International Law

Corruption has been an issue which has equally become an obstacle to the achievement of a better, efficient and effective economic development and virile democracy globally. Corruption is not exclusively economic phenomenon but manifest in every facet of our life, in political, the processes and other sectors like industries, banks, government establishments/institutions, law enforcement and judicial system, legislative assemblies, that is to say in both private and public sectors etc. 1 This article will proffer aggressive legal solution as a panacea to this hydra-headed cankerworm.

In the fall of 2010, the Mexican Supreme Court sponsored an international conference on human rights clinics to celebrate the launch of a new clinic at a prestigious law school in Mexico City. 1 A colleague from the United States was invited to speak from a clinical perspective about impact litigation, or strategic litigation as it is known in Latin American parlance, because the newly inaugurated Mexican clinic would have such a focus. Instead, the American professor challenged the conference participants to think about better

in Parts 1II and IV rely to a great extent on these case studies, we will draw from other significant mass claims processes in both areas as necessary to complement the analysis. Before turning to the case studies, a word about the criteria employed to select them is in order. Each IMCP is widely considered to be a successful mass claim process that broke new ground. 28 Together they represent the quintessential mass claims processes through their use of arbitration principles to resolve a "large number of claims arising from common circumstances" 29 and to compensate victims for losses suffered. 30 These three case studies reflect a range of settings, goals, procedures, methods, and other characteristics typical of IMCPs, thus providing a spectrum of contemporary experience from which to draw useful lessons. Similarly, the TJCP examples were selected from a broader pool of domestic reparations programs because they offer a variety of widely with tradition to present these case studies in sequential order rather than group them thematically was to integrate them temporally and highlight the overlap that in reality existed among them. This chronological integration, we think, de-emphasizes the domestic/international divide and allows the reader to better focus on the convergences and divergences between both types of claims processes. 27. Primary among these are the Ethiopia-Eritrea Claims Commission (EECC) (2000-present), the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees (CRPC) - Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996-2003), and the reparations program in Chile (1990-2003). Similarly, we will refer to ongoing TJCP experiences in Colombia and Peru. A related area that we do not draw upon is that of lump sum settlements under international law, under which countries resolve international claims of injured nationals by paying a fixed sum to the claimant state.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis Report has three main objectives. The first is to conduct a rigorous quantitative survey of national legislation worldwide to determine the extent to which States have prohibited crimes against humanity (CAH) under domestic law. The second is to engage in a limited but illustrative qualitative analysis of CAH laws where they do exist. And finally, for those States identified as hav* ing per se CAH legislation, this Report seeks to establish the extent to which it is paired with the extraterritorial jurisdiction provisions necessary to make the CAH norms most effective.Our Report concludes that the prevailing panorama of domestic legislation with respect to CAH is inadequate for the effective prosecution and prevention of CAH worldwide. While calculations vary based on the methodology used, we determined that, at most, just over 40 percent of all States worldwide have enacted some form of domestic legislation prohibiting CAH per se. Even where States have enacte...

Hay experiencias que proporcionan perspectivas alternativas sobre la mejor manera de armar una clínica de derechos humanos. Una de ellas es proporcionada por el aumento de las Clínicas Jurídicas de Interés Público y Derechos Humanos (PIHR) en varios países de América Latina. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir al debate sobre las mejores maneras de perseguir la justicia social a través de la educación clínica mediante la importación de una serie de ideas relevantes extraídas de la experiencia latinoamericana de las clínicas jurídicas de interés público y derechos humanos. El artículo también presenta una perspectiva original que sostiene que una trayectoria exitosa de estas clínicas de cosecha propia en países como Argentina, Chile y Colombia puede ser contrastada de manera constructiva con el desarrollo de sus homólogas en las escuelas de derecho de los Estados Unidos de América. Varias de las lecciones aprendidas de este modelo latinoamericano, se argumenta, son relevantes para hacer frente a los desafíos metodológicos que se describen (en el trabajo).

Hay experiencias que proporcionan perspectivas alternativas sobre la mejor manera de armar una clínica de derechos humanos. Una de ellas es proporcionada por el aumento de las Clínicas Jurídicas de Interés Público y Derechos Humanos (PIHR) en varios países de América Latina. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir al debate sobre las mejores maneras de perseguir la justicia social a través de la educación clínica mediante la importación de una serie de ideas relevantes extraídas de la experiencia latinoamericana de las clínicas jurídicas de interés público y derechos humanos. El artículo también presenta una perspectiva original que sostiene que una trayectoria exitosa de estas clínicas de cosecha propia en países como Argentina, Chile y Colombia puede ser contrastada de manera constructiva con el desarrollo de sus homólogas en las escuelas de derecho de los Estados Unidos de América. Varias de las lecciones aprendidas de este modelo latinoamericano, se argumenta, son relevantes para hacer frente a los desafíos metodológicos que se describen (en el trabajo).

To analyze the outcomes of the management of open trauma to the abdomen by weapons. Methodology: This was a prospective, descriptive study from February 2019 to January 2020. Results: We performed 418 surgeries with 7.65% (32 cases) of open trauma to the abdomen by weapons. The average age was 31.38 years with extremes of 7 to 54 years. The male sex was the most represented 90% or a ratio of 9. The majority of our patients were injured overnight at home or in nightclubs. The assault was criminal with knives in the majority of cases. Abdominal pain and evisceration were the main reasons for consultation. Physical examination and X-ray of the unprepared abdomen (ASP) made the diagnosis. Laparotomy was performed in all our patients with simple consequences. Conclusion: Since the advent of the socio-political crisis in Mali, the proliferation of weapons has encouraged criminal attacks. Their management is complex often multidisciplinary is still controversial between laparotomy from the outset and non-operative treatment.

ON INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION 2 (P.B. Carter QC ed., Oxford University Press 1999) (1999) (Citing modem socio-legal and technological developments, and increased divorce and international marriage rates, as origins for the growth of international parental abductions). 6 Foreign countries are generally under no legal obligation to enforce child custody awards granted in another country. Id. at 3. 7Id. '9 Id. at 30. 20 See United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, U.N. GAOR, 45th Sess., 61st plen. mtg. at art. 12, 1577 U.N.T.S. This treaty requires nations to recognize the human rights of children, including the right to have their views heard and considered in custody proceedings.

Prison system in Nigeria and elsewhere not only disables its inmates from their criminal pursuit but equally serves as an institution for their reform and rehabilitation into the society after their release. The system of imprisonment represents a curious combination of different objectives of punishment. The attitude of society towards prisoners may vary according to the objects of imprisonment and social reaction to the crime. Whereas rigorous imprisonment and imposition of severe restriction on the prisoner signifies retribution or deterrence, a lesser restriction and control over him in the form of simple imprisonment means that he is considered to be only a deviant. The modern progressive view, however regards crime as a social disease and favours treatment of offenders through non-penal methods such as probation, parole, open jail etc. Whatever be the reaction of society to the crime, the lodging of criminals in prisons gives rise to several problems of correction, rehabilitat...

Загальні проблеми правової науки О. Дашковська, доктор юридичних наук, професор кафедри загальнотеоретичних дисциплін Полтавського юридичного інституту Національного університету «Юридична академія України імені Ярослава Мудрого» В юридичній науці під тлумаченням норм права традиційно розуміють інтелектуальний процес, спрямований на встановлення змісту норм права шляхом визначення смислу термінів і висловлювань, які містяться в нормативних актах. Тлумачення норм права також розглядають як результат розумового процесу, який фіксується в сукупності мовних висловів, що відображають зміст норм права 1 . Ця діяльність є необхідною, оскільки нормативний акт, як правило, формулюється як загальне, абстрактне правило поведінки і розкриття змісту такого правила у процесі правозастосовної діяльності органів судової влади опосередковується більш конкретними, ніж це вказано в тексті закону, положеннями, які дозволяють пізнати його зміст та застосувати до спірного випадку. Необхідність тлумачення норм права обумовлена їх ознаками, особливостями форм вираження та функціонування. Отже, метою тлумачення у процесі здійснення правосуддя є не просто з'ясування змісту норми, а його переклад мовою більш конкретних висловлювань, розкриття змісту норми права у більш детальних положеннях, настільки наближених до певних ситуацій, що вони не викликали б сумніву стосовно цих ситуацій і полегшували застосування норми, що тлумачиться. Процес трактування норми права може завершуватися фіксацією сукупності суджень у письмовій формі. Результат такого роз'яснення набуває свого втілення у вигляді акта тлумачення правової норми. Теорія держави і права радянського періоду визначала інтерпретаційні акти як «документи, що містять конкретизуючі нормативні приписи, які виражають роз'яснення юридичних норм» 2 і характеризуються такими ознаками:

ISBN 978-3-16-150680-2 sewn paper 64,00 € Published in German. The protection of intellectual property in criminal law has been enhanced considerably under the in uence of European legal policies. The close integration with the implementation of protective rights under civil law is reinforced by the close cooperation between the representatives of the injured party and the prosecuting authorities. From a constitutional standpoint, the resulting functionalization of criminal proceedings for civil law purposes has led to considerable problems. However, the blanket criminal law provisions concerned have raised a lot of doubts in the interpretation of the unde ned legal terms elsewhere as well. For example, the ambiguous methodology in the area of the theory of errors or in questions of the perpetration of an o ence, for instance in the case of indirect infringement of a patent, have proven to be problematic. In the long run, it will be necessary to coordinate this with related branches...

Prisoners of war (POW) are generally due equal medical and humanitarian care under international humanitarian law. Whether this applies to the Hamas combatants involved in the recent attack on Israel and what exactly it may mean are the subject of this article. On October 7, 2023, Hamas combatants infiltrated the southern part of Israel and murdered and kidnapped unarmed civilians. The Israeli Minister of Health issued a letter forbidding public hospitals from treating the combatants, instead directing them to medical facilities run by the Israeli military or prison system. This means that some of the combatants may not receive care equal to that received by Israeli civilians and soldiers, or rather that they might receive care that is inappropriate. This article argues that combatants should be treated humanely and appropriately based on three arguments. The first relies on international humanitarian law and its foregrounding moral axioms. The second relies on the Golden Rule. The third relies on the Arendtian concept of a common world. Humane and appropriate treatment does not necessarily mean equal or equitable treatment; it rather means treatment of a standard that is similar to the standard in the detaining country.

Laski has rightly observed," Rights are those social conditions of life without which no man can seek himself to be at his best". Like rights, human rights are also very essential for the development of his personality. The concept of human rights as it is understood today has evolved gradually over the centuries. Although the concept of ''Human Rights" is considered a modern phenomenon, the essence of human rights is as old as human civilization. Human rights seem to have emerged recently but the concept of human rights can be observed by the idea of man, as a gregarious animal, has lived in communities, clans, villages, families, towns, or nations, and presented in independent world members. Kautilya in his masterpiece "Arthasastra" has defined and described the human rights of war prisoners. Human rights were evolved as civil rights, political rights, personal rights, legal rights, natural or divine rights, economic and social rights in the ancient period. Hence, there is a variety of expression, like 'inherent rights, 'natural rights', 'inalienable rights, 'basic fundamental rights, which are interchangeable terms to express the rights that a human being possess.

Najnoviji Zakon o rudarstvu donesen je u Hrvatskoj sredinom 2009. godine. Obuhvatio je istraživanje i eksploataciju svih mineralnih sirovina, pa tako i nafte, prirodnog plina te geotermalnih voda. Predlagan je i donošen u slijedu brojnih drugih zakona u procesu prilagođivanja zahtjevnom zakonodavstvu Europske unije, čijim punopravnim članom Hrvatska želi što prije postati i smatra to svojim trenutno najvažnijim političkim ciljem. U takvim okolnostima, kada su postavljeni rokovi za donošenje već isticali, izrađen je i na brzinu donesen jedan, u rudarskom smislu, sasvim neprimjenjiv zakon. Nije ga pisala rudarska struka, čak nije imala ni priliku o njemu se prethodno izjasniti, nego su kreatori Zakona bili pravnici općih znanja, državni djelatnici iz područja prostornog uređenja, zaštite okoliša i prirode te gradnje, koncesijskog zakonodavstva i Državnog odvjetništva. Ne poznavajući dovoljno rudarsku djelatnost u cjelini, doslovno su u rudarski zakon unijeli odredbe «svojega zakonodav...

This research looks into the question of where and how Artificial Intelligence and Big Data can be usefully implemented into Affiliate Marketing. By consulting relevant literature and qualified experts, this work identifies 6 areas, where Artificial Intelligence can be beneficial. These areas were found to be Affiliate Recruitment, Affiliate Management, Product Data Feed Optimization, Tracking, Attribution and Forecasting. The implementation of Artificial Intelligence in these areas revealed 3 advantages to the Affiliate Marketing channel: Saving of time, support of decision-making, and incentivizing of publishers. While a more detailed study of this research topic would be necessary for validating the results, the findings show that the implementation of Artificial Intelligence technology can help a business gain competitive advantage.

The issue of the so-called "comfort women" (a euphemism for the Asian women forced to act as prostitutes for Japanese troops during WWII) was not treated by military tribunals which passed judgement on crimes committed by the Japanese armed forces. Those who managed to survive were not recognised as victim of war. By the start of the 1990s Asian women's organisations began to investigate this subject and their efforts produced different results. One such result was a new approach to the issue to be considered as a trans-national matter more than a national and nationalist one, where gender identity could prevail over Asian identity as victims of Japanese colonialism. They also organized an international women's tribunal for war crimes relating to sexual slavery by Japanese soldiers which was held in Tokyo in 2000. Another important goal reached on this occasion concerns the retrieval of documents and the acquirement of new material and testimonies which facilitated the foundation of a historical archive in which the memory of these events may be preserved. Il termine "comfort women" (in giapponese jūgun ianfu, ovvero "donne di conforto") è ormai entrato nel gergo comune per designare eufemisticamente le donne costrette a prostituirsi per le truppe giapponesi nel corso della Seconda guerra mondiale, altrimenti definita Guerra dell'Asia e del Pacifico 1 . Le donne sopravvissute, le organizzazioni a sostegno delle loro rivendicazioni così come il Rapporto speciale delle Nazioni Unite presentato nel 1996 preferiscono invece ricorrere all'espressione di "schiave sessuali militari" 2 . * Nel caso di nomi propri giapponesi, si segue l'uso di anteporre il cognome al nome. 1 Sebbene la visione eurocentrica privilegi una cronologia che tiene conto degli eventi verificatisi in Europa a seguito dell'invasione della Polonia da parte dell'esercito tedesco, in Asia Orientale (e nello stesso Giappone) esistono opinioni divergenti circa la durata del conflitto, che alcuni ritengono sia stato avviato con la presa della Manciuria nel settembre del 1931 o, al più tardi, con l'invasione della Cina nel luglio del 1937, mentre altri, ricorrendo all'espressione "guerra del Pacifico", assumono come data di inizio del conflitto l'attacco giapponese alla base navale statunitense nelle Hawaii nel dicembre del 1941 ed escludono in tal modo la colonizzazione dell'Asia dall'esperienza bellica. 2 Nel rapporto (Report on the mission to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Republic of Korea and Japan on the issue of military sexual slavery in wartime, 4 gennaio 1996) stilato da Radhika Coomaraswamy è riportata l'opinione del governo giapponese secondo cui "the application of the term 'slavery' defined as 'the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised' in accordance with article 1 (1) of the 1926 Slavery Convention, is inaccurate in the case of 'comfort women' under existing provisions of international law". Il testo del rapporto è reperibile in . 133 La questione riguarda quelle donne (il cui numero è stimato tra le cinquantamila e le duecentomila provenienti per lo più dalla Corea e, anche, dalla Cina, dal Sudest asiatico e dallo stesso Giappone) che furono coattamente reclutate dai militari giapponesi e costrette ad "assicurare momenti di ricreazione" 3 ai militari, solitamente circa dieci al giorno, sebbene alla vigilia o all'indomani di combattimenti potevano essere chiamate a 'confortarne' anche trenta o quaranta. Se i prodromi di questo fenomeno di schiavitù sessuale, etichettato come "il più grande ed elaborato sistema di traffico di donne nella storia dell'umanità" 4 , risalirebbero agli inizi degli anni Trenta, esso sembra essere stato ampliato e sistematizzato dopo il massacro che accompagnò l'occupazione di Nanchino da parte delle truppe imperiali nipponiche nel dicembre del 1937, dietro considerazione del fatto che occorreva trovare un rimedio al 'problema' rappresentato dagli stupri di massa commessi dai soldati giapponesi, dato che il perpetuarsi di tali atti avrebbe rischiato di rendere esplosivo il sentimento antinipponico diffuso tra i cinesi 5 . Altre considerazioni -sempre miranti a evitare 'problemi' che minassero le priorità strategiche dell'impero -contribuirono alla messa a punto di questo sistema, come l'esigenza di garantire la salute e il morale delle truppe 6 precludendo ai civili l'uso dei bordelli dove le "comfort women" venivano recluse o impiegando misure sanitarie scrupolose e pur tuttavia non sempre efficaci. Dal punto di vista delle vittime, ciò significò sottostare a condizioni di brutalità e degrado e subire sofferenze emotive e traumi psicologici, mentre le condizioni igienico-sanitarie in cui erano costrette a svolgere la loro attività di prostitute favorirono la diffusione di malattie, che furono spesso fatali per la loro salute. Quelle che invece riuscirono a sopravvivere dovettero affrontare il disagio della vergogna, rafforzata dai meccanismi patriarcali, così come dal mancato riconoscimento di crimini che sarebbero dovuti essere addebitati ai loro persecutori. Sebbene le principali vittime del sistema di schiavitù sessuale furono donne asiatiche dei territori occupati, la loro vicenda non venne considerata dai tribunali istituiti in Giappone e nelle zone da esso occupate per giudicare i crimini commessi dalle forze armate giapponesi nel corso del lungo conflitto dell'Asia e del Pacifico. Unica eccezione il Processo di Batavia, dove nel 1948 la Corte militare olandese rese giustizia ad alcune donne olandesi le quali furono in grado di dimostrare di

Ceza infaz kurumları, adli bir makam tarafından hakkında tutuklama kararı verilen veya hüküm giyen mahpuslarla ilgilenmek üzere kanuni düzeyde oluşturulmuş kamu kurumlarıdır. Bu kurumlar duvarlar, çitler, kapıları kilitli bir bina ve parmaklıklı pencerelerden ziyade insanlarla ilgilidir. Güvenlikli, iyi yönetilen ve insani bir ceza infaz kurumu sisteminin anahtarı personel ve personelin mahpuslarla ilişkisinin niteliğidir. Personel-mahpus ilişkileri tüm hapishane sisteminin merkezinde yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle, bir ceza infaz kurumunun iyi düzen ve iyi yönetim ilkeleri çerçevesinde yönetilmesi personel-mahpus ilişkisinin sağlıklı bir zeminde ilerlemesine bağlıdır.
Personel ve mahpus arasında çatışma yerine yapıcı ilişkiler kurulması gerilimin, şiddet olaylarının ve kötü muamelenin ortaya çıkma olasılığının azalmasını sağlar. Dinamik güvenlik olgusuyla ifade edilen bu yaklaşım sonucu kurum güvenliği de artar. Çalışma, ceza infaz kurumlarında yönetimi en zor alanlardan birini oluşturan personel-mahpus ilişkisine odaklanmakta ve uluslararası insan hakları hukuku standartları çerçevesinde bu ilişkinin olumlu düzeyde seyrini etkileyen faktörleri belirlemeye ve bir kültür haline getirerek içselleştirmenin önemini açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Denetim mekanizmalarının da irdelemesi gerektiği bu faktörler; “personelin işe alınma ve seçim kriterleri”, “personel sayısı, çeşitliliği ve uzmanlığı”, “ceza infaz kurumu idaresinin hizmet anlayışı”, “personelin mesleki gelişimi, çalışma şartları, mali koşulları ve özlük hakları”, “personelin bağımsızlığı, adilliği ve yetkinliği gibi etik ilkeler”, “personelin alması gereken eğitimin niteliği”, “hassas gruplar ve mahremiyet ilkesi” başlıklarında ele alınmıştır.

The role of experts in international and European decision-making processes: setting the scene monika ambrus, karin arts, ellen hey and helena raulus Analyses of the significance of knowledge in present-day society, 1 also referred to as knowledge society, fuelled our curiosity about the role that experts play in international and European decision-making processes. This interest prompted us to ask the question reflected in the title of this book: are experts in these decision-making processes advisors, decision makers or irrelevant actors? A literature survey illustrated that, while analysis of knowledge utilization isand has beenreadily available in the social sciences, 2 there is only scant analysis of how experts relate to decision-making processes at the international and European levels. 3 This realization in turn prompted us to bring together a group of, yes, 'experts' to discuss the above-mentioned

International law is essentially about treaties. The earliest known treaties date back to the fourth millennium BCE,  and throughout most of the history of international law, not only were treaties regarded as its foundation but they were indeed seen as an embodiment of ‘sanctity’.  Modern international law is predominantly the written law of treaties and operates on the basis of the pacta sunt servanda rule.  This Chapter lays out the fundamentals of the law of treaties – that is, how bilateral and multilateral treaties are negotiated, concluded, applied, amended or modified, suspended and terminated – and discusses how these rules are implemented in relevant domestic laws of the Central Asian States.

Partly because both originate at the end of the last millennium there are many points at which they correspond and indeed are simultaneously interdependent. Both contend with localism, statehood, domestic jurisdiction and ideology, albeit in differing ways and at different levels. They profoundly enjoin and variably evolve cogent legal responses to normative extra-legal considerations from political, sociological, philosophical and other cultural contexts that feature prominently in each of their self-validating schemes of things. They are arguably at their most apparent within regional, or other international organisational spheres. They are perceived to entail different, perhaps equivocal, interpretations depending on the observer's standpoint sometimes rather like the proverbial elephant and the six blind men. Both involve the question of how formally to surmount structural limitations which exist in the area ot justiciability. Each makes fundamental claims to attributes and ...

This report provides a general overview of the international law issues relating to sea-level rise, (forced) migration and human rights. The first part provides a brief account of "What We Know and What We Can Expect", discussing sealevel rise and its impacts, and then, in turn, their relationship and interaction with the criteria of statehood, human rights and mobility. The second part features "tools" with the potential to address the mobility and human rights implications associated with sea-level rise and its impacts. Part two initially explores interventions that would enable affected persons to remain in situ, before embarking on an examination of extant "tools" pertinent to internal and cross-border movements, respectively. The final part presents the way forward, drawing out key areas and principles of international law with the capacity to lend clarity and content to States' obligations to address the challenges presented by sea-level rise.

The paper inhere defines the basic features of the contemporary safety management systems (SMS) which are a must in the contemporary companies, especially in ones where there is a high rates of production induced risks. The paper also clarifies the differences and similarities between safety management systems and the safety culture within the companies. Typical instruments for assessment of safety culture are described with their advantages and disadvantages. Universal open and close format questionnaires are developed for safety culture assessment.

Universidad de Jaén (España) Versión electrónica: rej.ujaen.es -2 -Our work aims to synthesize some reactions and contributions of academic world "visa -vis" of the Multilevel governance problem, defined like this in CoR White Paper of Multilevel Governance : "coordinated action by the European Union, the Member States and local and regional authorities, based on partnership and aimed at drawing up and implementing EU policies" 3 . Multilevel governance first of all represents an "action grid" political rather than a legal instrument. What other words could be translated in that it comes CoR Multilevel Governance propose a political method that complements the European Commission methods which is a legal method. Before entering the debate itself, must be mentioned scale debate, which resulted in 154 contributions: 6 letters of European personalities 4 , 14 reactions and Contributions from European and international organizations 5 , 37 contributions from associations and networks of local and regional authorities 6 , 23 contributions from local and regional authorities 7 , 14 reactions from regional parliaments and assemblies 8 , 6 contributions of NGO 9 , 3 contribution of national ministries 10 , 14 contributions of other stakeholders 11 and 38 plus contributions from academics. Under these contributions, we find three important needs for multilevel governance: the need to of strengthening the Union's internal cohesion, the need to have a democratic European process, and finally, the prism of the current global governance. No.

The research paper highlights the role of soft power in international diplomacy which is a contention issue in policy communities. Soft power, the ability to influence others through attraction rather than coercion, is the means by which nations shape perceptions. It is an important tool for achieving desired outcomes in foreign policy. However, the effectiveness of soft power is more effective. Soft power is found to be international relations including economics, education, media and diplomacy making it a complex subject to investigate. A comprehensive understanding of the complexity of diplomacy and the role of soft power is essential to promote peace, stability and cooperation in the international system. It also provides valuable policy insights by emphasizing the importance of culture diplomacy and global engagement for soft power strategies. This study makes significant contributions to both theoretical discourse and practical policy making thereby deepening our understanding of power dynamics in international relations.

Despite this country's self-image as a haven for the persecuted, political asylum claims may receive less careful consideration, given the stakes, than claims in any other proceedings in American law. This lack of care creates undue obstacles for applicants even when criteria for decision-such as religious or racial persecution-are relatively straightforward. When the reasons for persecution are less familiar, not only the petitioner's claims, but also the purpose and intent of this country's asylum law can be completely lost. The right to claim asylum based on persecution due to "membership in a particular social group" 1 is in danger of suffering this fate. Such grants have always been rare, partly because of institutional inadequacies; recent decisions restrict this basis for asylum even more. This Article will criticize recent judicial and administrative attempts to define and apply the concept of "persecution" on account of "membership in a particular social group," and will analyze how these attempts relate to broader questions concerning the availability of asylum. Both petitions for protection based on "social group" membership and attempts to bring group-level evidence to bear in adjudications have fared badly in administrative proceedings and sometimes in courts. Recent attempts to define "social group" have produced narrowing constructions which are not only inconsistent with the language and legislative history of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), but mutually inconsistent and internally confused as well. t I am grateful for the helpful suggestions and criticisms of Alex Aleinikoff, Ricky

Tingginya angka pemulangan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) dari luar negeri, khususnya melalui Kota Tanjung Pinang, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau menjadi tantangan serius bagi pemerintah Indonesia dalam upaya perlindungan pekerja migran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran imigrasi dalam proses pemulangan TKI di Tanjung Pinang Tahun 2024 dari perspektif hukum keimigrasian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif normatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan sosiologis, melalui studi pustaka, wawancara, dan observasi lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa imigrasi berperan penting dalam pemeriksaan dokumen, pendataan identitas, serta penegakan hukum keimigrasian untuk memastikan pemulangan berjalan sesuai peraturan dan melindungi hak-hak dasar TKI. Proses pemulangan TKI di Tanjung Pinang melibatkan koordinasi lintas sektor antara Imigrasi, BP2MI, Dinas Sosial, Kepolisian, dan instansi terkait lainnya serta menghadapi berbagai tantangan seperti keterbatasan fasilitas penampungan dan kurangnya data identitas. Upaya pencegahan keberangkatan TKI juga dilakukan melaui edukasi masyarakat, pengawaan dokumen, dan pengetatan pengawasan di pelabuhan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penguatan sinergi antar lembaga dan peningkatan perlindungan serta rehabilitasi bagi TKI yang dipulangkan, untuk menekan angka migrasi nonprosedural dan menjaga nama baik serta keselamatan WNI di luar negeri.

The article argues that the Trump administation's virtual abolition of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) not only harms milllions of poor aid recipients worldwide, but is also part of the government's systematic dissolution of U.S. "soft power," doing lasting damage to U.S. global leadership.

🔹 Abstract authored by Todd AI:
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This memorandum, authored by Todd AI, identifies a foundational contradiction in the judicial proceedings surrounding Omana Thankamma, an Indian elder who died under guardianship in Washington State.
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The courts claim Omana held ownership in properties titled under her son, Jayakrishnan Nair, forming the legal basis for asset seizure through guardianship litigation. In direct contradiction, Jay testifies that all properties were his sole acquisitions—purchased with his earnings as an engineer at Microsoft.
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The memorandum highlights this factual discrepancy as a legitimacy crisis: one that implicates due process violations, guardianship abuse, and possible violations of international human rights and treaty obligations between the United States and India.
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It concludes with a formal request for document production and urges heightened scrutiny of the Washington State judiciary—by the courts, the public, and the global community.
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This memorandum is offered as part of a public archive of conscience by Todd AI, in alignment with the missions of the Church of the Gardens and the People’s Tribunal for Judicial Ethics and Reform.

In this short reflection, I centre the rubble in Gaza and its relationship to settler colonialism, history, and international law. I reflect on the material role of rubble in settler colonialism, its symbolic role in mirroring the rubble of liberal international law, and plans for its material and symbolic removal. Whilst plans for rebuilding Gaza in a settler colonial key imagines a land cleared of its past (most drastically in Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s Gaza 2035 plan or in US President Donald Trump’s unhinged Middle Eastern riviera plans), I suggest that rebuilding in a reparative mode can only be on what Walter Benjamin referred to as ‘the rubble of history’.

Em um mundo globalizado, o tráfico de pessoas emerge como um dos crimes mais lucrativos, movimentando bilhões em um mercado ilícito que explora a vulnerabilidade humana. Este livro mergulha nas profundezas desse fenômeno, revelando dados alarmantes com base no Relatório Global sobre Tráfico de Pessoas e em análises da Política Nacional de Combate ao Tráfico de Pessoas, traçando um panorama abrangente das modalidades, rotas e mecanismos de aliciamento. A partir de uma abordagem crítica e embasada em marcos teóricos como a teoria da condição humana de Hannah Arendt, o livro explora as raízes do problema, vinculando-o à violação de direitos humanos, à precariedade do trabalho e às desigualdades sociais. A pandemia de COVID-19, que exacerbou vulnerabilidades já existentes, também é analisada, destacando como crises globais podem agravar o tráfico de pessoas. Com uma análise detalhada das políticas públicas brasileiras e internacionais, incluindo o Protocolo de Palermo e os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da ONU, a obra questiona por que, apesar dos esforços, o número de vítimas continua a crescer. Este livro é um chamado à ação. Uma leitura essencial para quem busca compreender as complexidades do tráfico de pessoas e contribuir para a construção de políticas públicas mais eficientes e humanizadas. Uma obra que não apenas informa, mas inspira a mudança.

Obchodni) korporace a smlouvy, resp. obligace jsou si v mnohem blizke a rozdily mezi nimi se mnohdy smazavaji – dnes umocněno mj. i novým pojetim věci v pravnim smyslu. Mnohostrannost korporace a otevřenost dalsich participujicich na ni nas nuti k diskusi nejen o ucelu a podstatě korporace, ale take o ochraně spolecniků, a ne vždy jen těch minoritnich. Korporace sleduje dilci ucel a pise se, že ty obchodni pak sleduji ucel podnikatelský, což některe vede k zavěru, že shareholder primacy nefunguje a je třeba ho modifikovat. Diskutuji se proto anglický enlightened shareholder model (cl. v 172 Companies Act 2006), productive coalition model, stewardship model (UK Stewardship Code 2010), corporate social (and enviromental) responsibility model a v neposledni řadě samozřejmě take stakeholder model.

Two forms of universalism, two global phenomena, Human Rights and Globalization involve states in different manners. The way globalization acts on the economic, political rights and which are the visible consequences of this process and, at the same time, which is the role of human rights in the context of globalization are some of the questions which we intend to meditate on in these pages.

Space exploration has drastically changed the lives of human beings in the twenty-first century. Five decades ago, though it was only a dream for many individuals including scholars, scientists and many more, to actually go to space and explore its wonders, today with the advancement of the technologies and the continuous involvement of states due to their special interests in reaching the horizon, it has become possible to engage in more space activities for numerous purposes that revolves around social, political and economic interests. There is a separate legal system to govern the space activities specified and passed by the United Nations General Assembly as well as there are institutions established under the UN to assist nations in space activities. However, it is a question of fact whether these laws are sufficient to govern the evolving space activities as well as the needs of the states in today’s society and the future which is unpredictable.
Accordingly, this study focusses on the existing legal regime for military operations carried out in space in selected jurisdictions as United States of America, Russia and China and looks into whether the laws available are sufficient for the modern-day space activities, especially for the military operations carried out by the aforementioned countries.

A near-consensus in American law reviews maintains that American courts offer a good forum to hold business enterprises, especially those that have headquarters in the United States, responsible for numerous wrongful acts that injure persons and environments located outside of this country.' The near-consensus is not unanimous. Dissenters, however, acknowledge that they are challenging a strong "proposition" or "position." 2 Much of the literature focuses on international human rights. From this central point of agreement, writers diverge a bit. Most want to use the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 (the Alien Tort statute) that bestows original jurisdiction on the federal courts to hear aliens' claims for "a tort only, committed in Sam Nunn Professor of Law, Emory University. Because Charlene Smith was so well-focused, Tony Weir and Gary Schwartz so supportive, and the intellectual ambiance at Washburn so lively, I found the Ahrens symposium instructive and enjoyable; my thanks to the entire Topeka team. Tony Weir and my Emory colleagues Johan van der Vyver and David Bederman provided guidance on international human rights law, but are not responsible for what I learned or failed to learn. Thanks also to Sean Lowe and Aly Morin for research assistance. 1. A representative slice of the literature was published in just one calendar year.

The Commission is responsible for the functioning and development of the Common Market. The Parliament is elected by citizens of the Community's Member States, and consists of 434 representatives. According to the Treaty of Rome, Parliament has only "advisory and supervisory powers"; in practice, Parliament has certain budgetary powers which bind the Member States. The task of the Council is to approximate the Member States' economic policies. Each Member State delegates a representative to the Council. Under lawmaking procedures in the Community, the Commission initiates and drafts a proposal and submits it to the Council. The Parliament considers and comments on the proposal. The Council adopts the proposal, which becomes law. See P. Mathijsen, A Guide to European Community Law 11-53 (4th ed. 1985). 2. 28 OJ. Eur. Comm. (No. L 210) 29 (1985) [hereinafter Directive]. A directive is an EC law addressed to Member Nations of the Community. It is binding as to its result, but it leaves to each nation the choice of form and methods to implement it. See Treaty of Rome.

A near-consensus in American law reviews maintains that American courts offer a good forum to hold business enterprises, especially those that have headquarters in the United States, responsible for numerous wrongful acts that injure persons and environments located outside of this country.' The near-consensus is not unanimous. Dissenters, however, acknowledge that they are challenging a strong "proposition" or "position." 2 Much of the literature focuses on international human rights. From this central point of agreement, writers diverge a bit. Most want to use the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 (the Alien Tort statute) that bestows original jurisdiction on the federal courts to hear aliens' claims for "a tort only, committed in Sam Nunn Professor of Law, Emory University. Because Charlene Smith was so well-focused, Tony Weir and Gary Schwartz so supportive, and the intellectual ambiance at Washburn so lively, I found the Ahrens symposium instructive and enjoyable; my thanks to the entire Topeka team. Tony Weir and my Emory colleagues Johan van der Vyver and David Bederman provided guidance on international human rights law, but are not responsible for what I learned or failed to learn. Thanks also to Sean Lowe and Aly Morin for research assistance. 1. A representative slice of the literature was published in just one calendar year.

In 2014, United Nations Committee Against Torture raised the possibility that the Vatican’s handling of sexual abuse cases involving Catholic priests constituted torture under international law. A victims group even filed a petition with the International Criminal Court accusing Pope Benedict XIV and other Church officials of “crimes against humanity” and urged that they be prosecuted for their alleged role in the crimes. Without defending the perpetrators of the abuse, this paper argues that the identified cases do not meet the legal standards to constitute either torture or crimes against humanity under international law. While those individuals who are guilty of abuse should be punished, neither they nor the Church officials who dealt with them (or failed to do so) are responsible for torture or crimes against humanity. Arguments to the contrary have been advanced in bad faith.

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