholars point to the increasing dominance of ideology when studying youth radicalization, ignoring the strong emotions underpinning left-wing activism. I show that ideology was embedded in a web of social and emotional relationships and argue that the appeal of the left among the youth of the era cannot be understood without recourse to feelings of friendship and love. Young people from all walks of life made friendly contacts with young activists that led them to commit further, and, once active in youth political organizations, they forged strong emotional bonds that provided them with a sense of belonging and a shared identity. Love played a crucial role in bringing new people into the ranks of the left and strengthening their political commitment. Young activists felt an intense need to date and marry those who shared their ideas in order to have a fulfilling life.

When I moved to Chile more than a decade ago, I experienced a professional crisis. What would a security expert do in Chile, one of the safest countries in Latin America? For a long time I had lived in Argentina and Peru, where increasing problems of violence and crime had shaped my interest on issues of police brutality, corruption, organized crime and community participation in crime prevention initiatives. However, Chilean society didn't seem to be facing any of these problems: Chile had one of the lowest homicide rates in the hemisphere and its police institutions were regarded as highly professional.

International centres of excellence (ICE) in which foreign research organizations are attracted to developing and emerging countries via dedicated funding schemes to support technological catching-up and strengthening of innovation systems, can have benefits for both host countries and their international research partners through knowledge spill-overs and business opportunities. As analysis of the process of setting up such ICEs is limited, the contribution of this study is assessing the enactment of such innovation policies aimed at inducing cross-border collaboration for R&D and innovation. This is done by investigating stakeholders' perceptions on the establishment and early functioning of Chile's ICE programme. The principal finding is that setting up and operating an ICE requires absorptive capacity of different kinds: not only to embed research and innovations ensuing from an ICE in the host country innovation system, but also to build capacities for operationalizing cross-border collaboration in an ICE and dealing with the dual embeddedness of ICE in both the host country and the home countries of the foreign research organizations. The latter type of absorptive capacity needs to be built both in the research organizations involved, and in the funding agencies enacting the innovation policy instruments that induce ICEs. Dedicated brokers facilitating such cross-border collaboration by bridging institutional and cultural gaps and supporting learning between partners, could be useful in this regard.

Based on documents recently declassified by the Brazilian Truth Commission, this article investigates the economic and diplomatic relations between Brazil and Chile during the last years of Salvador Allende’s government and the first days of the Chilean military dictatorship. Despite the common sense notion that the United Stated was the one and only supporter of the Chilean September 11, the Brazilian influence was also instrumental to the overthrowing of Allende and to the confirmation of a military dictatorship in Chile. This article looks at two central figures of this process : the Brazilian Ministry of Planning, Roberto Campos, and the Brazilian Ambassador in Santiago, Antonio da Câmara Canto. One of the most influential Brazilian economists, Campos disagreed with the state-based policies that characterized the Brazilian military regime. Instead of nationalization and price control, Campos believed in the strength of the free market and private institutions, a perspective similar to the one implemented by the Chicago Boys in Chile. Câmara Canto’s anti-communist ideas were central to his fight against the Allende regime and support to the dictatorship. These two figures are part of a much larger influence that, 40 years after the Chilean coup, begins to be investigated.