Â
The End of Gender: Debunking the Myths about Sex and Identity in Our Society (English Edition)
- ä½è :Soh, Debra
- çºå£²æ¥: 2020/08/04
- ã¡ãã£ã¢: Kindleç
Â
Â
ãå æ¥ã®è¨äºã§æ¸ããããã«ããã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ã®çµããï¼æ§ã¨ã¢ã¤ãã³ãã£ãã£ã«é¢ããè¿·ä¿¡ãæ´ããã§ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹ã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ããã³ãã¤ããªã¼ã«é¢ãã話é¡ãã¡ã¤ã³ã¨ãªããã第ï¼ç« ã第ï¼ç« ã§ã¯ãããã»ã¯ã·ã£ã«ã®å¥³æ§ãç·æ§ã«é¢ããé²åå¿çå¦çãªè°è«ããªããããï¼ç« 以åã®ã»ã³ã·ãã£ããªè°è«ã«æ¯ã¹ãã¨ä»æã®ãªã話é¡ã«ãªãã®ã ããå人çã«ã¯ï¼ç« 以éã®æ¹ãé¢ç½ãã£ãã
Â
ã第ï¼ç« ã§ã¯ããã¼ãã¨ã»ãã¯ã¹ã«ããã¦å¥³æ§ã¯ç·æ§ã®ããã«è¡åããªããã°ãªããªããã¨ãããã¸ã§ã³ãã¼å¹³ççãªè¦ç¯ããè¿·ä¿¡ãã¨ãã¦æ¹å¤ãããã
ããã®ç« ã§èè ã主張ãã¦ããã®ã¯ããææãæ§ã«é¢ããã¸ã§ã³ãã¼å¹³ççãªè¦ç¯ã¯ã大åã®å¥³æ§ãç·æ§ã«çæ¥çã«åãã£ã¦ããå¿åãè¡åå¾åãç¡è¦ãã空è«ã§ããããã¼ããã»ãã¯ã¹ã«ããã¦ã¸ã§ã³ãã¼å¹³ççãªè¦ç¯ãæèãéãããã¨ã¯å¥³æ§èªèº«ã®æå¿ãæå§ããã女æ§ã«ä¸å©çãããããããããå ´åããããã¨ãã£ããã®ã ã
ããã¨ãã°ããæåã®ãã¼ãã§ã¯ç·æ§ã¯å¥³æ§ã«å¥¢ãã¹ãã ãã¨ããè¦ç¯ã¯ç·å¥³å¹³çã«ã¯åãããã®ã§ããããèè ã¯ãã®è¦ç¯ãæ¯æãããé²åå¿çå¦ã®è¦³ç¹ããããã°ç·æ§ã¨ã¯éããã°ä¸ç¹å®å¤æ°ã®å¥³æ§ã¨ã»ãã¯ã¹ãããããåå¨ã§ããããè¤æ°äººã®ç°æ§ã¨ä¸èª å®ãªé¢ä¿ãçµã¶ããã¨ãä¼ãå¯è½æ§ã女æ§ãããé«ãããããã女æ§ã¯ç®ã®åã®ç·æ§ããèªåã«å¯¾ãã¦èª å®ã«æ¥ãã¦ãããããã¨ãããã¨ãè¦å®ããªããã°ãªããªãã
ãæåã®ãã¼ãã§å¥¢ããã¨ã¯ãèªåãã³ã¹ããæã£ã¦ã§ããç¸æã¨ã®é¢ä¿ãçå£ã«è²ã¿ãããã¨æã£ã¦ãããã¨ã示ãè¡çºã§ãããèª å®ããå¿ å®ãã®ãã£ã¹ãã¬ã¤ã¨ãªããéã«è¨ãã¨ãæåã®ãã¼ãã§ãã奢ããªããããªç·æ§ã¯ãå£ã§ã¯ã©ãã ãçããã¨ãè¨ã£ã¦ããã¨ãã¦ãã女æ§å´ããããã°ãèªåã¨ã®é¢ä¿ãçå£ã«è²ããã¨ãã¦ããããã¨ã示ãä¿è¨¼ããªãå±ããç¸æã§ããã®ã ã
ãåæ§ã«ãããã¼ãã®èªãã¯å¥³æ§å´ããã§ã¯ãªãç·æ§å´ããè¡ãã¹ãã ãã¨ããè¦ç¯ãç·å¥³å¹³çã«ã¯åããããèªãã¨ããè¡çºã®ã³ã¹ããç·æ§ã«è² ããããã¨ã§çå£ã«ä»ãåãæ°ã®ãªãç·æ§ã®ããã¶ãããäºåã«æé¤ã§ããã¨ããç¹ã§ã女æ§ãæéãç¡é§ã«ãããã¨ãé²ãã ã女æ§ã®èº«ãå®ãå¹æããã£ããããã
ãèè ãæ¸å¿µãã¦ããã®ã¯ã女æ§ã®èº«ãå®ãã®ã«å¹æçã§ãã£ãæ§æ¥çãªè¦ç¯ãã¸ã§ã³ãã¼å¹³ççãªè¦ç¯ã«åã£ã¦ä»£ãããã¦ãã¾ããã¨ã§ãè¥ã女æ§ãã¡ããã¯ã§ããªãç·ãã¡ã«æã¾ã£ã¦ãã¾ããã¨ã§ããã
ãããã¦ãèè ã«ããã¨ã極左çãªãã§ãããºã ã»ã¤ããªãã®ã¼ã«è³åãã¦ããããèªåã¯ã¢ã©ã¤ã ããªã©ã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããç·æ§ãããã女æ§ãæãè¦æããªããã°ãªããªãç¸æã§ãããå£å ã ãã¯ã¤ããªãã®ã¼ã«è³åããããç¸æã«åããã主張ããããã¨ã«ã¯ããªãã®è² æ ãããããªããç·æ§å´ããããã°ãèªåã¯ãã£ããã³ã¹ããæããã«ç¹å®ã®å¥³æ§ã®æ°ãæ¹ããã¨ããç¹ã§ãããã»ã©ããã¯ãªæ段ã¯ãªãã®ã ã
ãåããèè ãæ¸å¿µãã¦ããã®ãããããã¾ã§å¥³æ§ã®æ§ã®èªç±ã¯å®¶ç¶é·å¶ã«ãã£ã¦æå§ããã¦ãããã女æ§ã ã£ã¦ç·æ§ã¨åãããèªç±ã«ã«ã¸ã¥ã¢ã«ã«ã»ãã¯ã¹ãæããã¹ãã ãã¨ãã£ããã§ãããºã çãªè¦ç¯ãä¿¡ããè¥ã女æ§ãã¡ããã«ã¸ã¥ã¢ã«ãªã»ãã¯ã¹ã«å¤ããã ãèªåãããããã§ãããããã«ãªããã¨ããããããã¨ã ã
ã女æ§ãã»ãã¯ã¹ãæããããã¨ã¯äºå®ã ã¨ãã¦ããçµå±ã®ã¨ããã¯ã大åã®å¥³æ§ã«ã¯ãç·æ§ã»ã©ã«ã¯ãä¸ç¹å®å¤æ°ã®ç°æ§ã¨ã®ã»ãã¯ã¹ãæãã¿ãããã¨ããå好ã¯åãã£ã¦ããªãããã®ããã女æ§ããå é²çãªäººéã§ããããã«ã¯ããããã«ãªããªããã°ãã¨ãããã¬ãã·ã£ã¼ããç¡çãã¦ã«ã¸ã¥ã¢ã«ãªã»ãã¯ã¹ãæ±ãéãããã¨ã¯ãæ¬äººã®å å¿ã身ä½çãªæ¬²æã«åãã¦ããå¯è½æ§ãé«ããã女æ§ãç·æ§ã¨åãããã«ã«ã¸ã¥ã¢ã«ãªã»ãã¯ã¹ãæããã¹ãã ãã¨ããè¦ç¯ã¯ãçµå±ã®ã¨ãããç·æ§ã®å´ã°ãããå©ãã¦ããããããããã®ã *1ã
Â
ãã¾ãã第ï¼ç« ã§ã¯ããå粧ãç¾å®¹ãéè¦ããæåã¯ã家ç¶é·å¶ã«ãã女æ§ã¸ã®æå§ã®ç£ç©ã§ãããã¨ããã¿ã¤ãã®æè¦ãæ¹å¤ãããã
ãåºæ¬çã«ã¯ãå粧ãç¾å®¹ã¨ã¯ãç·æ§ãæ®éçã«ãé åçã ãã¨æããããªå¤è¦ï¼èµ¤ãè¶ãããªåãæ±ãã®ãªãèã大ããè¸ã¨å°»ã«å¼ã£è¾¼ãã è ¹ãããªãããã£ã©ã¤ã³ãªã©ï¼ã女æ§ãç²å¾ããããã®ãã®ã¨ãã¦çºéãã¦ãããããã¦ãç¾ä»£ç¤¾ä¼ã§å¥³æ§ãå粧ãç¾å®¹ã«ãããè²»ç¨ã»æéãã©ãã©ãå¢å¤§ãã¦ãã¦å¥³æ§ã®çæ´»ã«å¤å¤§ãªè² æ ãããã¦ããã®ã¯ã家ç¶é·å¶ã®ããã§ã¯ãªããä»ã®å¥³æ§ã¨æ¯ã¹ã¦ããé åçã«ãªããã¨ãç®æã女æ§ãã¡å士ã®ç«¶äºãæ¿åãã¦ãã£ãçµæã§ããã
ãã¨ã¯ãããèè ã¯ãå粧ãç¾å®¹ã«ããééçã»æéçãªã³ã¹ãã女æ§ã«ã ãæ¼ãä»ãããã¦ããã女æ§ã®ç²¾ç¥ã身ä½ã«ãæªå½±é¿ãä¸ãã¦ãããã¨ã¯éå¾³çã«ã¯ä¸å½ã§ãããã¨ãè«ãã¦ãããã女æ§ãå粧ãç¾å®¹ã«ç±å¿ã«ãªããã¨ã¯é²åå¿ççã«èªç¶ãªãã¨ã§ãããããééã£ããã¨ã§ã¯ãªããã¨ã¾ã§ã¯ä¸»å¼µãã¦ããªããã¨ããã¤ã³ãã ã
ãã¾ããã¸ã§ã³ãã¼å¹³ççãªä¾¡å¤è¦³ã«ããã¦ã¯ãç·æ§ã£ã½ãè£ ããããããã髪ã®æ¯ãä¸èªç¶ãªè²ã«æãããã¿ã¤ãã®å粧ã»ç¾å®¹ã¯ãæ§æ¥ã®ã¸ã§ã³ãã¼è¦ç¯ã«éãã£ã¦ãããã¨ãããã¨ã§è¯å®ãããããããããééçã»æéçãªã³ã¹ãã¨ããç¹ã§ã¯æ§æ¥ã®å粧ãç¾å®¹ã¨å¤ãããªãå ´åã«ã¯ãå粧ãè£ ãã®ç¨®é¡ãå¤ããã¨ããã§å¥³æ§ã«å¯¾ããè² è·ã¯æ®ãç¶ãããã¨ãææããã¦ãã*2ã
Â
ãèè èªèº«ã女æ§ã ã¨ãããã¨ããã£ã¦ãé²åå¿çå¦ã®ç¥è¦ãäºå®ã¨ãã¦è¯å®ããã社ä¼æ§ç¯ä¸»ç¾©çãªã¸ã§ã³ãã¼è«ã®æªå½±é¿ãæ¹å¤ãããããªããããããããã®ç¥è¦ããµã¾ããããã§ã女æ§ãã¡ã®å©çã«ã¤ãã¦é æ ®ããããã«ã¯ãã©ãèããã°ããããã¨ããç¹ã«ä¸»ç¼ãããã£ã¦ããã®ãã¦ãã¼ã¯ãªã¨ããã ã
ãã¨ã¯ãããã¸ã§ã³ãã¼è«ããã§ãããºã ãªã©ã®ææ³ã«ãã¾ã触ãããã¨ããªããããªå¥³æ§ã§ãã£ã¦ãä¸ç¹å®å¤æ°ã¨ã®ã«ã¸ã¥ã¢ã«ãªã»ãã¯ã¹ãç´ç²ã«æ¥½ããã§ããå ´åã¯ããããã ããã»ã«ãã¤ã¡ã¼ã¸ã®æ¼åºãªã©ã®ãææ³ãè¾¼ã¿ã®å粧ã¯ãã¨ãééãæéçãªã³ã¹ãããããã¨ãã¦ã女æ§ã®èªå·±è¯å®æãé«ããã¨ããå¹æããã£ãããããããã§ãããããã
ããã¡ãããèè ããé²åå¿çå¦ã®ç¥è¦ã¯ããã¾ã§å¹³åçã»ä¸è¬çãªãã®ã§ããã女æ§ã«ããç·æ§ã«ãããé²åçå¿çå¦ãæããã«ãããããªç·å¥³ã®å¾åã«å½ã¦ã¯ã¾ããªã人ãåå¨ãããã¨ããç¹ãèªè ã«çæããã¦ã¯ããã
ããããã«ããããããèªèº«ã¯ç·æ§ã¨ãããã¨ããã£ã¦ãè¥ã女æ§ãã¡ã«å¯¾ããèè ã®ã¢ããã¤ã¹ãã©ãã¾ã§çãå¾ã¦ãããã¨ãããã¨ã¯ãã¡ãã£ã¨å¤æãã¤ããªãã
Â
ã第ï¼ç« ã§ã¯ãã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ãã¥ã¼ãã©ã«ãªé¤è²ã¯æ©è½ãããã¨ãã主張ãè¿·ä¿¡ã§ããã¨æ¹å¤ããããåã©ãã®ç·å¥³å·®ã¯ç¤¾ä¼çãªå·ãè¾¼ã¿ã®çµæã§ã¯ãªãçå¾çãªãã®ãªã®ã§ããã¨ãç·ã®åã«ã人形ãä¸ãã¦ãã¦ãç·ã®åã¯è»ã®ããã¡ãã§éã³ããã£ãããç·ããããçãªç¹å¾´ãèªç¶ã¨èº«ã«ã¤ãã¦ããããã«ãªã£ããããããéãã¾ãç¶ããã¨ããè°è«ã ã
ãã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ãã¥ã¼ãã©ã«ãªé¤è²ããããã親ã¯ããåã©ãã®æ§èªèªã¯å¤æ§ã§ãããããããçç©å¦çãªæ§å¥ã¨æ§èªèªãåãã§ããã¨åæããé¤è²ãè¡ãã¨ãå®ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹ã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ã§ããåã©ãã«å¯¾ããæå§ã«ã¤ãªãããããããªããã¨ãã主張ãçã«åãéãã¦ãããã¨ããå ´åãããï¼åã©ãããã©ã³ã¹ã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ãªã©ã§ããå¯è½æ§ã¯åå¨ãããããã®å¯è½æ§ã¯æ¬æ¥ã¯ããå ãã§ãããã®ããæ´»å家ã«ãã£ã¦å¤§ããã«èªå¼µããã¦ãããã¨ãããã¨ã ï¼ã
ãããããåã©ãã®ãã¨ãå¿ããæã£ã¦ããããã¨ãããããããèªåã¯ããã«ã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ã®å¤æ§æ§ã«ã¤ãã¦ç解ãããããã¨ãããã¨ãä»ã®äººãã¡ã«ã¢ãã¼ã«ããããã«ã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ãã¥ã¼ãã©ã«ãªé¤è²ããã親ã®æ¹ãå¤ãã ãããã¨ãããã¨ãèè ã¯ææãã¦ããã
ãããã¦ãã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ã»ãã¥ã¼ãã©ã«ãªé¤è²ãæ¯æããè¨èª¬ã«ã¯ãããã«ã»ã¹ã¿ã³ãã¼ããå å ããã¦ãããåã©ããèªåã®æ§å¥ã«å ¸åçãªæ¯ãèãããããã¨ã¯ã社ä¼ã«ããå·ãè¾¼ã¿ã®çµæã ãã¨ãã¦å¦å®çã«è¦ãããä¸æ¹ã§ãèªåã¨ã¯éã®æ§å¥ã«å ¸åçãªæ¯ãèãããããã¨ã¯ã社ä¼ã«å½±é¿ããã¦ããªããèªåã®çã¾ãæã£ãæ§èªèªãèªç¶ã«è¡¨åºããã¦ãããã¨ãã¦è¯å®çã«è¦ãããã®ã ãã¤ã¾ãã社ä¼æ§ç¯ä¸»ç¾©ã¨çç©å¦ç決å®è«ããé½å主義çã«ä½¿ãåãããã¦ããã®ã§ããã
Â
ãï¼ç« ãçµè«ã®ç« ã§ã¯ã社ä¼æ£ç¾©éåãããªãã£ã«ã«ã»ã³ã¬ã¯ããã¹ãç§å¦ãå¦åã®èªç±ãªã©ã«å¯¾ãã¦ä¸ãã¦ããæªå½±é¿ãªã©ã«ã¤ãã¦è«ãããã¦ããã
ãï¼ç« ã§ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã»ãã¤ã³ãã®çããããã®èè ã§ããã¸ã§ããµã³ã»ãã¤ããç»å ´ããããããã¨ããã£ã¦ãè«ãããã¦ããç©äºã®è¶£æ¨ã¯ãããããã®ããã°ãç¾ä»£ãã¸ãã¹ã®è¨äºãªã©ã§æ£ã ç´¹ä»ãã¦ããã®ã¨ã ãããåããããªãã®*3ã
ãã¨ã¯ããããå²å¦ãè±èªå¦ãæè²å¦ãªã©ã®å¦éçãªåéã®å¦è ãããã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ã»ã¹ã¿ãã£ã¼ãºãã¯ã£ã¢ã»ã¹ã¿ãã£ã¼ãºãªã©ã®"ã¹ã¿ãã£ã¼ãº"ç³»ã®å¦è ãããèªåã®Webãµã¤ãã®ãããã£ã¼ã«æ¬ã«"ä¸å¹³ç"ã"çããçµé¨ (lived experience)"ã "家ç¶é·å¶"ãªã©ã®ç¤¾ä¼æ£ç¾©çãªããºã¯ã¼ããå«ãã¦ããå¦è ããªã©ã¯ãã¤ããªãã®ã¼ã«å½±é¿ããéãã¦ããããããé«ãã¦ç§å¦è ãå ±åç 究ãããç¸æã¨ãã¦é©åã§ã¯ãªããã¨è«ãã¦ããç®æã¯æ¯ã«è¡£çãã¬æãããªããªãåºæ¿çã ã
Â
Â
*1:åæ§ã®ææã¯ãã¸ã§ã»ãã»ãã¼ã¹ããåéã®ç¥è©±ï¼ã«ã¦ã³ã¿ã¼ã«ã«ãã£ã¼ã¯ããã«ãã¦æ¶è²»æåã«ãªã£ãããã®ãªãã§è¡ãªã£ã¦ããã
 å¤ãã®ãã§ããã¹ãã¯æ©ãããæ°ã¥ãã¦ããããèªç±ææãããã®ç¤¾ä¼ã«ããã大è¦æ¨¡ãªå¥³æ§ã®æ§çæ¾åãå¯è½ã«ãã¦ãã¾ã£ãã®ã ããã§ããã¹ãã®å½åã®èãã¯ãç·ã¯æå§ããå´ã ãããç·å¥³é¢ä¿ãå¾ããã«ã¼ã«ã¯ãã¹ã¦ç·ã«é½åãããããã«æä½ãããã¯ããã¨ãããã¨ã ã£ãããããªã«ã¼ã«ã®å¤ããæããã«å¥³æ§ã®é²è¡ã®ããã«ã女æ§ãç·æ§ããå®ãããã«ä½ãããã¨ããäºå®ã¯ããªããè¦è½ã¨ãããã社ä¼å¦è ã§ãã§ããã¹ãã®ã«ãã¼ã«ã»ãã¼ãªã¢ã¯å «ã年代ã«ãããããããã¾ããå¤ãããã®ç¤¾ä¼æ £ç¿ã®å¤ãã¯ãå®ã®ã¨ããã¬ã¤ãã®å±éºæ§ãæ¸ããéè¦ãªæ©è½ãæ ã£ã¦ããã®ã ã¨ææãã¦ãé¨åãå·»ãèµ·ããããåæ§ã«ãæãªããã®ãã§ãã¡ãã£ãçµå©ãã«ã¼ã«ã¯ãåä¾ã®ç¶è¦ªã¨ãã¦ã®è²¬ä»»ãç·æ§ãã¡ã«åãããããã®è¦ç¯ãå´©ãã¦ãããã¨ãã西æ´ä¸çã«ã貧å°ã®å¥³æ§åããåºãã£ã¦ãããã¨ã®ä¸»è¦å ã§ããã
å®éãããç·æ§ã®ä¸å£ã«çæ³ã®ãã¼ãã®ã«ã¼ã«ãèããããã«é ¼ãã ã¨ãããããã¶ãæ§é©å½ã«ãã£ã¦åºç¾ãããèªç±ææãã«ãã£ããã®è¨å®ãé¸ã¶ãã¨ã ããã女æ§ã®ææ§ã«é æ ®ããªãã¦ãããã°ç·ã¯ã©ãããæ§çæ´»ãéããã¨ããã®ãã調ã¹ãã«ã¯ãã²ã¤æµ´å ´ãè¦å¦ããã°ããããããããã®ãããªå¯è½æ§ã¯ã主ã¨ãã¦ã«ã¦ã³ã¿ã¼ã«ã«ãã£ã¼çåæã®æ¯é åã®ããã§é»æ®ºããã¦ããã女æ§ã¯æå§ãããéå£ã§ããã社ä¼è¦ç¯ã¯è¿«å®³ã®ã¡ã«ããºã ã§ããã¨ãã«ã¦ã³ã¿ã¼ã«ã«ãã£ã¼ã¯ä¸»å¼µãããã ãã解決çã¯ããã¹ã¦ã®ã«ã¼ã«ãå»æ¢ãããã¨ã ããããã£ã¦ã女æ§ã®èªç±ã¯ãããªãã¡ç¤¾ä¼è¦ç¯ããã®èªç±ã¨åä¸è¦ãããã
çµå±ãããã¯æ²æ¨ãªåä¸è¦ã ã£ãããã®ããã§å ¨ãåãå ¥ããããç¶æ ãçæ³çãªè§£æ¾ã¨ç§°ãããã°ããããç¾å®ã«å¥³æ§ã®çæ´»ã®ç¢ºããªæ¹åã«ã¤ãªãããããªæ¹é©ã®å容ããåãè¾¼ã¿ãããè£åããã¨ãã¦æ¥ããå¾åãçã¿åºãããã©ããã¦ããã¾ã§ã²ã©ãéã誤ã£ã¦ãã¾ã£ãã®ã ããï¼
(p.79-80)
Â
åéã®ç¥è©±:ã«ã¦ã³ã¿ã¼ã«ã«ãã£ã¼ã¯ããã«ãã¦æ¶è²»æåã«ãªã£ãã
- ä½è :ã¸ã§ã»ãã»ãã¼ã¹,ã¢ã³ãã«ã¼ã»ãã¿ã¼
- çºå£²æ¥: 2014/09/24
- ã¡ãã£ã¢: åè¡æ¬ï¼ã½ããã«ãã¼ï¼
*2:å粧ãç¾å®¹ãã家ç¶é·å¶ã«ãã£ã¦å¥³æ§ã«æ¼ãä»ãããããã®ãã§ããã¨ãã主張ãå¦å®ãã¦ããç¹ã§ã¯ããã£ãµãªã³ã»ããã ããã¨ããã£ãã¯ã»ãã£ãã¿ã«ãã§è«ãã主張ã¨è¿ããããããããã ã®ä¸»å¼µã¯å¥³æ§å士ã®éã§èµ·ãããç¾ã®éå½ç«¶äºããè¯å®ããããªããã®ã§ãã£ãããã®ä¸æ¹ã§ããã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ã®çµãããã®èè ã¯å粧ã女æ§ã«ã¨ã£ã¦è² æ ã«ãªãå¯è½æ§ãèæ ®ãã¦ãè¡ãéãã¯æããã¹ãã ãã女æ§ã ããä¸æ¹çã«ã«ãã¯ã¹ãè©ä¾¡ããã社ä¼ãä¸å½ã§ãããã¨ã¯ãããã ãã¨ãã£ãç©å½ãªä¸»å¼µããã¦ããããããã¨ãã¦ã¯ãã£ã¡ã®æ¹ã好ã¾ããã¨æãã
*3: