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- Your enhanced coefficients for the internalized radionuclides are supposed to be based on Second Event Theory. In that case, it could be applicable to 90Sr/90Y, but should not be applicable to 137Cs or !31I, whose daughter radionuclides proceed to γ decay, instead of α or β decay. Do you agree with this?
- Dr. Busby, you were a member of CERRIE in UK from 2001 to 2004. The final report of CERRIE indicates that you could not convince any of the members of the Committee with your Second Event Theory, except your fellow activist Richard Bramhall of LLRC. What is your reason to believe that you can convince the Japanese audience today?
*1:3.8 Second Event Theory
*2:The second event theory (SET), as proposed by Dr Busby, is that two radiation hits (by electrons or alpha particles) in a cell within a particular time window greatly enhance mutagenic effectiveness and, by implication, cancer risk (Busby 1995; Busby et al, 1998; Busby and Scott Cato, 2000). The hypothesis suggests that the cancer risk from specific sequentially decaying radionuclides (such as 90Sr and its daughter 90Y), and from particulate forms of plutonium, has been greatly underestimated.
*3:According to Dr Busby, the biological basis of the theory is that the first radiation hit (for example, from the initial beta decay of 90Sr) activates a resting cell in the G0 phase of the cell cycle and causes it to move into what Dr Busby terms a ârepair-replication cycleâ. A second hit (for example, from the subsequent beta decay of the daughter 90Y) on this cell some hours later when it is in G2 phase (postulated to be >100 times more radiosensitive) provides for the great enhancement in radiation effects demanded by the theory. Other propositions of the SET, including the Committeeâs detailed investigations on the SET, are considered in Annex 3A below.
*4:Dr Busby said that standard biological texts supported the view that cells were activated by a first hit of radiation to progress through the cell cycle, and thereby become very radiosensitive to the second hit of radiation. The Committee requested the references to these texts: one (Hall, 2000, page 300) was provided to the Committee. Several members stated that this assertion conflicted with most research literature on the topic for low doses of radiation.
*5:The Committee then examined a number of reports which stated that available studies provided little evidence for the proposition that low dose irradiation of quiescent (G0/G1) cells triggered progression through the cell cycle (Duncan and Lawrence, 1991; Gadbois et al, 1996; Linke et al, 1997; Savell et al, 2001). On the contrary, much evidence showed that cell cycle checkpoints inhibited cells from progressing through the cell cycle while they repaired DNA damage. Accordingly, the Committee members, apart from two, considered that the available information and data on cell cycling did not support the view that, generally, cell progression was stimulated by low doses of radiation. Instead, checkpoints were likely to be activated and, at higher doses, cell apoptosis (cell suicide) and other modes of cell death were the likely result.
*6:Similarly, the available studies provided no indication that the G2/M phase was consistently characterised by extreme radiosensitivity (Al-Achkar et al, 1988; Aghamohammadi and Savage, 1992; Pazzaglia et al, 1996). Accordingly the same majority of Committee members also considered that mutational radiosensitivity in the G2 phase of the cell cycle is usually enhanced by less than a factor of ten (eg Al-Achkar et al, 1988; Redpath and Sun, 1990; Chuang and Liber, 1996; Evans et al, 1996).
*7:The Committee commissioned a literature review by an independent consultant to establish whether experimental support (or otherwise) existed for second event enhancement for cancer-related endpoints, especially from animal experiments in the past that may have inadvertently fulfilled second event criteria. The author of the review concluded that the overwhelming majority of the evidence indicated no such enhancement. Where unexpected effects were seen in a few experiments in the mid- 1960s it was debatable whether they may have arisen from second event processes, as their study parameters were insufficiently defined. See Annex 3A for a more detailed discussion of the review.
*8:Two members objected to the content of the review and disagreed with its conclusions. In support of the SET, they cited data on unexpected effects from studies by Luning et al (1963a, 1963b), Frolen (1970), Nilsson et al (1980) and Pohl-Ruling et al (1979, 1990, 1991). On the other hand, the other members of the Committee were supportive of the conclusions of the commissioned review. They provided additional data that argued against enhanced cancer risks from 90Sr/90Y at low doses: some of these data suggested that there was even a threshold at low doses for some effects. Members pointed out that the more extensive follow-up studies by Frohlen (1970) did not confirm the earlier studies of Luning et al (1963a, 1963b), and that a later publication by Luning et al (1976) cited Frolen (1970) as the apparently definitive reference in these studies.
*9:The view of the Committee, apart from two members, was that the available studies to date offered little or no support to the second event theory as propounded by Dr Busby. Instead, the available evidence substantially contradicted it. The Committee reached this conclusion for the following reasons:
*10:a the lack of biological plausibility for the basic preconditions of the SET; b the paucity of supporting evidence in the proponentsâ reviews of the SET; c the weakness of studies cited in support of the SET; and d the absence of supporting evidence found by the independent review commissioned by the Committee see Annex 3A.