界 (分類学)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/06/27 14:00 UTC 版)
界(かい、英: kingdom、羅: regnum)は、生物学におけるドメインに次いで2番目に高い分類階級である。界は門と呼ばれるより小さなグループに分けられる。
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- ^ “Re:wild and IUCN SSC become first global organizations to call for the recognition of fungi as one of three kingdoms of life critical to protecting and restoring Earth”. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2021年8月3日). 2022年3月4日閲覧。
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- ^ a b Scamardella, Joseph M. (1999). “Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista”. International Microbiology 2 (4): 207–16. PMID 10943416.
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- ^ a b c Whittaker, R.H. (January 1969). “New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms”. Science 163 (3863): 150–60. Bibcode: 1969Sci...163..150W. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
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- ^ Palmer, E. Laurence; Fowler, Seymour H. (January 1975). Fieldbook of Natural History (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-070-48425-2
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- ^ a b Woese, C.R.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M.L. (1990). “Towards a natural systs: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 (12): 4576–9. Bibcode: 1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744 .
- ^ “The Six Kingdoms”. www.ric.edu. Rhode Island College. 2020年7月25日閲覧。
- ^ a b c Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D. et al. (2015). “A higher level classification of all living organisms”. PLOS ONE 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521 .
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (March 26, 1987). “Eucaryotes with no mitochondria”. Nature 326 (6111): 332–333. Bibcode: 1987Natur.326..332C. doi:10.1038/326332a0. PMID 3561476.
- ^ Poole, Anthony; Penny, David (21 June 2007). “Engulfed by speculation”. Nature 447 (7147): 913. doi:10.1038/447913a. PMID 17581566. オリジナルの6 July 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。 2011年3月15日閲覧。.
- ^ a b c Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). “A revised six-kingdom system of life”. Biological Reviews 73 (3): 203–66. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012 .
- ^ a b Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2009). “Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree”. Biology Letters 6 (3): 342–345. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978 .
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004). “Only six kingdoms of life”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271 (1545): 1251–1262. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMC 1691724. PMID 15306349 2010年4月29日閲覧。.
- ^ a b Dagan, T.; Roettger, M.; Bryant & Martin, W. (2010). “Genome Networks Root the Tree of Life between Prokaryotic Domains”. Genome Biology and Evolution 2: 379–92. doi:10.1093/gbe/evq025. PMC 2997548. PMID 20624742 .
- ^ Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species
- ^ Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin
- ^ Chatton, É. (1925). “Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires”. Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale 10-VIII: 5–84 .
- ^ Chatton, É. (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937). E. Sottano, Sète, France
- ^ Copeland, H.F. (1938). “The kingdoms of organisms”. Quarterly Review of Biology 13 (4): 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568.
- ^ Copeland, H.F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474
- ^ Whittaker, R.H. (January 1969). “New concepts of kingdoms of organisms”. Science 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode: 1969Sci...163..150W. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
- ^ Woese, C.R.; Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, R.S. (August 1977). “An ancient divergence among the bacteria”. Journal of Molecular Evolution 9 (4): 305–311. Bibcode: 1977JMolE...9..305B. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502.
- ^ Woese, C.R.; Fox, G.E. (November 1977). “Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 (11): 5088–5090. Bibcode: 1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744 .
- ^ Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). “Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 (12): 4576–4579. Bibcode: 1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744 .
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). “Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?”. Bio Systems 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1992). “Origins of secondary metabolism”. Ciba Foundation Symposium. Novartis Foundation Symposia 171: 64–80; discussion 80–7. doi:10.1002/9780470514344.ch5. ISBN 9780470514344. PMID 1302186.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). “Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla”. Microbiological Reviews 57 (4): 953–994. doi:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993. PMC 372943. PMID 8302218 .
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). “A revised six-kingdom system of life”. Biological Reviews 73 (3): 203–266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012 .
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004). “Only six kingdoms of life”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271 (1545): 1251–1262. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMC 1691724. PMID 15306349 2010年4月29日閲覧。.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (June 2010). “Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree”. Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–345. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978 .
- ^ Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D. et al. (2015). “A higher level classification of all living organisms”. PLOS ONE 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521 .
- ^ Roger, A.J. & Simpson, A.G.B. (2009). “Evolution: Revisiting the Root of the Eukaryote Tree”. Current Biology 19 (4): R165–7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.032. PMID 19243692.
- ^ a b c d Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Roger, Andrew J. (2004). “The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes”. Current Biology 14 (17): R693–R696. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038. PMID 15341755.
- ^ Moore, R.T. (1974). “Proposal for the recognition of super ranks”. Taxon 23 (4): 650–652. doi:10.2307/1218807. JSTOR 1218807 .
- ^ Luketa, S. (2012). “New views on the megaclassification of life”. Protistology 7 (4): 218–237 .
- ^ a b Adl SM, ((Simpson AGB)), Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Mccourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup Ø, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Spiegel FW, Taylor MF (2005). “The new higher-level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists”. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873 .
- ^ Harper, J. T.; Waanders, E. & Keeling, P. J. (2005). “On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55 (Pt 1): 487–496. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63216-0. PMID 15653923.
- ^ Parfrey, Laura W.; Barbero, Erika; Lasser, Elyse; Dunthorn, Micah; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Patterson, David J. & Katz, Laura A. (2006). “Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity”. PLOS Genetics 2 (12): e220. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220. PMC 1713255. PMID 17194223 .
- ^ Burki et al. 2007, p. 4
- ^ a b Burki, Fabien; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne; Skjæveland, Åsmund; Nikolaev, Sergey I.; Jakobsen, Kjetill S. & Pawlowski, Jan (2007). Butler, Geraldine. ed. “Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups”. PLOS ONE 2 (8): e790. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2..790B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790. PMC 1949142. PMID 17726520 .
- ^ a b Burki, Fabien; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran & Pawlowski, Jan (2008). “Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes”. Biology Letters 4 (4): 366–369. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224. PMC 2610160. PMID 18522922 .
- ^ Burki, F.; Inagaki, Y.; Brate, J.; Archibald, J. M.; Keeling, P. J.; Cavalier-Smith, T.; Sakaguchi, M.; Hashimoto, T. et al. (2009). “Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, are related to photosynthetic Chromalveolates”. Genome Biology and Evolution 1: 231–238. doi:10.1093/gbe/evp022. PMC 2817417. PMID 20333193 .
- ^ Hackett, J.D.; Yoon, H.S.; Li, S.; Reyes-Prieto, A.; Rummele, S.E. & Bhattacharya, D. (2007). “Phylogenomic analysis supports the monophyly of cryptophytes and haptophytes and the association of Rhizaria with chromalveolates”. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (8): 1702–1713. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm089. PMID 17488740.
- ^ Rogozin, I.B.; Basu, M.K.; Csürös, M. & Koonin, E.V. (2009). “Analysis of rare genomic changes does not support the unikont–bikont phylogeny, and suggests cyanobacterial symbiosis as the point of primary radiation of eukaryotes”. Genome Biology and Evolution 1: 99–113. doi:10.1093/gbe/evp011. PMC 2817406. PMID 20333181 .
- ^ Kim, E.; Graham, L. E. & Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne. ed. “EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata”. PLOS ONE 3 (7): e2621. Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.2621K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMC 2440802. PMID 18612431 .
- ^ Trifonov EN, Kejnovsky E (2016). “Acytota - associated kingdom of neglected life.”. J Biomol Struct Dyn 34 (8): 1641–8. doi:10.1080/07391102.2015.1086959. PMID 26305806 .
- ^ Minelli, Alessandro (1993). Biological systematics: The state of the art. London. ISBN 0-412-36440-9. OCLC 27895507
- ^ Archibald, John M. (23 December 2008). “The eocyte hypothesis and the origin of eukaryotic cells”. PNAS 105 (51): 20049–20050. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..10520049A. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811118106. PMC 2629348. PMID 19091952 .
- ^ Lake, James A.; Henderson, Eric; Oakes, Melanie; Clark, Michael W. (June 1984). “Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes”. PNAS 81 (12): 3786–3790. Bibcode: 1984PNAS...81.3786L. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786. PMC 345305. PMID 6587394 .
- ^ Luketa, Stefan (2012). “New views on the megaclassification of life”. Protistology 7 (4): 218–237 .
- ^ “ICTV Code”. talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 2020年4月26日閲覧。
- ^ a b Moreira, David; Purificación López-García (2009). “Ten reasons to exclude viruses from the tree of life”. Nature Reviews Microbiology 7 (4): 306–311. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2108. PMID 19270719.
- ^ Luketa, Stefan (2012). “New views on the megaclassification of life”. Protistology 7 (4): 218–237 .
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[続きの解説]
「界 (分類学)」の続きの解説一覧
- 1 界 (分類学)とは
- 2 界 (分類学)の概要
- 3 ウイルス
「界 (分類学)」の例文・使い方・用例・文例
- 彼は地方政界で活躍している
- 芸能界に復帰する
- 政界
- 世界一周旅行
- 人々は,世界がパンケーキと同じように真っ平らであると信じていた
- 彼女はまるで自分が世界で唯一の少女であるかのようにふるまう
- 彼女がいなくなったからといって世界が終わるわけじゃあるまいし
- 世界的不況の兆し
- 彼は自家用のヨットに乗り込むと世界一周の航海に出発した
- 我慢の限界に達する
- 境界線を引く
- その川がその2州の境界線となっている
- 彼女は世界記録を破った
- 彼の美しい演技は私を能の世界に引き込んだ
- 我々は自分たちの製品の質を世界基準に到達させなければならない
- 実業界に入る
- 彼は世界中の注目の的であった
- ある一定の限界内において
- 世界ヘビー級チャンピオン
- 演劇界で
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