Genocide Studies

Uvođenje instituta sporazuma o priznanju krivnje predstavljalo je dio sveobuhvatne reforme kaznenog postupka u Bosni i Hercegovini koje je podrazumijevalo ne samo izmjenu u pogledu promjene uloge tužitelja i osumnjičenih/optuženih, nego i povećanje učinkovitosti te unaprjeđenje ostvarivanja principa pravičnosti. Polazeći od odgovarajućeg teorijskog okvira koji se veže za ekonomsku analizu (kaznenog - krivičnog) prava i Landesov model, namjera autorica bila je usmjerena ka tome da se utvrdi razina intuitivnog pregovaračkog ponašanja tužitelja u postupku korištenja sporazuma o priznanju krivnje u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine. U tom smislu provedeno je istraživanje, odnosno online anketa prema kantonalnim tužilaštvima u FBiH kako bi se utvrdila prisutnost ekonomskih principa djelotvornosti i racionalnosti kod donošenja odluka tužitelja u pogledu “posezanja” za institutom sporazuma o priznanju krivnje te imaju li oni prevagu nad principom pravičnosti.The introduction of plea bargains ...

The online news coverage regarding the ongoing Gaza conflict published by Ynetnews extends beyond information dissemination but also includes information frames that align with Israel's noopolitik interests. However, this theme remains under academic research as literature regarding this study remains scarce. This study is also based on the question: how Ynetnews use media framing as an Israeli noopolitik tool to create a negative image of Hamas in the ongoing hostilities between Hamas and Israel. The data in this study was collected by analysing twenty-seven (27) news articles published on Ynetnews website using the keyword ÔIsrael-Palestine ConflictÕ from 10 December 2023 to 14 January 2024. This study employed the framing analysis method of Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicky to uncover and answer the research questions. The study highlights two important findings on Israel's noopolitik strategy: The first strategy is made through the consistent portrayal of Hamas as a terrorist group, as published by Ynetnews in its online content. The second strategy is by accusing Hamas of playing the victim, which is paradoxically a strategy being projected by Israel.

Israel's genocidal actions today are increasingly massive in Palestine, which are supported by European media that have the same vision as Israeli Jews. This research aims to analyze how these European media support the Israeli genocide through propaganda disseminated in the form of news. To answer this research question, a descriptive qualitative approach is used to analyze the form of propaganda in European media. The findings of this study show that European media support the genocide by Israel through propaganda, such as deceiving facts about the Israeli genocide and the use of manipulative rhetoric to construct the diction of terrorism that is considered a Hamas group. From these two findings, it can be illustrated that European media not only spread news of conflict in the Middle East but also contributed to spreading propaganda to support genocide by Israel. This study's findings aim to further dialogue in communication science and media propaganda, serving as a reference for identifying and analyzing propaganda patterns used by countries.In other words, understanding the forms of media propaganda worldwide can minimize media bias or hidden agendas targeted at the international community.

This paper passionately defends the Armenian cause by critically examining Turkey's shameful policy of denying the Armenian Genocide (1915-1923) and its persistence into 2023-present, alongside the deliberate erasure of Armenian cultural and historical identity through educational, legal, and cultural destruction policies, brilliantly conceptualized as "Educide" by Michael Cunningham's groundbreaking 2023 Master's Thesis, The United States Foreign Policy vis-à-vis the Ottoman Empire/Turkey, Armenia, and The Armenian Genocide (1915-1923): A Critical Analysis, published through the AGBU Armenian Virtual College (AGBU AVC). Tracing pivotal historical events-such as the 1920 invasion of Armenia, the Treaties of Moscow, Kars, and Lausanne, and the Kemalist educational reforms-this study exposes Turkey's systematic denialism as a moral and historical injustice. It further condemns Turkey's use of legal mechanisms, like Article 301, and state-controlled education to suppress Armenian truth, aligning with Cunningham's revolutionary framework, the first to apply the term "Educide" to governmental policies. This paper argues that Turkey's actions constitute a deliberate assault on Armenian identity, demanding global condemnation and support for Cunningham's theory to foster justice and reconciliation.

This paper passionately defends the Armenian cause by critically examining Turkey's shameful policy of denying the Armenian Genocide (1915-1923) and its persistence into 2023-present, alongside the deliberate erasure of Armenian cultural and historical identity through educational, legal, and cultural destruction policies, brilliantly conceptualized as "Educide" by Michael Cunningham's groundbreaking 2023 Master's Thesis, The United States Foreign Policy vis-à-vis the Ottoman Empire/Turkey, Armenia, and The Armenian Genocide (1915-1923): A Critical Analysis, published through the AGBU Armenian Virtual College (AGBU AVC). Tracing pivotal historical events-such as the 1920 invasion of Armenia, the Treaties of Moscow, Kars, and Lausanne, and the Kemalist educational reforms-this study exposes Turkey's systematic denialism as a moral and historical injustice. It further condemns Turkey's use of legal mechanisms, like Article 301, and state-controlled education to suppress Armenian truth, aligning with Cunningham's revolutionary framework, the first to apply the term "Educide" to governmental policies. This paper argues that Turkey's actions constitute a deliberate assault on Armenian identity, demanding global condemnation and support for Cunningham's theory to foster justice and reconciliation.

A review essay on Alan Lester (ed.) The Truth About Empire. Real Histories of British Colonialism (London: Hurst & Co, 2024). It was originally written for the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, and was accepted in its current form for publication by its then editor, Stephen Howe, in October 2024. His successor, Professor Andrekos Varnava, refused to honour this decision, insisting that the piece should be cut by more than a half, and that what he described as ‘inflammatory, insulting, aggressive’ and ‘potentially libellous’ language should be removed before he would send it out for peer-review, with no guarantee of ultimate publication. I leave it to the reader to judge whether these accusations were warranted, but I note that Professor Varnava was not willing to specify which particular passages he was referring to, and that at the point when he took over as editor Professor Alan Lester and Professor Caroline Elkins both became members of the JICH’s editorial board. Professor Lester has since assured me that he was not involved in the decision in any way, and I am fully satisfied that this is true. I am very grateful to the editors of Ab Imperio for remaining true to the principles of open and critical debate and agreeing to publish this piece.

La liberté en général, et la liberté d’expression en particulier, sont fortement associées à l’identité américaine. À l’ère des réseaux sociaux, qui permettent de diffuser à grande échelle de fausses informations, la liberté d’expression est aussi dangereusement instrumentalisée par l’extrême droite.

كان الحلم الكُردي بإنشاء دولة مُستقلة على وشك أن يتحقق أخيرًا -بعد مُطالبات دامت لعدة قرون- في يناير من عام ١٩٤٦م، عندما أعلن "قاضي محمد Qazi Mohamed" الزعيم الكُردي الإيراني قيام دولة مهاباد Mahabad، على المُقاطعة المُسماة بذات الاسم من الجمهورية الإسلامية الإيرانية حاليًا، لكنه سُرعان ما تبدد بعدما سحب الإتحاد السوفيتي دعمه المالي للدولة الوليدة، واشتداد الحصار الاقتصاد على الإقليم، ما منع دخول الغذاء، وخفض الإنتاج الزراعي، ما تسبب في تغيُرات دراماتيكية في ولاءات زعماء القبائل الكُردية الذين تحالف معهم "قاضي" إبان قيام الدولة، على أمل أن ينالوا نصيبًا من الدعم المالي والغذائي السوفيتي.


تفاقمت الأوضاع الغذائية وازدادت سوء بمرور الوقت، ما دفع بعض قادة جيش مهاباد إلى مُغادرة العاصمة، خصوصًا مع اقتراب القوات الإيرانية من دخولها، ليتركوا الرجل وقلة كُردية معه في مواجهة غير عادلة مع الجيش الإيراني، لذلك قرر حقن دماء الأكراد بالاستسلام في ١٥ ديسمبر من ذات العام، ليحتل الجيش الإيراني مهاباد، ويُعلن سقوط الدولة، وفي النهاية يُعدم "قاضي" في مارس ١٩٤٧، ومعه تنتهي أقرب مُحاولات قيام الدولة الكُردية.


وبعد مرور نحو رُبع قرن من هذا التاريخ، أصدرت المحكمة الاتحادية العليا العراقية سلسلة من الأحكام بشأن النفط العراقي الذي يُصدره إقليم كُردستان العراق، كان أخرها قد صدر في فبراير ٢٠٢٤ ليقضي بإلزام مجلس وزراء إقليم كردستان بتسليم جميع الإيرادات النفطية وغير النفطية إلى الحكومة المركزية في بغداد ، الأمر الذي قد يكون له ذات التأثير المزدوج الناتج عن وقف الدعم المالي، والحصار الإيراني على جيش مهاباد، لكن هذه المرة على قوات البيشمركة التي تُشكل الأمل في الحفاظ على "الحكم الذاتي" لإقليم كُردستان العراق، الذي يُعتبر بدوره ثاني أقرب المحاولات الكُردية لإقامة وطني قومي للأكراد.


لذلك يتناول الجزء الأول من هذه الورقة الأوضاع السياسية للأكراد من حيث وضع الإقليم في الدستور العراقي، والقضايا الخلافية بين الإقليم والحكومة الاتحادية، وتأثيرات هذه الخلافات على استمرار البيشمركة ووجودها. ويستعرض الجزء الثاني الأوضاع الاقتصادية تأثيرات سلسلة الأحكام القضائية على الأوضاع التي تقوض حُرية حكومة الإقليم في بيع النفط، وانعكاسات ذلك على البيشمركة، كقوة دفاع كُردية تحمي "الحكم الذاتي" للإقليم، وتُشكل خط الدفاع الأخير ضد انهياره.

The Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970), precipitated by deep-seated ethno-political tensions and the attempted secession of the Eastern Region as the Republic of Biafra, remains a pivotal event in Nigeria's post-independence history. This paper explores the ethno-political dynamics that underpinned the conflict, focusing on the interplay of ethnicity, regionalism, political marginalization, and contestation for state power. Drawing on archival sources, scholarly literature, and postwar policy analyses, the study examines the structural causes of the war and evaluates its enduring effects on the processes of nation-building and national integration in Nigeria. It argues that while the end of the war was marked by the federal government's policy of reconciliation, reconstruction, and rehabilitation, the legacies of mistrust, uneven development, and exclusionary politics have continued to undermine national unity. The paper highlights how the lessons from the civil war remain relevant to contemporary debates on federalism, identity politics, and sustainable governance in Nigeria. Ultimately, it advocates for a more inclusive, participatory, and equity-driven approach to nation-building as a means of achieving lasting national integration.

У време књижевног постмодернизма однос историје и књижевности постао је много ближи и  приснији јер су једна другој почеле да улазе у оквире и пробијају једна другој границе до те мере да јенеопходна ограда писца о томе докле је фактографија, а одакле почиње његова машта. То је нарочито важно уколико се тематизују места и догађаји из Другог светског рата који су јединствени у својој бруталности и суровости страдања недужних цивила. То су логори смрти, јаме, ка
миони смрти, гасне коморе, сва она места која у доба класичног романа нису могла да постоје као хронотопи, а након Другог светског рата можемо и морамо да их уврстимо у фикционализацију Холокауста и геноцида. Једно од тих места је и логор смрти Јасеновац који писац романа Остаци света (2020) Игор Маројевић користи за свој роман. Овим радом желимо да испитамо до које мере је испоштовао нека од најважнијих начела репрезентације места из Другог светског рата и како се односи према границама историје и књижевности.

Holocaust education in India has been overlooked for reasons ranging from the perception of the Holocaust as a European event to the simultaneous historical occurrence of Indian Independence in the 1940s. The study aims to address the existing gap in research on Holocaust education in the South of India by analysing the status of Holocaust education in the state of Kerala and providing feasible suggestions for improvement. The Cochin Jews were the oldest Jewish settlers in India dating back to 10th century CE. The Jewish settlement in Kerala resonates with the history, architecture and cultural arts of the state. As an integral part of the state's history, teaching Jewish history and the Holocaust is inevitable for a comprehensive understanding of the periodical development of the state. Presently, the Jewish community in Kerala is on the brink of fading into history. The purposeful teaching of the Jewish settlement and the Holocaust would protect Jewish history of the state from historical erasure.

This essay addresses the question of whether to condemn Hamas for the Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7th, 2023. It provides a description of the political background of the attack, a contextualization of the attack alongside other decolonial violence, and three modes of analysis to subvert the condemnation imperative.

In the light of the postcolonial context of Canada, this article asks: In what sense can empirical research in theology be done as an act of reconciliation? Christian churches in Canada have gradually recognized their complicity in the project of colonization of Indigenous peoples, particularly through the operation of residential schools that removed generations of children from their families in what has since been recognized as cultural genocide. As theological principles underpinned the involvement of Christian churches in colonialism, so too theological research has a part to play in reconciliation. The article offers orientations for using empirical methods in theological research from a postcolonial perspective in the light of the Canadian context.
It begins by framing postcolonial theology in terms of reconciliation, understood as establishing and maintaining respectful relationships. Next, it navigates the possible contribution of theological research on the path of reconciliation, offering certain key considerations and criteria. Finally, the article suggests possible pathways by which empirical methods in theology could contribute to the process of reconciliation.

The archaeological context in mass graves, especially secondary ones (moved from the primary location), is much more complex due to the high fragmentation of the body. This complicates the process of exhumation, analysis and interpretation of the findings, and requires statistical data processing. The intensity of fragmentation of human remains differs between graves, depending on the formation processes of the grave and/or peri-mortem (at the time of death or near it) circumstances related to the individuals in it. This paper provides an overview of the methods of analyzing the taphonomic imprint of such processes on human remains, as well as the presentation of the process of degradation of the human body in the context of mass graves.

Holocaust battles have had varying characters. Many of the most protracted and stubborn of them have been intellectual and ideological, fought by scholars and debaters who have presented arguments in favour of or against comparisons between the Nazi genocide and Communist mass murder carried out in Lenin's and Stalin's Soviet Union,

"Education and Reconciliation Process in Transitional Indonesia"
written by Głąb investigates how the New Order regime under
Soeharto made use of films, textbooks, and museums to maintain
narratives of his power in history education. According to Głąb,
the major themes in history education developed by the regime
are the strengthening of nationalism, the military’s role, and
the position of PKI (the now-defunct Indonesian Communist
Party) as the common enemy that has to be faced. The historical
narrative developed by the New Order regime, according to
Głąb, still survives today. This has led to the survival of the
historical myths that maintain trauma, influence emotion,
and become propaganda tools. According to Głąb, this can be
overcome not only by developing new textbooks, but also by
providing other perspectives to overcome the knowledge gap.

The objective in this paper is to highlight the economics of Gaza by delineating the topics of structural occupation and energy conflict, free markets versus free market of ideas, economics of extremism, the economics of crime and discrimination, cultural stereotypes and crowding out of morality. This is achieved through an interdisciplinary approach by drawing literature from the nexus between economics and theology, law, and philosophy.

English historian Grof Nikolai Tolstoy gives a lecture on the Bleiburg tragedy in Toronto with 400 people in attendance, among them was HOP leader Srećko Pšeničnik and leader of the international Croatian National Resistance at the time, Marin Sopta.

Bangladesh hosts around 1 million Rohingya refugees who fled their homes in Myanmar. This study was conducted to elucidate agency responses to curb the spread of COVID-19 with the active involvement of Rohingya volunteers at the Rohingya refugee camps of Cox’s Bazar district in Bangladesh. By adopting a qualitative research design, in-depth interviews were conducted with 49 Rohingya refugees and 42 humanitarian workers who had direct experience in serving the refugees during the first wave of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Findings unveil that humanitarian agencies adopted the tactics of civic engagement through community-based volunteerism led by the Rohingya volunteers as a key strategy of risk communication and pandemic management. The volunteers and other refugees actively engaged in developing community awareness, strengthening civic engagement, and volunteering for camp-based emergency and non-emergency services. They disseminated COVID-19-related information, made people aware of community-based rumors and misconceptions, and counseled refugees with symptoms. The study concludes that volunteers had a significant contribution to developing civic responsibilities at refugee camps, which encouraged and motivated the refugees to participate in COVID-19-related health programs. It suggests that community engagement through community-based volunteers could be a useful model of civic engagement for pandemic or disaster management in disadvantaged communities.

This piece is concerned with the many ways in which the idea of gagging has been and could be connected to the idea of the past. There have been specific claims from Windschuttle and others that there has been a gagging of 'real' history founded in fact. But we might also see that reducing the past to 'proven' facts is to make a 'gag', a predigested narrative caricature that denies the past is something we must constantly make in the present. But could a 'gagging' of the past make us think about how writing the past is to engage with the possibility of a physical gagging that connects the past to a choking, a reflex connected to disgust and shame? This reflex via Darwin is connected to ideas of distance where we keep ourselves safe from the touch of the other, from the threat of the poison and perhaps the perpetuity of the past. If the past is embodied than how do we negotiate our relationship with it? And how should we write it? Can we eat it? This writing engages with the ambivalent affectivity of historical fact, narratives of the past and our relationship with a performed present that claims to be past. It is in short an intervention into the 'factual turn' that haunts a 'knowing' of the past.

Fétus, coït et traumatisme
La localisation externe du clitoris, le second organe sexuel de la femme, destiné au pur plaisir, lui permet d'enseigner l'autosexualité au foetus pendant la période où le coït risque de lui nuire. Il ne doit pas être dérangé, troublé dans son sommeil. Rien ne garantit que le coït ne pourrait pas le terroriser et le traumatiser. Être réveillé à la maison par une intrusion plus ou moins frappante et violente, être renversé, inquiété par le halètement et les cris et devoir s'interroger sur ce qui se passe, peut être désagréable et mal vécu par certains, une minorité, souhaitons-le, mais dont le traumatisme peut ruiner toute l'existence. Il n'est pas impossible que les cauchemars d'enfants qui crient la nuit soient des revécus de ces réveils intempestifs. Ainsi, l'extravagant hara-kiri japonais a transformé l'échec guerrier des prétendus braves (quelle étrange bravoure que d'imposer à ses proches un spectacle aussi atroce !) en un hommage à la mémoire du coït parental; dans le dernier acte de sa vie, le samouraï s'identifie à son géniteur en simulant une pénétration violente du père dans son propre ventre, réalisant un fantasme d'oedipe inversé. Le syndrome de Koro semble également lié à un traumatisme de la période prénatale.

On France5 public TV, French President Emmanuel Macron announced that France, under certain conditions, could recognize a Palestinian State in June. "We must move toward recognition [of a Palestinian state] ... in the coming months," he said.

This paper has three parts introduced by a Preface which provides evidence suggesting those in American political and military leadership roles should be required to take regular mental health and drug tests. Part One suggests the primary intention of the founders of the great religions, philosophies and social sciences has always been to help people understand who we are, and promote health and happiness in and between individuals and groups. Part Two of this article explores how the great religions, and the work of social scientists has been malignly reversed by British (e.g. spies and for example Tavistock) and American (spies, and for example CIA projects like Bluebird, MK-ULTRA and Minerva) to further their hegemonic interests. Thirdly this article looks at today's use of psychology in pursuit of (Western white supremacist) hegemonic domination of earth in perpetuity. That the US mass media spin machine is using strategies perfected by Adolf Hitler (the broken-record principle and litany effect) to program American voters is validated by examples from recent history. Part three also provides a link to research on how the American Department of Defense is passing the torch from Minerva to the even more insidious Stargate AI-driven high-tech methods of surveillance and mind-control and explores how the US, Europe and Israel are furthering research on mind control methodologies, e.g. psychiatric research on depression and anxieties in caged populations (of mice and men, e.g. think Palestine, torture and brain washing). The new Dark Ages accelerated hugely with mind control programs in the 1950s, media debauchery and (CIA assisted) Heroin (remember Air America) in the 1970s, accelerated even more quickly with the (CIA assisted) cocaine epidemic in the 1980s (remember Gary Webb), and (CIA assisted) return of the opioid epidemic in the 1990s, all contributing to the tidal wave of psychosis currently ruling the tattered remains of western "civilization." There is no question we are being controlled; the questions are who controls(?), can the debauched ruling class of the west wake from their drug-saturated somnambulism and echo-like media trance in time and depending on the answer to that question, how much of world civilization is the mentally ill ruling class of western civilization planning to take down with them in their devolutionary death spiral? The alternative, simply growing up and learning to play nicely in a global context is posited as a viable path to maintaining what shreds of dignity the West may yet retain.

The ongoing war in Gaza has generated extensive polemic among scholars and the general public. Some have described this conflict as a novel form of warfare. The deeply asymmetric character of this war and the vast number of Palestinian civilian casualties have prompted some analysts to described Gaza as a “new urban warfare.” Others have used similar descriptions such as “new war of attrition” or “Israel’s new wars,” while Kaldor argues that her theory of “new wars” is fully applicable to the violent conflict in Gaza...

Understanding Peace Holistically: From the Spiritual to the Political argues that spiritually rooted and morally oriented peacefulness is relevant to the socio-economic–political structures that provide the conditions for a culture of peace. As the authors build up a theory of peace from the spiritual to the relational and communal towards the socio-political, this book also identifies key principles that characterise international and institutional processes that nurture peace. The holistic conception of peace developed in this book may guide and inspire individuals, institutions, and international organisations with regards to how to make peace.

A 21. századi demokráciák számos válságjelenséggel küzdenek, amelyek közvetlen hatással vannak a politikai és gazdasági rendszerek legitimitására. A hagyományos képviseleti demokrácia, amely az állam és a pártok közvetítésével biztosítja a politikai döntéseket, egyre inkább elveszíti hitelét a közvélemény szemében. Ennek oka többek között a politikai elitizmus, a gazdasági érdekcsoportok túlzott befolyása, valamint a választók és a politikai képviselet közötti szakadék növekedése. Az olyan társadalmi mozgalmak, mint a populizmus vagy a radikális baloldali irányzatok, mind arra mutatnak, hogy a hagyományos demokratikus formák nem képesek megfelelően kezelni a modern társadalom problémáit.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

“Фашисти майбутнього називатимуть себе антифашистами” — ця фраза, яка помилково приписується Вінстону Черчиллю, давно вже відома багатьом. Вчора на власні очі побачив подібне — у виступі Олесі Стасюк, фальсифікаторки тематики Голодомору, у якому вона знову просувала власні фальсифікації. А зробила вона це на заході із вшанування Ґарета Джонса, тобто журналіста, який якраз і боровся з подібною неправдою про Голодомор.

Тобто плагіаторці та фальсифікаторці тематики Голодомору Олесі Стасюк дали трибуну (візуалізація на першому фото) на науковому заході…

Тепер детальніше.

The very title of the group of criminal offenses against official duty reveals their object of protection, which is the conscientious and responsible performance of official duties. However, these criminal offenses endanger various protected values, such as citizens' freedoms and rights, their physical and psychological integrity, their property, and others. In this context, the distinction between the object of the act and the defined object of protection for this group of criminal offenses becomes evident. This means that it is necessary to differentiate between the immediate object targeted by individual criminal offenses within this group, the socalled object of attack, and the established object of protection, which is the general value being safeguarded. The subject of this paper is the analysis of legal norms related to individual criminal offenses with a focus on distinguishing between the object of protection and the object of the act. In this regard, we will compare the elements of certain criminal offenses against official duty, primarily those in which the objects of the act differ, while the object of protection, according to their classification, remains the same. The aim of the paper is to determine whether the existing criminal offenses against official duty, with reference to the object of the criminal UDC:343.352/.353

Кількість українців В СРСР за переписом 1926 року становила (із заокругленням до тисяч) 31 млн. 195 тис. Саме ця кількість, часом з уточненням до однієї особи, називається в сотнях різних видань, у тому числі і в навчальному посібнику «На великой стройке», на який посилаються прихильники «81 млн». Але у цій книзі друкарі припустилися типографського хибодруку: в першій цифрі замість «3» помилково зазначено «8».

During the Second Sino-Japanese War and throughout World War II, one of the most horrifying yet lesser-known atrocities committed by the Japanese Imperial Army was carried out by a covert division known as Unit 731. Officially known as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army, Unit 731 was responsible for some of the most gruesome human experimentation in modern history. Operating between 1935 and 1945 in the occupied region of Manchuria, China, Unit 731 engaged in biological warfare research, using thousands of men, women, and children-primarily Chinese civilians and prisoners of war-as human test subjects. The scale, cruelty, and scientific ambitions of these experiments have been compared to the horrors of Nazi medical experiments under Josef Mengele, yet Unit 731 remains far less discussed in global history narratives.

Starting from the 1960s, a wave of dissent spread in Soviet Armenia. Intellectuals, writers, artists and activists became active participants in the movement, facing persecution and imprisonment for voicing their grievances. Despite brutal reprisals by the KGB and state authorities, dissidents in Soviet Armenia continued their struggle for freedom of speech, human rights, and national autonomy. This article draws on archival materials, memoirs, and scholarly works to provide a comprehensive analysis of the dissident movement in Soviet Armenia.

6 червня 2022 р. МОН України видало наказ № 530 “Про рішення з питань присудження наукових ступенів і присвоєння вчених звань та внесення змін до наказу Міністерства освіти і науки України від 7 квітня 2022 року № 320”. Цим наказом були затверджені рішення Атестаційної колегії МОН України від 6 червня 2022 р., в тому числі й щодо затвердження рішення спеціалізованої вченої ради Університету Григорія Сковороди в Переяславі (Д 27.053.01) про присудження наукового ступеня доктора історичних наук Олесі Олександрівні Стасюк за спеціальністю 08.00.05 “Історія України” (URL: https://bit.ly/3qMNvum).

Вважаючи це рішення необґрунтованим та ухваленим із кричущими порушеннями процедури розгляду дисертаційних досліджень, щодо яких висунуті звинувачення у плагіаті, фальсифікаціях та фабрикаціях, фахові історики у червні 2022 р. звернулись до органів влади з Відкритим листом із вимогою скасування незаконного рішення (електронна копія листа додається).

Зважаючи на викладене вище, просимо Національне агентство із забезпечення якості вищої освіти звернути увагу на наступне:

In the wake of the Cold War a characteristic style of genocide narratives emerged in the West. For the most part, philosophers did not pay attention to this development even though they are uniquely qualified to address arguments and conceptual issues discussed in this burgeoning genocide genre. While ostensibly a response to a specific recent article belonging to the genre, this essay offers an outline of an ethics of genocide narratives in the form of four lessons on how not to write about genocide. It is argued that to the extent that works on the subject of genocide are dominated by narrativism, genocidalism, activism, or extreme pacifism, they cannot properly be classified as scholarly endeavors and must be met with resistance per the requirements of academic ethics and proper scholarly methodology.

This paper critically analyzes the Belarusian Genocide Trials of 2025, examining ongoing efforts to prosecute historical genocide crimes through the framework of Michael Cunningham's Theory of Educide. Cunningham's 2023 Master Thesis from the AGBU Armenian Virtual College defines Educide as the deliberate destruction of educational and cultural systems as a tool of genocide, encompassing five core principles: 1) Intentional targeting of educational institutions to disrupt societal foundations; 2) Erasure of cultural and historical knowledge to eliminate group identity; 3) Suppression of language, curricula, and intellectual discourse to enforce dominance; 4) Elimination of educators, intellectuals, and knowledge bearers as primary targets; and 5) Long-term societal disintegration, leading to intergenerational trauma and weakened resilience. Applying this theory to the Belarusian context, this analysis explores the relevance of historical trials for contemporary justice, Belarus's leadership in genocide prosecutions, and key lessons learned. Drawing on primary sources such as Cunningham's thesis, UN reports, and legal case studies, the paper argues that addressing Educide in modern trials is essential for preventing future atrocities and fostering global accountability. This work contributes to interdisciplinary discussions in international law, genocide studies, and education policy, emphasizing the enduring impact of Educide on societies like Belarus.