In this article, we talk about how Large Language Models (LLMs) work, from scratch — assuming only that you know how to add and multiply two numbers. The article is meant to be fully self-contained. We start by building a simple Generative AI on pen and paper, and then walk through everything we need to have a firm understanding of modern LLMs and the Transformer architecture. The article will str

Deep in the vault of the Morgan Library & Museum in Manhattan on a late-spring day, the curator Robinson McClellan was sorting through a collection of cultural memorabilia. There were postcards signed by Picasso, a vintage photograph of a French actress and letters from Brahms and Tchaikovsky. When McClellan came across Item No. 147, he froze:

What Is Declarative Programming Broadly speaking, there are two ways to program/instruct a computer to perform a task, they are imperative vs declarative programming. Imperative programming is what we do the most, we write all the code necessary for the computer to perform a task such that the only thing left for the computer to do is fetch and execute CPU instructions. If you are using Java,C#, J

You can be forgiven for thinking that OD&D is a medieval European fantasy game. After all, Gary Gygax himself says so. He describes the original D&D books as “Rules for Fantastic Medieval War Games” (on the cover) and “rules [for] designing your own fantastic-medieval campaign” (in the introduction). However, in the game itself, there’s precious little to suggest feudalism, Europe, chivalry, a pos

“If I can.” “Could you buy me a revolver?” Jean-Claude refused. Then, after watching the hermit – who was deaf and nearly blind – totter erratically about his garden, he telephoned the man’s children. Even they hadn’t spoken to their father in close to 25 years. When they arrived in the village of Lasserre, the recluse repeated his request for a revolver, so he could shoot himself. There was barel

In this tutorial, you'll learn how the React compiler can help you write more optimized React applications. React is a user interface library that has been doing its job quite well for over a decade. The component architecture, uni-directional data flow, and declarative nature stand out in helping devs building production-ready, scalable software applications. Over the releases (even up until the

We're many months past the worst of the Raspberry Pi shortages, and the board is finally widely available at its suggested retail price at most sites without wait times or quantity limitations. One sign that the Pi Foundation is feeling more confident about the stock situation: the launch of a new 2GB configuration of the Raspberry Pi 5, available starting today for $50. That's $10 less than the 4

I've hired a lot of developers over the years. More than a few of them have come in with a strong belief that our code needed heavy refactoring. But here's the thing: in almost every case, their newly refactored code was found by the other developers to be harder to understand and maintain. It also was generally slower and buggier too. Now, don't get me wrong. Refactoring isn't inherently bad. It'

Philosophy We strive to create an environment conducive to many different types of research across many different time scales and levels of risk. Learn more about our Philosophy Learn more

No magic numbers, no tricky tuning: a clean and flexible approach to designing a smooth high-quality reverb, using a variation on the classic feedback-delay network (FDN) structure. Reverbs are one of my favourite effects, both to use and to write, and feedback-delay networks are a great way to play around and try things. Reverbs sometimes have a bad reputation for being tricky to tune, so this ar