Nepal（尼泊爾）

File:New Emblem of Nepal.svg-Kwohwey.(國徽)

Gaga kska Yacow ka Nepal, 28 00 N, 84 00 E ka gaga na nniqan. Kana ka knlbangan na o 147,181 sq km（hangan na o Tg94） (knlbanga dxgal o 143,351 sq km, knlbangan qsiya o 3,830 sq km). Kana ka sejiqun o niqan 29,033,914 hiyi. Gaga Kathmandu ka pusu alang paru, jiyax 28 idas 5 ka jiyax skrayan klwaan. Manu ka dxgal Nepal ga wada sugan 28.80% ka dxgal qpahan, 25.40% ka dxgal bbuyu, rahuq dxgal do niqan 45.80% na.

Bukung klwaan ta sayang o kiya ka Bidhya Devi Bhandari, pnaah hngkawas2015 idas 10 jiyax 29pnrajing kmlawa klwaan.

cinkhulan sa knita’ sa brbiru’

Nepal
Kathmandu
Swayambhunath
Patan
Bhaktapur
Himalaya, Gokyo
Himalaya, Chola Pass
Lo Manthang, Mustang
Kagbeni, Mustang

Nepal（尼泊爾）

Nepal (नेपाल) pa wa mniq dxral nniqan tuhunac tudu dwiyaq Himalaya na 1 qnlhangan kcka dxral, tudaya u mslutuc Cyokoku, tu3 dqras dxral daw msdalih India, tuhuy qnlhangan Bengal wana mkiyax bay 27 km ksanan elu. Knlbangan dxral Nepal u 14.7181 knbkiyan km, tu93 bnkuwan knkana qnlangan, 2972 knhbrawan hiyi sediq u tu48 bnkuwan knkana qnlangan kiya. Alaw wa mniq dxral tubaraw ka nniqan dha, knbaraw bay kcka mk10 dwiyaq qnlangan u wa mniq kcka dxral mi mtayus Nepal ka 8 knbaraw dwiyaq, kiya ka knbaraw balay Dudux Dwiyaq Sngmu, so kiya u yahan balay sdhmawan rmiwaw sediq smkuxul mkala ddwiyaq uri. Niqan knrudah bay hniti jaysang bungka qnlangan ka Nepal, pusu pnyahan snhiyan Bu kyo ka Buda Sakamuni u kiya ka mntuting Nepal. Pusu balay snlhayan snhiyan qnlhangan ka India kyo, duma ini khbaraw ka smluhay Cangcwan Bu kyo mi Islam kyo. Nepal pa niqan bay hnhangan qnlangan quri knrmnan bay mi mbiyax bay mtdiyal ka sediq Kuruk. 18 th kcka cida wada phiyu Nepal Wangkwo, kiya u mnknrmux Sicang uri, bukuy daw wada muCingcaw qnlhangan Hwansu. Mniq 19 th pnrdingan cida Ingkoku mi Nepal ka mccbu daw, Nepal u wada muway dxral mnIngkoku India kiya mi mnsupu ppwaluk dhiya. Nepal u ida balay India kyo Pnwaya Bukung qnlhangan. Kngkawas 2006 cida, kwohuy u wada hmtur biyax bukung qnlhangan Cyanantra, kngkawas 2008 idas 5 diyax 28, Nepal pnwaya keyngpo kaygi cida u wada mndungus bay muda snburah smmalu keyngpo ang, plixan ka pnwaya bukung mi knpriyux hangan qnlhangan Nepal Ryeynpang Mincu Konghkwo.

Ri-s(歷史)

Brah 7 th han.(7世紀前)

Nepal u knrudah bay qnlhangan Asia uri. Cbiyaw balay han pa kcka dxral Nepal u ou bay ini pntna qnlhangan han, mniq brah 6 th han, mniq brah 6 th han, sediq Nepal u tna mniq quri msdalih yayung Katmantu tnpusu mniq. 12 th brah han u, India mnswayi Kanak bukung qnlhangan Kusyadwaci miyah Kepal mi wada phyuwan bukung Nepal, bukuy daw pnhiyu Kpar, Asir, Kirati, Ricawi…wangcaw.

Ya bay mniq brah kongweyn kngkawas 563, Sakamuni u mntuting kcka dxral Nepal saya na qnlhangan Ranpini knrudah Kapirowi, tmnsa quri snlhayan Sakamuni u kiya ka Bu kyo.

Skari Cang Myeyn joku sediq Niwar ka wada dha ngalan Katmantu dxral ayu na Sediq Tnpusu, binaw dhiya u uxay to sediq kluwan tunarac, niqan knou ka sediq Yarian. 17 th ka ‘King Jidayi’ sediq Niwar, qnlhangan Mala wangcaw ka Nepal u kiya ka Sicang mi tudaya India dxral mbrnux iyax dha pusu bay mawyi sunyo. Cida, Katmantu, Patan mi Paktapur u txtaxa nanaq muda ddaun dha ini psupu, turu alang mkbrnux u msnhur balay.

Kuruk wangkwo(廓爾喀王國)

17 th kcka cida mtutuy ka sediq Kuruk, mniq tuiwil yayung Kandaki mkngahu phiyu 1 tiping wangkwo ( brah hniwan Saa wangcaw), kngkawas 1768, Puritwi Narayang Saa ka wada pskingal nniqan dxral Nepal, mnhdu Katmantu dxral ayu tu3 alang mkbrnux mpsanak mqriqu ddaun. Kari Niwar- sediq mcayis kluwan ka sediq Niwar u skari kari Cang Myeyn, kndadax 12 th prading daw kiya ka ddiyun kari seyhu mi kari quri ptpatas wenswey, dhuq saya wada spririh kari Nepal-Tuiwil nniqan sediq India ccida sediq Kas na kari In O yusi ka rmirih da.

Mbiyax bay qnlhangan na Kuruk u mniq kngkawas 1788 mi kngkawas 1791 mn2 kmrmux Sicang, hiti balay daw wada htran Cingcaw, rikisi u splawa ‘Mccbu Kuruk’. Babaw mnhdu mccbu Kuruk daw mtuhuy Cingting mddahur, wada mnqnlhangan Cingcaw, mquri hongti Cingcaw cngcn cinkong. Kiya mi mnIngkoku Tunarac India Kojyo mniq qmlahang India daw, kndudul mquri tudaya knrmuxm knttu knrmux Cemongsyong mi Bhutan dtiping qnlhangan. So kiya, Kuruk mi Cingcaw pa ida pwaluk knmalu conghwan pnluban dha, kiya ka shtur knrmxan Ingkoku. Kndadax Cingcaw kcka daw mowic ka qnlhangan, mrrudu ka kcka qnlhangan mi niqan ka miyah knrmux nganguc Cingcaw, uka biyax dha qndahang payis nganguc. Snpeyyah babaw pnhyuwan ka Cyoka minkoku daw, Weynsukay u mniyux lmawa Nepal (Kiya ka Kuruk) tumal pnspuwan 5 joku msupu, binaw cida daw wada qlhangan Ingkoku ka Nepal da.

Wada krtan muway Ingkoku ka dxral tuhunac Nepal mi Rana cngpyeyn .(割讓尼泊爾南部領土給英國及拉納政變)

Kngkawas 1791, Ingkoku mi Nepal u psdhu pbatas kingal quri umlik ka ‘Patas Pnsdhuwan Mpbbari ’. Kngkawas 1814, Kepal mi mnIngkoku India ka mccbu, ini baka ka Nepal. Kawas 1 daw wada pkixan Ingkoku psdhu matas ‘Patas Pnsdhuwan Saykri’, wada kyapan subway mnIngkoku Tunarac India Kojyo ka knbeyhing bay dxral tuhunac Nepal, quri so neycng mi waymaw u sqlahang Ingkoku kana. Kngkawas 1846, mndalih Ingkoku ka heytay Kuruk Cyangko Pahatur Rana ka dmudul cngpyeyn, wada mangal qpahun quri qmlahang heytay Nepal. Snpeyyah hiya daw, wada uka mndungus bay biyax niya ka bukung qnlhangan da, tnslutuc Rana ka lmutuc qpahun sosyang.

20 th kcka bukuy cida mi mccbu ka kcka qnlhangan dha nanaq.(20世紀中後期及內戰爆發)

Babaw mnhdu Tumn2 mccbu knbeyhing qnlangan daw, Ingkoku mniq Nepal u pskuraw mangal tukubeycu biyax pa, alaw ini palix knciyuk ka Nepal kiya ka wada mphing uri ka tukubeycu biyax sediq Ingkoku. Kngkawas 1951, Nepal Tahuy Tang mnsupu biyax bukung qnlhangan, pkiyax sosyang Rana malix biyax niya, mnhdu tnslutuc Rana 105 kngkawas qmnlhangan kajoku dha. Nepal bukung qnlhangan Tiribuhan pkla rinji keyngpo, muda dmuwi pnwaya bukung risyeyncu. Kngkawas 1960 idas 12 Mahengtra bukung qnlhangan ka dmuwi biyax, kngkawas 1961 idas 1 pkla kari hmtur knkana ddaun cngtang. Kngkawas 1962 idas 4 muda pnwaya ka keyngpo u Nepal ka India kyo bukung qnlhangan.

Kngkawas 1989 dhuq kngkawas 1990, pspuruq knbeyhing bay ‘Jnmin Undo’ ka Nepal, ngalan bukung qnlhangan ka Pilantra u pkixan mniq kngkawas 1990 idas 11 diyax 9 pkla burah keyngpo, mnhdu kngkawas 1961 beytaq cida ka uka tangpay pingyihuy ticu, mniq lxayan ptmayan ou tang gikaycu. Kngkawas 1994 idas 11 diyax 15, Nepal Kyosanto (Ryeynhe Maryey) mniq seyngkyo cida u wada mbiyax, binaw mangal biyax qmpah 1 kngkawas daw wada pkixan malax da. Kngkawas 1996 idas 2 diyax 13, Nepal kyosanto (Maw Cuyi) pkla dmudul ‘Jnmin Mccbu’.

Kngkawas 2001 idas 6 diyax 1 kman cida, Katmantu Narayangsiti wangkong wada snturung sntali bay puniq jikeyng, wangcu Tipantra alaw quri umau qridin niya mi wada phuqil bukung qnlhangan Pilantra mi qridin bukung Ayswariya mi laqi tiping bukung Nirayang, kongcu Serudi…….10 sngari tnsapah bukung. Tipantra hiya nanaq u wada jisacu mi mangal beyhing bay luqah, bukuy daw wada ini kmalu mi mhuqil uri da. Swayi bukung qnlhangan Pilantra ka Cyanantra u idas 4 cida mniq Hanumantoka kong (Smudal wangkong) psdhu phyuwan bukung qnlhangan, lmutuc mbukung. Binaw, hbaraw bay sediq snhiyi niyi u nkeykaku Cyanantra mi smriqan niya muway tnsapah bukung ka qnnaqah nuda niyi, so kiya qnlhangan Cyanantra ka dxral Nepal pa, hnhnang tnslutuc bukung u ini pntna so Pilantra jidayi cida da. Kndadax hiya cida, Nepal Kyosanto (Maw Cuyi) na biyax ucwang u kndudul dkuhun duma sediq. Dhuq kngkawas 2006, Nepal pa wana sotu Katmantu nanaq, knou bay dxral nniqan pawada qlhangan Nepal Kyosanto kana da; kngkawas 2004 putting hiti, Nepal Kyosanto (Maw) prading muda qnburang sotu. Kngkawas 2005 idas 2 diyax 1, bukung qnlhangan Cyanantra ptalax kana seyhu, pkla kari hiti 3 kngkawas daw hiya nanaq ka muda dmudul burah bucyo yingkay.

Kngkawas 2006 idas 1 diyax 14, ucwang hucu ka muda mcbu Katmantu nniqan dweriq 2 keyngsateyng keysacu, phuqil 10 sngari keysacu. So kusun, Nepal neycngbu pkla kongkaw, mniq Katmantu muda pnwaya qmlahang kman,mniq idas1 diyax 19 cida u dmudul kwoing tyeynsyun kojyo pstuq Katmantu mquri nganguc ryeynraku, kiya ka hmtur idas 1 diyax 20 muda knbeyhing bay yosing mu knciyuk. Idas 4 diyax 21, spuda 7 tang ryeynmong dmudul knciyuk bikung qnlhangan mi hmtur qmpah 2 iyax diyax sngayan daw, spuda tnpkixan Amirika mi India, qnlhangan Cyanatra u wada smruwa malix biyax, smruwa subway niya sediq qnlhangan ka biyax qmlahang. Spuda treybi muda rmngaw kari ka hiya, pkla kari ptalix kana neyke, subway niya sediq qnlhangan ka biyax singcng, kiya u mpseyngkyo uri, dmudu kari hantaypay u smkaul mpsosyang niya. Idas 4 diyax 30, Koyirala musa wangkong, smruwa spuda kukung qnlhangan Cyanantra psdhuwan sosyang Nepal.

Mnhdu ka mccbu kcka qnlhangan dha nanaq mi plixan ka pnwaya Bukung.(內戰結束及廢除君主制)

Kngkawas 2006 idas 5 diyax 18, Kepal gikay u kasi mntxan muda, palax bukung qnlhangan Cyanatra knkana biyax na dmuwi heytay uri, kiya daw ini dduli tnslutuc bukung ka Nepal hiti da. Nasi pnklanan iyax cida niqan manu ka srngaw ppdungus, bukung Nepal u musa so pkla ririh weynso nanaq da. Idas 6 diyax 11, Nepal gikay u wada muda palax bukung qnlhangan ‘Pquri gikay wada muda ka giang’ na biyax ini sruwa, kiya ka gikay giying mniq pbatas hwaang mkhoricu brah cida, kasi ka spuda snrwanan bukung qnlhangan han. Seyhu mi Mawpay prading pprngaw kiya ka mpskingal kari ddaun qnlhangan hiti. Idas 11 diyax 7, Kyosanto Nepal (Maw) mi seyhu u wada psdhu kari, malax ucwang mtdiyal, tumal seyhu.

Kngkawas 2007 idas 9 diyax 18, Kyosanto Nepal (Maw) pkla kari mlatac rinji seyhu. Idas 12 diyax 23, dmudul kari pwaya cyuncu risyeyn ou tang mi dmudul kari balay bay malax pwaya cyuncu, muda pwaya kongh na Kyosanto Nepal (Maw) wada psdhu kari, malax pwaya cyuncu, brinah gikay Dungan ka Kyosanto Nepal (Maw). Kngkawas 2008 idas 4 diyax 10 muda knbeyhing seyngkyo, wada mbiyax mangal hmrinas 30% hyo ka Kyosanto Nepal (Maw), wada mtu1 knbeyhing tang mniq Nepal phiyu keyngpo kaygi. Kngkawas 2008 idas 5 diyax 28, phiyu keyngpo Nepal kaygi u 560hyo:4hyo wada mbiyax balay muda pnrngawan kari, balay bay malah pnwaya bukung, phiyu Nepak Ryeynpang Mincu Konghkwo.

Kngkawas 2015 Nepal runu umniq idas 4 diyax 25 (Iyax sngayan tu6 diyax) 11 ji 56 pung cida ka ndan runu, kiya ka 81 kngkawas dhuq cida knbeyhing bay mqraqi runu, knkana smnalu ssapah cbiyaw mi nniqan hwangkong u wada pkngatun kana, hmrinas 6000 hiyi sediq ka wada mrdang, hbaraw bay qnlhangan icil ka miyah dmayaw uri.

Kndadax kngkawas 2021 idas 5 prading, sotu Nepal Katmantu u pspuruq knbeyhing bay tbrinah knciyuk India mniq muhing dwiyaq Liburyeyk smalu elu na yosing knciyuk, hbaraw bay sediq ka musa msang kari India tasukwan.

Kngkawas 2020 idas 6 diyax 12, mniq nniqan qnlhangan ayus mqlahang keysacu u wada phuqil taxa sediq India mnniq alang mkbrnux Sitamarsi, kiya mi wada pqluqah 2 hiyi sediq India uri, wada msang balay ka quri India. Kiya mi mniq idas 6 diyax 13 cida wada muda snburah smalu keyngpo ka Nepal Gikay, wada dha ngalan tndxral Nepal kana ka tnayus Cyokoku mi India na muhing dwiyaq Liburyeyk mi nniqan pnprngawan Nepal mi India, kiya mi mniq India-tnayus Nepal na 15 keynsateyng u smkaul ucwang keysacu butayi ka qmlahang hiya. Kana ndan niyi u dmudul knsangan niya ka India, kiya u ndanan Nepal quri mniq muhing dwiyaq Liburyeyk niyi u mtura bay mndungus qnbliqan Cyokoku mniq msdalih nniqan hiya, so niyi ka ndanan Nepal pa qnita India u alaw wada dndulan Cyokoku ka kiya. Binaw dhuq kngkawas 2020 idas 6 diyax 17, Nepal mi India u ini uda pspuruq mtdiyal mi mccbu nina.

Sngcng cyuyu(行政區域)

Spuda kngkawas 2015 idas 9 diyax 20 muda keyngpo, psnakan 7 sng ka Nepal, trahuc sng u 77 keyng; ida balay niqa 5 ka nniqan pkranan mi 14 cwancyu u wada plixan kana da, ida balay 75 ka keyng u kcka 2 ka wada psnakan.

M7 sng niyi ka psnakan truma niyi:

• Tu1 sng

• Tu2 sng

• Pakmati sng

• Kantaki sng

• Panpini sng

• Kernari sng

• Weynsi sng

Lnlingay nniqan(地理)

Hniwan lnlingay qnlhangan Nepal u so mbbaraw, snpeyyah tuiwildaya mquri tunarac hunac, knrbangan tunarac dhuq tuiwil ka 850 km, knrbangan tuhunac dhuq tudaya ka 200 km. Knrbangan tndxral u niqan 147,181 pinhwang km. Haypa u snpeyyah tudaya tnayus Cyokoku na tubaraw tudu dwiyaq (Hmrinas haypa 4000 m ) smquri tuhunac u kndudul mlih,tukcka (Haypa 1000 m dhuq 4000 m) ka dxral lmiqu, tuhunac pa msdalih nniqan India u mllbu haypa (Ini khrinas 1000 m) , kiya mi to bay so dxral tqapur qqhuni.

Tudu dwiyaq Simaraya u wada mnida nkiya mtnayus Nepal mi Cyokoku, kiya ka knkana dudux dwiwaq Sngmu (Mniq Nepal u splawa dha dudux dwiyaq Sakamata) ka kcka uri, qnlangan mk10 knbaraw bay dudux dwiyaq pa wa mniq kcka dxral Nepal ka mk8.

Knkana qnlhangan u spuda haypa psnakan 5 nniqan knkkarac cyu:

• Mtilux tay mi Mtilux hari dxral nniqan u wa mniq truma ini dhuq haypa 1200 m.

• Nniqan mkmuxul qqhuni cyu u wa mniq haypa 1200-2400 m;

• Nniqan Knskuy cyu u wa mniq haypa 2400-3600 m;

• Cucitay u wa mniq haypa 3600-4800 m;

• Knkkarac Citay u mnhaypa hmrinas 4800 m na tubaraw dwiyaq.

Tnkawas Nepal pa malu psnakan: Srwasaw ci, rbawan ci, sbhuran ci, krpuhan ci mi Misan ci. Kcka niya sbhuran ci u pusu balay ka spuda dndulan India riqi Mongcyara nyupan Sbhuran knkkarac, sbhuran knkkarac malan knbeyhing quyux u slxan bay skdudul thural ka dxral dwiyaq. Tudu dwiyaq Simaraya u malu snbang sbhuran knkkarac mquri tudaya ka kingal niya, Dungan u malu snbang snpeyyah hniwan lnlingay Asia Siporiya na misan knkkarac pnspuwan knskuy uri.

Knhbrawan hiyi sediq mi snhlayan(人口及宗教)

Dhuq kngkawas 2010, knhbrawan hiyi sediq knkana qnlhangan u 2,900 knbkiyan hiyi. Niqan 2 kluwanan ka minjoku Nepal, 1 kluwan ka sinjya India kyo (Sediq Kasu), 1 kluwan ka uxay sinjya India kyo joku (Matawari, mimah sinaw knhuran balay). Kngkawas 2001 ka knhbrawan hiyi sediq sinjya India kyo u 80.6%, sinjya Bu kyo ka 10.7% (Knhbaraw bay ka skari Cang Syeyn joku), knhbrawan hiyi sediq Muslim ka 4.4%, snluhay snhiyan ida ncbiyaw ka 3.6%, hbaraw bay sediq ka snluhay Idia kyo mi Bu kyo ddha snlhayan (Alaw dhiya u msdalih balay quri dndulan pnwaya kluwanan hangan India kyo, kcka na hbaraw sediq hiti daw wada mangal pnwaya kluwanan hangan India kyo, ddha kyo u wada dha pspuwan balay smluhay da). Niqan 1 kari uri u 3 kluwanan ka Nepal minjoku: India kyo pnwaya kluwan hangan syakay, Tndxral Cang Myeyn Sediq Tnpusu, Tudaya Cang joku.

尼泊爾宗教
宗教			百分比
印度教			81.3%
佛教			9.0%
伊斯蘭教（穆斯林）			4.4%
原始宗教（Mundhum）			3.0%
基督宗教			1.4%
其他			0.4%

Keyjay(經濟)

Knkana sediq qnlhangan u msdalih 80% knhbrawan hiyi ka qmpah phuma pnwalang. Tuhunac Nepal u dxral brnux, mndungus balay ka smnalu elu beyhing ppanan rulu, ppwaluk balay quri keyjay India. Mniq nniqan lmiqu pa, nngalan quri sdhmaun rmiwaw u kiya ka stmanun balay.

Bungka(文化)

Kngkawas 2006 brah cida han, Nepal ka murux bay knkan qnlangan qnlhangan India kyo, quri so bungka dha u mndungus bay bungka India kyo uri.

Ini ekan hiyi dapa ka sediq Nepal, alaw ngalan dha snbeyhing qmita ka dapa tanah; ini dha uqi ka babuy, alaw ngalan dha scuqi mrutiq. Mnrdang ka sediq Nepal daw, spuda Poromn ka dmudul ddaun psdhu, dmuwi bhuway waliq lmabu qbubur mnrdang sediq, kiya mi ini khrnasi 24 jikang daw sanan sndhu puniq, shhur qsiya yayung ka qbulic qbubur. Mwaya bay quri smdhu mrdang sediq mi mtbasi lhbun kndamac rdrudan, mrdang ka tama bubu daw kasi ka kwesun kana ka ubal hhiyi, dmuwi bhuway waliq lmabu hiyi, prading pnwaya caycyey, quri so pnwaya mtbasi lhbun kndamac rdrudan u muru waya niyi mkan cay mi ini msdalih tlung snaw mi qridin mk13 diyax, babaw niya 1 kngkawas u naqah tumal sqrasan, mimah sinaw mi mtmay byo, babaw 1 knghkawas daw kiya ka malu hrwahan ka lukus pnwaya rdrudan.

Pnyahan pnatas(參考資料)

CIA
外交部
Tnhjil kari seejiq Watan Diro(瓦旦吉洛) mtabug
List of current heads of state and government
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/尼泊尔（參考自中文維基百科）